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1.
A simple small-scale method for the determination of fenvalerate residues on cattle hair by gas–liquid chromatography with electron capture detection was developed and applied to the determination of fenvalerate residues from BovaidR ear tags. Recoveries were found to be 96–104% at 10–100 μg g?1 levels of fenvalerate. The minimum detection limit of this method was 1 pg g?1. With one ear tag, fenvalerate was adequately distributed over the entire body and persisted for at least 80 days on the hair of cattle.  相似文献   

2.
Fenvalerate, deltamethrin, (1R)-cis-permethrin, (1R)-trans-permethrin and (1S)-trans-permethrin, applied topically to the entire body surface of steers at a rate of 1 mg a.i. kg−1, provided 70% or better protection from black flies on cattle for 16, 9, 8, 6 and 6 days, respectively. The (1S)-cis stereoisomer of permethrin was ineffective as a protectant against black flies at a rate of 1 mg a.i. kg−1 when applied as a total body spray. One poly(vinyl chloride) ear tag containing 10% permethrin, in each ear of steers, provided protection from black fly attack for up to 13 days under field conditions. Poly(vinyl chloride) ear tags containing 8% fenvalerate, installed in each ear of steers, did not provide satisfactory protection from black flies under field conditions.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Permethrin applied as a spray to cattle at 0.025% or 0.05% effectively controlled Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) by the third day post‐treatment, but only provided < 60% control within 1 day post‐treatment with both concentrations. Percentage control did not drop below 90% until day 28 for 0.025% and day 31 for 0.05% permethrin; percentage control did not fall below 92% for 0.025% fenvalerate until after day 24–25; and at 0.05%, fenvalerate provided 95% control until day 28. A multiple treatment (spray applied every 2 weeks) with permethrin (0.05%) provided greater than 96% control of B. microplus after the initial treatment and 100% control by day 56. We concluded that although both chemicals have potential in an eradication program, they are not satisfactory for use at a quarantine line because both acaricides provided less than 100% control within 1 day post‐treatment.  相似文献   

4.

BACKGROUND

Stable flies [Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)] are economically important pests of cattle and other livestock. As an alternative to conventional insecticides, we tested a push–pull management strategy using a coconut oil fatty acid repellent formulation and an attractant-added stable fly trap.

RESULTS

In our field trials we found that weekly applications of a push–pull strategy can reduce stable fly populations on cattle as well as a standard insecticide (permethrin). We also found that the efficacy periods of the push–pull and permethrin treatments following on-animal application were equivalent. Traps with an attractant lure used as the pull component of the push–pull strategy captured sufficient numbers of stable flies to reduce on-animal numbers by an estimated 17–21%.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first proof-of-concept field trial demonstrating the effectiveness of a push–pull strategy using a coconut oil fatty acid-based repellent formulation and traps with an attractant lure to manage stable flies on pasture cattle. Also notable is that the push–pull strategy had an efficacy period equivalent to that of a standard, conventional insecticide under field conditions. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

5.
Permethrin was tested for the protection of cattle against field populations of mosquitoes. Permethrin (500 ml of a permethrin 4·0 g liter?1 aqueous emulsion) applied with a ‘Dual-Cloud’ electrostatic sprayer was effective in providing coverage of the cattle body surface of a group of four animals; 100 ml of a permethrin 5·0 g liter?1 aqueous emulsion applied with a ‘Dual-Cloud'’ electrostatic sprayer as a total body spray to a yearling heifer provided 70% or better protection from field populations of mosquitoes for at least 72 h; 500 ml of a permethrin 1·0 g liter?1 aqueous emulsion applied as a low-pressure spray to the body of a yearling heifer provided 70% or better protection from mosquitoes for at least 140 h. Permethrin applied as a total body-spray thus provides adequate protection to cattle from field populations of mosquitoes.  相似文献   

