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1.
The purpose of present study was to determine annual changes in serum progesterone (P(4)) concentrations and to clarify basic reproductive characteristics, such as breeding season, estrous cycle, and puberty in female bharals (Pseudois nayaur). Blood was collected from 9 female bharals once or twice weekly for approximately one year. Serum P(4) concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Serum P(4) concentrations showed remarkable and cyclic changes between November/December (winter) and May/June (late spring). The mean estrous cycle was 24.9 +/- 0.5 days. Chasing insistently to other females and discharge of mucus from the vulva were observed around the time when the serum P(4) concentrations began to increase. The chasing behavior and discharge of mucus were considered to be external indicators of estrus in female bharals. Serum P(4) concentrations of a pregnant female had non-cyclic changes, and the values remained high. In this study, all 37 deliveries were between April and September, and about 70% of these were concentrated in May and June. The conception month determined on the day of birth was between October and April for all animals, and the most common month was in December (54%). This month corresponded to an early stage of the period when the serum P(4) concentrations changed cyclically. These results indicate that many female bharals become pregnant at the beginning of the breeding seasons and, if they do not become pregnant, the estrous cycle, about 25 days in length, is repeated.  相似文献   

2.
The objective of this study was to characterize plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) profiles during the estrous cycle in goats. Frequent blood samples were drawn during the day of estrus and during the luteal phase on Day 10 after estrus, and plasma growth hormone (GH) and IGF-I profiles were examined. Then, daily blood samples were drawn throughout the estrous cycle or during induction of estrus by prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) to further clarify the IGF-I profiles. GH was secreted in an episodic manner in the estrous and luteal phases in goats. There were no significant differences in the mean concentrations, pulse amplitude and pulse frequency of GH between the estrous and luteal phases. IGF-I concentrations during estrous phase were higher than those in the luteal phase (P<0.05). Plasma IGF-I increased approximately two days before behavioral estrus, and the IGF-I peak was observed in accordance with the appearance of estrus. The elevated IGF-I levels then declined to basal values 4 to 5 days after estrus. When estrus was induced by PGF(2alpha), plasma IGF-I concentrations increased after treatment, and the concentration 2 days after treatment (day of appearance of behavioral estrus) was significantly higher than concentrations before treatment (P<0.05). The elevated IGF-I levels then declined during the 3 days after treatment. These results indicate that plasma IGF-I concentrations increase during estrus in goats.  相似文献   

3.
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4.
Biological activity of luteinizing hormone (LH) is related to the degree of glycosylation of the glycoprotein hormone. The objectives of this study were to determine changes in biologically (BLH) and immunologically (ILH) active LH concentrations in plasma (in vitro bioassay and radioimmunoassay, respectively) and in the ratio of BLH to ILH (B:I) during the peripartum period and during the estrous cycle of the ewe. Blood samples were collected daily 4 days before through 4 days after parturition and during one estrous cycle. Also, samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 6 hr on Days 3 and 12 of the estrous cycle to quantify the influence of an elevated plasma concentration of progesterone (P) on the episodic secretion profiles of BLH. Progesterone concentration was determined on the 4th days pre- and post-partum, on each day of the estrous cycle and at hourly intervals on Days 3 and 12 of the cycle to investigate the hypothesis of an inverse relationship between P and BLH. The BLH and ILH concentrations were low during the peripartum period, and the B:I ratio did not increase by the 4th day postpartum. Mean ILH concentration was greater (P less than .05) in the postpartum than during the prepartum period. During the estrous cycle, mean daily B:I ratio was consistently above unity except for the day of estrus. The pre-ovulatory LH surge (BLH and ILH) was associated with a decrease (P less than .05) in the mean B:I ratio to 0.0065. Mean concentrations of BLH and ILH in plasma samples collected every 15 min on Day 12 were similar to Day 3 of the cycle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