6.
A series of trials in which cattle were either treated dermally or dosed orally with clenpirin [2-(3,4-dichlorophenylimino)-l-n-butyl pyrrolidine] was undertaken. Tissue fat from steers and butter fat from milking cattle were sampled and residue levels determined colorimetricaliy. Residues following a single application of clenpirin (9 litres/beast at 0.25% w/v) reached an average maximum of 2.0 mg/kg in body fat and then declined to 0.2 mg/kg after 14 days. Multiple applications (9 litres/beast at 0.25% w/v) resulted in a progressive buildup of residues in body fat to about 30 mg/kg after 4 treatments. When steers were dosed orally with technical clenpirin at 700 mg/beast/day for 15 days the average fat level reached 0.7 mg/kg. In a series of trials with milking cattle a single dermal exposure (0.23-0.3% w/v aqueous emulsion) yielded residues in butter fat ranging from 1 5.5-51 1 mg/kg at the first sampling 5 h after treatment. Six days later these had declined to about 0.8 mg/kg.  相似文献   

7.
Enhanced oxidative metabolism appeared to be a major factor involved in resistance to permethrin in a field strain of house flies, selected with permethrin over 4 years. This was shown in the 7.8-fold synergism by piperonyl butoxide which reduced the resistance ratio from 97 to 15. The rate of permethrin detoxication was significantly higher (P=0.05) in the resistant flies compared with a susceptible strain or resistant flies pretreated with piperonyl butoxide. The esterase inhibitor S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate did not reduce the level of resistance to permethrin in the resistant strain, although some hydrolytic metabolism was apparent. Rates of penetration were similar in susceptible and resistant flies and in resistant flies pre-treated with piperonyl butoxide. A minor unidentified resistance factor, possibly reduced sensitivity of the nervous system, may also have been present in the resistant strain.  相似文献   

8.
Residues of tri-allate in triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) were determined, after both preplant and pre-emergence soil-incorporated applications of tri-allate at 1.4 kg ha−1, at the following crop stages: 2–3-leaf, 5–6-leaf, fully headed and mature (straw and grain). Tri-allate residues were detected only in green tissue samples from the 2–3-leaf stage of the crop. Recoveries of tri-allate were in the order of 90 and 85 % from the green tissue and grain at the 100 and 50 μg kg−1fortification levels, respectively.  相似文献   

9.
Permethrin, cypermethrin, and resmethrin were tested under field conditions as repellents to protect cattle from black flies (Simulium spp.). The chemicals were applied topically to the entire body surface of steers. Ethanolic solutions of technical permethrin, at doses of 1, 2, 4 and 6 mg a. i. kg?1 of body weight, effectively repelled black flies by preventing at least 70% of the flies present from taking a blood meal for up to 8 days, and for at least 11 days at a dose of 12 mg a. i. kg?1. Aqueous mixtures of a 20% permethrin emulsifiable concentrate (e. c.), at doses of 1, 2 and 6 mg a. i. kg?1, effectivelyrepelled black flies for 2, 10 and 11 days, respectively. Aready-to-use 5% permethrin dust, at doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg a. i. kg?1, effectively repelled black flies for 4, 5 and 8 days, respectively. Ethanolic solutions of technical cypermethrin, at doses of 1 and 2 mg a. i. kg?1, repelled black flies for 3 and 4 days, respectively. Aqueous mixtures of a 40% cypermethrin e. c., at doses of 2 and 4 mg a. i. kg?1, repelled black flies for at least 5 days. Ethanolic solutions of technical resmethrin, at doses of 2 and 6 mg a. i. kg?1, repelled black flies for 1 and 2 days, respectively.  相似文献   

10.
Field experiments have revealed that some species of spiders are more sensitive to insecticides than others. Among many factors influencing their susceptibility, foraging mode seems to play an important role. Aspects of foraging mode that appear to be relevant are whether the spider is diurnal or nocturnal, a hunter or a web-maker. Six spider species, Araniella opisthographa, Clubiona neglecta, Dictyna uncinata, Pardosa agrestis, Philodromus cespitum and Theridion impressum were used in the study. P agrestis and P cespitum are diurnal hunters that may come into direct contact with insecticide. C neglecta is nocturnal and so is exposed to residues only. The remaining three species are web-makers building webs that vary in the extent to which they can protect the spider from direct spray. The effect of sprays was tested under laboratory conditions (Potter tower) with three commercial insecticides, an insect growth regulator (hexaflumuron), a selective organophosphorus (phosalone) and a non-selective pyrethroid insecticide (permethrin) using a four-day exposure period. Data were analysed using bootstrap method and randomization tests. The results obtained showed that hunting spiders were more susceptible to the insecticides tested than web-makers (in their webs). Diurnal hunting spiders (Philodromus and Pardosa) were severely affected only by permethrin. A high mortality was observed for the nocturnal hunter, Clubiona, after application of phosalone and permethrin. This species appears to be very sensitive to residues of both insecticides. Comparing the effect on web-making spiders, with and without webs, it was observed that the sparse orb-web of Araniella did not protect its owner at all, but the dense cribellate and frame-webs of Dictyna and Theridion, respectively, reduced the mortality caused by permethrin significantly in comparison with specimens without webs. Of other factors studied, posture (normal and upside-down position) did not influence the susceptibility. Mortality increased slightly with body size after permethrin application. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

11.

BACKGROUND

Pyrethroids are among the most applied adulticides worldwide to control mosquito vectors for prevention of arboviral diseases transmission. However, pesticide resistance development in a mosquito population could lead to decreased control efficacy. While most studies investigate the resistant genotype (i.e. kdr, CYP450, etc.) as explanatory variables, few field efficacy studies have measured pesticide quantities deposited at different distances from the sprayer in association with observed mosquito mortality. The current study determined field delivered amounts of an applied ULV permethrin/PBO formulation (31% permethrin + 66% piperonyl butoxide) by GC/MS and estimated practical resistance ratios using caged mosquito females.

RESULTS

For field samples, the extraction method recovered 78 ± 3.92–108 ± 8.97% of the permethrin/PBO formulation when utilizing the peaks of PBO from GC/MS to estimate the concentrations of adulticide deposited near the mosquito cages. The field bioassay showed that the spatial distribution of permethrin/PBO formulation was heterogeneous among three pseudo-replicates within the same distance. Within the quantifiable permethrin/PBO range of 15.7–51.4 ng/cm2, field-collected mosquito mortalities started at 64% and linearly increased reaching 100% only in two areas, while all Sebring susceptible mosquitoes died. The field LC95 resistance ratio (RR) of F0 Cx. quinquefasciatus ranged from 2.65–3.51, falling within the 95% CI of RR95 estimated by laboratory vial assays. Tests with and without PBO indicated P450's enzymes contributed to field resistance.

CONCLUSION

Results showed the suitability of the collection and quantification method to estimate the field resistance ratio at the applied pesticide rate. Pesticide quantification would also allow the association of the known frequencies of resistance mechanisms (e.g. kdr, CYP450) with field mortalities to estimate the resistance level conferred by such mechanisms. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

12.
Dissipation rates of diazinon, endosulfan, leptophos, methamidophos, methomyl, parathion and pirimicarb were studied on five minor vegetable crops, including cos and head lettuce, endive, cauliflower and Chinese cabbage. Residues from foliar treatment generally followed an exponential rate of decline. The number of days for residues to drop to below acceptable tolerances was highly dependent on the magnitude of the initial residue; large variations in initial residues were observed between years, between insecticides, and between crop types. Residues of five insecticides and two fungicides used in furrow treatments for onions intended for pickling were determined in the onions at harvest and after pickling. Fensulfothion and fonofos levels were below the accepted tolerance of 0.1 mg kg?1 at harvest, while chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos and ethion were present above this level; fungicide residues were not detected. Following pickling, only ethion residues were still present in the onions at levels greater than 0.1 mg kg?1.  相似文献   