5.
During the proestrous and estrous periods in 12 beagles, the following parameters were measured daily: the horizontal dimensions of the vulva, vaginal cytology, and serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone concentrations. Measurements of serum LH concentrations allowed for the identification of the LH surge and the optimal time for artificial insemination (AI). Nine out of the 12 beagles became pregnant through AI and completed a gestation. Shrinkage in the horizontal dimensions of the vulva (i.e., vulvar shrinkage) was primarily observed prior and subsequent to the LH surge. In six of the nine (66.7%) beagles that became pregnant, vulvar shrinkage was observed on the days in which the LH surge was confirmed, and the rate of vulvar shrinkage tended to be greater at higher serum LH concentrations. Further vulvar shrinkage was identified in all nine beagles within two days of the LH surge. An increase in the serum progesterone concentration was observed after the LH surge in each of the beagles that became pregnant, together with clinical signs of estrous behavior (i.e., standing heat) as well as a change in vulva condition from swollen to soft. This demonstrates that vulvar shrinkage is induced in response to the onset of the LH surge and that the LH surge can be predicted through the measurement of the horizontal dimensions of the vulva, vaginal cytology, and the assessment of serum progesterone concentrations in beagles.  相似文献   

6.
In Trial 1, 26 heifers were allotted randomly to a control group or one of four groups to receive a single injection of 3,000 IU hCG on d 1, 4, 7 or 10 of an estrous cycle. Heifers next completed a nontreated cycle, and at their third estrus were reallotted to one of the five groups described previously. Estrous cycle length was extended in cycle 1 but was not altered during the nontreated cycle or in cycle 3. Administration of hCG on d 4 or 7 increased (P less than .05) mean serum progesterone (P4) over the first 16 d of the estrous cycle by .9 and .8 ng/ml, respectively. In Trial 2, 23 heifers were allotted randomly to one of two groups to receive a placebo or a single injection of 3,000 IU hCG on d 4 of an estrous cycle. Heifers were inseminated artificially at subsequent estrus. On d 4 postbreeding, treatments were repeated. Administration of hCG on d 4 of the prebreeding estrous cycle increased (P less than .05) mean P4 over the first 16 d by .9 ng/ml, whereas mean P4 over the first 16 d postbreeding was not affected by a second injection of hCG on d 4 postbreeding. Administration of hCG increased (P less than .05) first-service pregnancy rate (92 vs 55%). In conclusion, progesterone concentrations were enhanced by hCG given on d 4 or 7 of the estrous cycle, and pregnancy rate was increased when hCG was administered both on d 4 of the prebreeding cycle and d 4 postmating.  相似文献   

7.
To assess endocrine and morphological responses of ovaries to total weaning at parturition, 6 Zebu (Bos indicus) cows 5 years or older were investigated. Following parturition, blood samples were collected daily during the first month and twice weekly thereafter until day 60 to determine concentrations of progesterone (P4) and prostaglandin F2α metabolite.It took between 25 to 32 days to complete uterine involution.The prostaglandin metabolite remained elevated for a mean period of 14.2 days (range, 4-21) postpartum. Five of the animals resumed cyclicity with a short estrous cycle starting between days 7 to 34 and lasting between 7 and 14 days. No estrous behavior was recorded prior to the short estrous cycles, but subsequent normal-length estrous cycles were all preceded by signs of estrus. In the 1 animal that resumed cyclicity with an estrous cycle of normal length on day 37 (length 20 days), the cycle was preceded by estrous behavior.Progesterone concentrations reached a mean maximum of 4.8 nmol liter−1 during the short estrous cycles, and prostaglandin metabolite concentrations peaked while P4 concentrations were decreasing. P4 concentrations reached a mean maximum of 12.2 nmol liter−1 during the estrous cycles of normal length. The interval from parturition to the first estrous cycle of normal length varied between 16 and 48 days, and the length of the cycle was 18 to 22 days.Starting 2 days postpartum, ovaries from 5 of the cows were scanned by ultrasonography every second day until day 30 postpartum. Medium-sized follicles were detected between days 4 to 7 postpartum in 4 of the scanned cows that later had short estrous cycles. The time between parturition and the appearance of the first dominant follicle was 7.6 days (range 6-10 days). The interval between parturition and the appearance of the first ovulatory-sized follicle was 10.2 days (range 8-13 days). In 3 of the scanned cows this ovulatory-sized follicle ovulated.We conclude that cyclic ovarian activity in Zebu cows can start early in the postpartum period in the absence of offspring, and that short luteal phases, not preceded by estrous behavior, may play an important role in establishing normal postpartum ovarian activity.  相似文献   

8.
The effect of glucocorticoids on gonadal steroid and gonadotropic hormone concentrations and subsequent follicular activity in cows undergoing normal estrous cycles was evaluated by administration of dexamethasone (DXM) during the middle of the luteal phase. Seven cows were given physiologic saline solution twice daily from day 13 to day 17 of the estrous cycle (control experiment). During the next estrous cycle, cows were administered DXM (2 mg, IM) twice daily on days 13 through 17. Plasma specimens obtained twice daily throughout the control and DXM-treatment cycles were assayed for progesterone and estradiol concentrations. The appearance of estrus after DXM treatment was delayed until days 23 to 25 in 3 cows and was not seen by day 35 in the other 4 cows, compared with mean (+/- SD) cycle length of 22.4 +/- 3.2 in cows during the control experiment. Progesterone concentration remained significantly (P less than 0.01) high on days 19 to 23, whereas estradiol values failed to increase (P less than 0.05) on days 19 and 20 after treatment with DXM. Blood samples were obtained at 15-minute intervals for 12 hours to compare (by analysis of covariance) the effect of DXM treatment on plasma hormone concentrations on day 15 of each cycle with those of day 10. Compared with values during the control experiment, a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease was observed in the size of the pulses of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol, although the number of pulses of each hormone per 12 hours was not affected when cows were given DXM. Baseline concentrations of LH and estradiol were not altered by type of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

9.
Concentrations of progesterone (P4) were determined using enzyme immunoassay kits on plasma and milk samples obtained on the same days from 18 lactating dairy goats. Progesterone profiles documenting anestrus, short estrous cycles, normal estrous cycles, a prolonged follicular phase, and prolonged luteal phases were established. When plasma P4 concentrations were used as an accurate indication of the presence or absence of functional luteal tissue, milk P4 concentrations agreed with plasma determinations in 79.4% of the 465 samples tested. Milk samples could not be used to make a definitive decision because of marginal values in 11.2% of the determinations. Milk P4 concentrations were high when plasma P4 concentrations were low in 6.2% of the paired samples, especially those obtained around the time of estrus when peripheral P4 concentrations were changing rapidly. The remaining 3.2% of milk samples had low milk P4 concentrations when plasma P4 concentrations were high. Composite milk from 8 does in estrus or 8 does in the luteal phase was not consistently different from strippings in butterfat percentage or P4 concentration.  相似文献   

10.
The objectives of this study were to determine 1) the ability of charcoal-extracted bovine follicular fluid (bFF) to suppress endogenous follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) at various stages of the estrous cycle and 2) the effects of suppression of FSH on luteal function and lengths of the current and subsequent estrous cycles. Twenty-six mature ewes were assigned randomly to receive 5 ml of either bFF or saline, subcutaneously, at 8-h intervals on d 1 through 5 (bFF n = 6; saline n = 3), d 6 through 10 (bFF n = 6; saline n = 3) or d 11 through 15 (bFF n = 6; saline n = 2) of the estrous cycle (d 0 = estrus). Blood was collected daily beginning at estrus and continued until the third estrus (two estrous cycles) or 40 d; more frequent samples were collected 2 h prior to initiation of treatment (0600), hourly for the first 8 h of treatment, then every 4 h until 0800 on the first day after treatment, and finally at 1600 and 2400 on that day. Plasma concentrations of FSH were lower (P less than .001) in bFF-treated than in saline-treated ewes. Treatment with bFF reduced (P less than .05) plasma concentrations of progesterone during the current but not during the subsequent estrous cycle. Treatment with bFF did not affect plasma concentrations of estradiol-17 beta. Administration of bFF on d 11 through 15 of the estrous cycle lengthened the interval from the decline in progesterone to estrus and the inter-estrous interval by approximately 3 and 4 d, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