13.
Residue data are reported for flamprop-isopropyl ( I ) in barley grain and straw samples following applications of the herbicide to crops grown in eight countries. The samples were analysed for I and its hydrolysis product N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-DL -alanine ( II ). Following recommended applications (normally 1 kg ha?1 at Feekes scale G-I/J), residues of I and II in the grain were low (90% were <0.02 mg kg?1 for I , 86% were <0.06 mg kg?1 for II , levels which were essentially the limits of determination). Residues in straw were higher and more variable, but again 63 and 77% of samples were below 1 mg kg?1 for I and II , respectively.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of synthetic pyrethroids on the feeding behaviour of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch) were studied using a modified leaf disc technique. Four different concentrations of the pyrethroids fenvalerate and permethrin and of the organophosphorous insecticide phosmet were sprayed on to Henderson lima bean plants in the laboratory. A water spray was used as a control. Leaf discs were taken from each treatment, including the control, at 2h, 1, 2, 4, 7, 11 and 14 days after treatment. One mite was placed on each disc, allowed to acclimatise and then observed for 1 h. Experiments were conducted under laboratory light at 25 (±1.5)°C and 30 (±2)% r.h. Mites on untreated and phosmet-treated discs spent an average 70–95% of the time feeding; mite behaviour appeared to be unaffected by phosmet. In contrast, mites often spent only 5–40% of the time feeding on discs treated with fenvalerate or with the higher rates of permethrin. In response to pyrethroid residues mites exhibited hyperactivity, longer search periods and reduced feeding, reduced oviposition and a preference for areas with lower residues. These changes in mite behaviour may partially explain mite outbreaks in the field on apple trees following treatment with pyrethroids.  相似文献   

15.
依据施用有机肥（腐熟牛粪）年限的不同,共设置4个不同处理,分别为：施用有机肥13 a（13A）、19 a（19A）和24 a（24A）,以未施用有机肥的盐碱土作为对照（CK）,采集各处理0～20 cm和20～40 cm的土壤样品,测定土壤养分、物理性状和盐碱性质,旨在探明长期施用有机肥措施下苏打盐碱土壤的肥力状况及其促进玉米产量提升的机制。结果表明：与CK相比,施用有机肥显著提高了0～20、20～40 cm土层的土壤有机质、全氮、速效养分含量和土壤田间持水量（P<0.05）,显著降低了土壤容重和土壤密度（P<0.05）,显著增加了0～20 cm土层的土壤孔隙度（P<0.05）。0～20 cm土层中,土壤有机质、全氮以19A处理最高,分别达39.31 g·kg-1和1.30 g·kg-1;土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾均以24A含量最高,较CK分别提高了89.31%、81.07%和107.64%,土壤孔隙度以24A含量最高,较CK提高了54.56%,各处理土壤容重和土壤密度平均较CK下降率达31.91%和6.29%,处理间不显著。...  相似文献   

16.
Organophosphorothioates and synergised synthetic pyrethroids were used in duplicate field trials carried out on bulk wheat in commercial silos in Queensland and New South Wales. Laboratory bioassays using malathion-resistant strains of insects were carried out on samples of treated grain at intervals over 9 months. These established that all treatments were generally effective. Deltamethrin (2 mg kg?1)+ piperonyl butoxide (8 mg kg?1), fenitrothion (12 mg kg?1)+ fenvalerate (1 mg kg?1)+ piperonyl butoxide (8 mg kg?1), fenitrothion (12 mg kg?1)+ phenothrin (2 mg kg?1)+ piperonyl butoxide (8 mg kg?1) and pirimiphos-methyl (4 mg kg?1)+ permethrin (1 mg kg?1)+ piperonyl butoxide (8 mg kg?1) controlled common field strains of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). Against a highly resistant strain of S. oryzae, deltamethrin (2 mg kg?1)+ piperonyl butoxide (8 mg kg?1) was superior to the remaining treatments. All treatment combinations completely prevented progeny production in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum Jacquelin du Val and in Ephestia cautella (Walker). Residues of deltamethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin and phenothrin were determined and shown to be highly persistent on stored wheat. During milling, residues accumulated in the bran fractions and were reduced in white flour. They were not significantly reduced during baking.  相似文献   

17.
The long-term fate of the acaricide, fenbutatin oxide, in soil has been investigated. Residues of the compound and its two principal metabolites have been determined in soil samples obtained from citrus orchards in Italy and Spain where the product had been applied commercially over a period of 6–10 years. The average fenbutatin oxide content in the upper 0–15 cm soil layer ranged from ? 1 mg kg?1 to 5 mg kg?1 in sites receiving single and double applications per year. The residues were located primarily (> 95%) in the top 0–30 cm layer and there was virtually no movement of the compound through the soil to lower depths. Below 0.5 m depths, the sites contained average concentrations of ? 0.01 mg kg?1, the limit of determination. No significant build-up of residues was observed and the data indicate an approximate half-life in soil of just less than one year. Residues of the two metabolites, dihydroxy-bis(2-methyl-2-phenylpropyl)stan-nane and 2-methyl-2-phenylpropyl stannonic acid, were on average 11% and 16% of the fenbutatin oxide concentration, respectively. As with fenbutatin oxide, there was no significant movement through the soil to lower levels.  相似文献   

18.
Sugar beet, wheat, lettuce and cotton were grown in soil treated with [14C]permethrin, the crops being sown at intervals of 30, 60 and 120 days after treatment of the soil. The uptake of radioactive residues into these crops was measured. Low radioactive residues (up to 0.86 μg g?1) were detected in the mature plants sown 30 days after soil treatment, and this uptake declined significantly as the interval between soil treatment and sowing increased. Metabolites derived from the acid moiety of the permethrin molecule were shown to constitute the greater part of the residue transferring from the soil to the crops. (1RS)-cis- and (1RS)-trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)- 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-1-methylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid were identified as the major acidic metabolites. The latter compound is a metabolite of permethrin which has not previously been identified in soil or plants.  相似文献   

19.
The depletion of zeta‐cypermethrin residues in bovine tissues and milk was studied. Beef cattle were treated three times at 3‐week intervals with 1 ml 10 kg?1 body weight of a 25 g litre?1 or 50 g litre?1 pour‐on formulation (2.5 and 5.0 mg zeta‐cypermethrin kg?1 body weight) or 100 mg kg?1 spray to simulate a likely worst‐case treatment regime. Friesian and Jersey dairy cows were treated once with 2.5 mg zeta‐cypermethrin kg?1 in a pour‐on formulation. Muscle, liver and kidney residue concentrations were generally less than the limit of detection (LOD = 0.01 mg kg?1). Residues in renal‐fat and back‐fat samples from animals treated with 2.5 mg kg?1 all exceeded the limit of quantitation (LOQ = 0.05 mg kg?1), peaking at 10 days after treatment. Only two of five kidney fat samples were above the LOQ after 34 days, but none of the back‐fat samples exceeded the LOQ at 28 days after treatment. Following spray treatments, fat residues were detectable in some animals but were below the LOQ at all sampling intervals. Zeta‐cypermethrin was quantifiable (LOQ = 0.01 mg kg?1) in only one whole‐milk sample from the Friesian cows (0.015 mg kg?1, 2 days after treatment). In whole milk from Jersey cows, the mean concentration of zeta‐cypermethrin peaked 1 day after treatment, at 0.015 mg kg?1, and the highest individual sample concentration was 0.025 mg kg?1 at 3 days after treatment. Residues in milk were not quantifiable beginning 4 days after treatment. The mean concentrations of zeta‐cypermethrin in milk fat from Friesian and Jersey cows peaked two days after treatment at 0.197 mg kg?1 and 0.377 mg kg?1, respectively, and the highest individual sample concentrations were 2 days after treatment at 0.47 mg kg?1 and 0.98 mg kg?1, respectively. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

20.
Residues of deltamethrin on wheat grain of 12% moisture content, stored in the laboratory at 25°C, remained constant within experimental error over a 15-month interval. However, the biological activity of the residues against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) declined to 78% of the initial value at 3 months, and to 65% at 15 months after application. Inactivation of a proportion of the intact residues is indicated.  相似文献   

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