11.
Effects of an increased level of dietary energy (flushing) on plasma concentrations of FSH, LH, insulin, progesterone and estradiol-17 beta and ovulation rate were studied in 16 gilts. Gilts received 5,400 kcal ME/d for one estrous cycle and the first 7 d of a second. On d 8 of the second estrous cycle, gilts received either 5,400 kcal ME/d (control [C], n = 8) or 11,000 kcal ME/d (flushed [F], n = 8) for the remainder of the estrous cycle. Blood was collected daily at 15-min intervals for 6 h from d 8 through estrus. Gilts were examined by laparotomy 6 d after estrus. Ovulation rate was greater (P less than .05) in F than C gilts (16.0 vs 9.4). Mean daily concentrations of FSH were greater (P less than .05) in F gilts at 5 d, 4 d and 3 d prior to estrus compared with C females. In both C and F gilts, FSH decreased (P less than .05) prior to estrus. Mean daily concentrations of LH and LH pulse amplitude were not different (P greater than .05) between treatments. Mean number of LH pulses/6 h at 4 d, 3 d and 2 d prior to estrus were greater (P less than .05) in F than in C gilts. In both treatments, LH pulse amplitude decreased (P less than .05) and pulse frequency increased (P less than .07) prior to estrus. Mean plasma concentrations of insulin tended to be higher (P less than .07) in F than in C females during the 7-d period before estrus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

12.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the suppressive effect of an LHRH antagonist, Cetrorelix SB-75 (SB-75), on secretion of LH, FSH and ovarian function in beef heifers. In Exp. 1, heifers were treated with a single dose of 10 microg/kg body weight intramuscularly on d 3 of the estrous cycle. In Exp. 2, heifers received either a single injection (100 microg/kg) of SB-75 on d 3 of the estrous cycle or multiple injections of 20 microg/kg on d 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Serum LH, but not FSH, was suppressed from one to several days. However, neither FSH nor progesterone was significantly altered. In Exp. 3, heifers received an injection vehicle (5% mannitol) or 100 microg/kg BW of SB-75 on d 1 of the estrous cycle (30 h after first observed standing estrus). Injection of SB-75 suppressed LH pulse frequency on d 3, 5, and 7 (P < 0.001). The mean LH concentrations in the SB-75 treatment groups were lower on d 3 (P < 0.01) and 5 (P < 0.05). There were no differences (P > 0.1) between the two groups in the mean concentrations of LH on d 1, 7, or 14. Treatment did not affect the secretion pattern or concentration of FSH. Injection of SB-75 did not alter estradiol-173 concentrations (P > 0.1). Treatment reduced corpus luteum (CL) function as indicated by lower progesterone production. However, the length of the estrous cycle was not shortened. These data show that the CL can form and survive in the face of depressed LH concentrations during the early stages of the estrous cycle.  相似文献   

13.
Genetic improvement in reproductive efficiency through selection is difficult because many reproductive traits are binomial and have low heritabilities. Before genetic markers can be generated for fertility in cows, greater characterization of reproductive phenotypes is needed to understand the components of the trait. The current study tested the hypotheses that: 1) breeds vary in postpartum interval to estrus (PPIE) and estrous cycle length, 2) a longer estrous cycle immediately before breeding increased pregnancy rates, and 3) a greater number of cycles before breeding increased conception rates. The postpartum interval to estrus, estrous cycle length, and number of cycles before breeding were examined in F1 cows (n = 519) obtained from mating Hereford, Angus, and MARC III cows to Hereford, Angus, Simmental, Limousin, Charolais, Gelbvieh, and Red Angus sires. Cows were classified as having 0, 1, 2, or 3 observed estrous cycles before breeding. All traits analyzed were adjusted to constant BCS. Sire breed of the cow influenced length of the PPIE and number of cycles before the start of breeding (P <0.001). Simmental-sired cows had the shortest PPIE and greatest number of cycles before breeding, whereas Limousin-sired cows had the longest PPIE and least number of cycles before breeding. Cows with a greater number of cycles before breeding did not have greater conception rates than cows that had not exhibited standing estrus before breeding (P = 0.87). In cows that cycled before breeding, the length of the estrous cycle immediately before breeding was influenced by dam breed and BCS (P <0.01). Cows out of Hereford dams had shorter estrous cycles than cows out of MARC III or Angus dams, and estrous cycle length increased as BCS increased. Conception rate decreased as length of the estrous cycle immediately before breeding increased (P = 0.05, -2.2% per d of cycle length). Therefore, previously anestrous cows were just as likely to conceive as cows that had cycled before breeding, and an increased number of observed estrous cycles before breeding did not increase conception rates. There may be an influence of the length of estrous cycle immediately before breeding on conception rates, possibly because a longer estrous cycle results in a persistent follicle with greater potential for a lower quality oocyte. Breed differences in PPIE and estrous cycle length suggest that there are genetic components to these traits.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of the long-acting prostagrandin F(2)(alpha)-analogue fenprostalene were investigated. Twenty-three female beagles (24 cases) 1-6 years of age were divided into 6 groups, and a dose of 5-150 microg/head of fenprostalene was subcutaneously administered at 25 days after ovulation to investigate its effects based on peripheral blood progesterone (P(4)) levels. The dogs were also examined for shortening of their estrous cycle after administration and fecundity after the recurrence of estrus. The results showed that the administration of 50 microg/head of fenprostalene or more reduced the levels of peripheral blood P(4) to about 1 ng/ml 2 days after administration, indicating early regression of the corpus luteum, and that the administration of these doses shortened the time to the subsequent estrus by a mean of about 80 days, and that conception rates were normal if estrus recurred about 2 months after fenprostalene administration or later.  相似文献   

15.
The effect of the uterus on luteal lifespan and pattern of secretion of progesterone following early weaning of calves from anestrous beef cows was studied. Calves were weaned from 15 anestrous beef cows 23 to 33 d postpartum, and cows were allotted to a control (sham surgery, n = 8) or a hysterectomy (n = 7) group, with surgery performed at weaning. Cows in the hysterectomy group were injected (im) with 25 mg prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) approximately 20 d after first estrus (d 0). The interval from weaning to estrus was longer (P less than .05) for the hysterectomy group (10.4 +/- 1.6 d) than the control group (6.2 +/- .5 d). In the control group, the first estrous cycle (8.8 +/- .3 d) was shorter (P less than .01) than the second estrous cycle (20.2 +/- .5 d). Following first estrus in the hysterectomy group, cows were not detected in estrus until after injection of PGF2 alpha and did not return to estrus. From d 0 to 5, mean concentrations of plasma progesterone were similar (P greater than .05) between groups for both estrous cycles; after d 5 of estrous cycle 1, concentrations of plasma progesterone decreased in the control group. Within the hysterectomy group, the pattern of secretion of progesterone from d 0 to 16 was similar after the first and second estrus. Furthermore, there was no difference in the pattern of secretion of progesterone from d 0 to 16 between hysterectomy (first or second estrous cycles) and control (second estrous cycle) groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

16.
Some aspects of the bovine uterine defense mechanisms were evaluated over two successive estrous cycles in five adult nonpregnant Friesian cows. Uterine flushings and blood samples were taken from each cow during the estrus and diestrus phases of each estrous cycle. A significant higher percentage of Candida albicans (C. albicans) were phagocytosed (P < 0.01) and killed (P < 0.05) by blood neutrophils during estrus than during diestrus. N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity of uterine flushings, blood neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity scores, and serum progesterone concentrations during diestrus increased significantly (P < 0.01) compared to those at estrus. Mean total blood leucocyte and monocyte counts increased significantly (P < 0.05) during estrus compared to diestrus .
It is concluded, that the different hormonal status has at each stage of the estrous cycle a definite effect on uterine resistance against bacterial infection and a fall in serum progesterone concentrations is associated with an increased ability of blood neutrophils to phagocytose and kill C. albicans .  相似文献   

17.
Vaginal cytology and vulva size were used to characterize the reproductive cycle of female black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes), Siberian polecats (M. eversmanni), and domestic ferrets (M. putorius furo). Emphasis was on black-footed ferrets because of the need to breed these critically endangered animals and on Siberian polecats because of the close taxonomic relationship to black-footed ferrets. Vaginal cytology of the 3 species of ferret is similar. Proestrus was characterized by an increasing percentage of superficial epithelial cells and enlargement of the vulva. During estrus, superficial cells were usually greater than or equal to 90% of epithelial cells in the vaginal lavage and after several days were fully keratinized. Neutrophils were more common during all stages of the estrous cycle in domestic ferrets than they were in the other species. Following copulation, percentage of superficial calls in the vagina declined and vulva swelling subsided. Large cells, probably of uterine symplasma origin, were observed in vaginal lavages following whelping or pseudopregnancy. Vaginal cytology is extremely useful in the reproductive management of black-footed ferrets and Siberian polecats. Knowledge of normal vaginal cytology could be applied to the diagnosis of female reproductive abnormalities in all 3 species.  相似文献   

18.
To investigate how uterine inflammation affects ovarian activity in rats, endometritis was induced and changes in the length of estrous cycle and serum concentrations of estradiol-17beta (E(2)) and progesterone (P(4)) were examined. A suspension of Staphylococcus aureus (bacterial solution) or iodine solution was infused into the uterine lumen at various estrous phases. When the bacterial solution was infused at estrus, metestrus, or the first day of diestrus, the following diestrus continued for 5 to 12 days. In the case of the iodine solution, regardless of the estrous phase of the infusion, the following diestrus continued for approximately 6 days. E(2) concentration after infusion of each solution did not fluctuate largely and remained at a low concentration (around 5 pg/ml). P(4) concentration was high (35-45 ng/ml) on the day following infusion, but decreased rapidly to base line values within a few days and remained thereafter at a low level (around 5 ng/ml). It is assumed that the endometritis caused by biological or chemical stimulation raises the concentration of P(4) to depress gonadotrophic hormone secretion, and hence this high P(4) concentration might inhibit the growth of ovarian follicles.  相似文献   

19.
2013年8月,在北京动物园马来貘馆,采用瞬时扫描取样法、焦点动物取样法和全事件取样法,对5只马来貘的行为和室外运动场空间的选择利用进行了研究。结果表明,马来貘在室外运动场主要使用草地、土地、深水水池和水泥地,较少使用浅水地面,回避乱石地;运动型刻板行为多发生在门口或角落处的水泥地面上。为躲避游人干扰和日光暴晒,马来貘对室内的利用强度显著高于室外（P=0．011）。马来貘在室外运动场将较多的时间用于卧息、游泳和走动,其次是站立、刻板行为和采食,仅将很少的时间用于其他行为（包括饮水、排便、嗅闻、惊跳、跑动、张望、发声等）。根据此次研究和评估结果,建议改造室外运动场基底和围栏;设置深水游泳池、足够的树荫;动物轮换展出;改进饲喂方式,减少口部刻板行为和齿槽感染的发生。  相似文献   

20.
A replicated trial was conducted with suckled Angus and Polled Hereford cows (110 d postcalving) to determine metabolic and endocrine responses to an energy-restricted diet after cows had re-established postpartum estrous cyclicity. Cows were individually fed 26.5 Mcal ME (H) or 15.2 Mcal ME (L) for a 30-d preliminary period and fitted with an indwelling jugular cannula at synchronized estrus. Average daily weight change during the estrous cycle was .60 +/- .25 and -1.37 +/- .30 kg/d for H and L, respectively (P less than .05). Blood concentrations of cortisol, progesterone and LH during the estrous cycle were not affected by diet, nor did diet affect frequency or amplitude of LH pulses (P greater than .05). No dietary differences were observed for daily concentrations of total protein, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids or acetate. Mean blood concentrations of propionate and butyrate were not different between diets; however, L cows had lower concentrations of propionate and butyrate on d 11 of the cycle (P less than .05). Cows fed L had higher concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (P less than .05), but they had lower concentrations of cholesterol (P less than .05) on d 4, 11, 18 and subsequent estrus (E). Insulin was not different on d 4 and 11; however, cows fed L had lower insulin concentrations on d 18 and d E (P less than .05). Dietary energy restriction in these cyclic cows caused no change in endocrine responses. Of metabolic responses measured, only blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol and insulin showed consistent changes.  相似文献   

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