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1.
Apparent nitrogen‐use efficiency of the applied mineral N (NUEmin) in effluent from biodigested plant material (BE; C : Norg ratio 14:1; mineral N–to–total N ratio 0.5:1) and a nitrate‐based inorganic fertilizer (IF), both applied at two rates was investigated in a six‐month pot experiment with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Dry‐matter (DM) production was 7% lower and total amount of N in aboveground biomass was 8% lower in BE than in IF at 40 d after sowing (DAS), equal at 81 DAS, and higher in BE than in IF at 136 and 172 DAS. NUEmin calculated on the basis of accumulated N in aboveground biomass of ryegrass in fertilized treatments compared to a control without N application was significantly lower in BE than in IF up to the third cut (136 DAS). Total NUEmin, total N recovery, and amount of foliage DM were similar for both fertilizers at the end of the experiment. Root biomass, total DM produced including roots and stubble, the fraction of root N to total plant N, and soil mineral N at 172 DAS were higher for BE than for IF. Mineral N applied with biogas‐reactor effluent was almost as effective as the nitrate‐based mineral fertilizer used for comparison. Within the six‐month experimental period net N mineralization, estimated at 12% of organic N in effluent, was not substantial. Hence, the organic compounds in the effluent were relatively recalcitrant.  相似文献   

2.
New organic fertilizers based on waste products are continually being introduced in agriculture. Their nitrogen (N) fertilizer value of their total N and mineral N content varies widely, creating a demand for standardized laboratory methods. This study evaluated some potential methods for estimating the N fertilizer value of different kinds of organic fertilizers. The methods were evaluated against the N fertilizer value obtained from a ryegrass pot experiment. Fifteen fertilizers were tested, including different kinds of manure, powders from meat, bone, blood and feathers, rapeseed cake, lucerne pellets, sewage sludge, biogas residue, vinasse and mussel compost. Mineral fertilizer equivalents (MFE) were calculated as the fraction of total N (MFE) or organic N (MFEorg) out of total N that has the same availability to plants as inorganic N. Mineral N content (% of total N added with organic residue) after 4 weeks of incubation of soil was correlated to MFE (r2 = 0.78), but was on average 17% lower. Warm water‐extractable N, amino acid N and crude fibre analysis all proved to be unsatisfactory as methods for estimating MFE or MFEorg. However, the carbon/nitrogen ratio accurately reflected short‐term plant‐available N through a negative linear relationship (r2 = 0.83) and would thus be a very useful method for estimating MFE, with MFE decreasing by 5% per unit increase in C/N ratio. The results also indicated that the analysis of near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectra can be an even quicker and cheaper method to estimate MFE of organic residues, but this issue requires further research.  相似文献   

3.
The effect of increasing rates of 15N‐labelled Ca(NO3)2 (N0 = no N application, N300 = 300 mg N/pot; N600 = 600 mg N/pot; N900 = 900 mg N/pot) on recovery of fertilizer N in winter wheat plants and soil (total soil N, soil microbial biomass N [Nmic], extractable organic N [Norg]) and on N mineralization (NMsoil) was investigated at milk‐ripe growth stage in a pot experiment. The N rates were equally split at tillering, stem elongation and ear emergence. Fertilizer N recovered in crops increased with increasing N rates (N300: 223.5 mg N/pot [74.5% of applied fertilizer N], N600: 445.6 mg N/pot [74.3%], N900: 722.1 mg N/pot [80.2%]). NMsoil slightly increased from N0 (43.8 mg N/pot) to N900 (75.6 mg N/pot) indicating that N application enhanced availability of soil‐derived N for the plants. However, in fertilized treatments NMsoil is balanced by immobilization and losses (non‐recovered fertilizer N). Therefore the effective soil N mineralization is indicated by apparent net N mineralization (ANNM = NMsoil — fertilizer N immobilization — lost fertilizer N). Fertilizer N immobilization in soil increased from N300 (38.7 mg N/pot) to N600 (60.7 mg N/pot) and N900 (65.5 mg N/pot). Lost fertilizer N increased from N300 (14.8 mg N/pot) to N600 (56.7 mg N/pot) and N900 (62.1 mg N/pot). As a consequence negative ANNM values were calculated at N600 and N900. Due to the small differences between N600 and N900 fertilizer N immobilization and lost fertilizer N did not increase linearly with increasing N rates, i.e. both processes were limited by factors other than N rate. Only 5.6—7.4% of the immobilized fertilizer N was recovered in Norg and 5.4—9.3% in Nmic soil pools. It is assumed that most of the immobilized fertilizer N was in non‐extractable organic N forms. Nmic and Norg were weak indicators for the extent of fertilizer N immobilization.  相似文献   

4.
唐微  伍钧  孙百晔  杨刚  杨琴 《农业环境保护》2010,(12):2268-2273
沼液是一种含有丰富氮磷钾等营养元素和钙、铜、铁、锌、锰等中微量营养元素的优质有机肥,将其应用于农业生产对提高作物产量和农产品品质有重要的意义。将沼液的资源化利用与农业生产相结合,在四川省邛崃市进行种植试验,以水稻为供试材料,以清水和当地常规施肥（化肥）为对照,设置不同的沼液施用量,研究了沼液农用对稻谷产量及稻米营养品质的影响,为优质大米的生产以及沼液的合理利用和科学处理提供依据。结果表明,施用沼液增产效果明显,沼液用量在11.25～18.75t·hm^-2时稻谷的产量较高,比清水对照和常规化肥处理分别提高12.21%～15.52%和6.78%～9.93%;同时,沼液还可以提高稻米中蛋白质的含量,强化稻米中Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg等矿质营养,有助于提升稻米营养品质。  相似文献   

5.
Residues from biogas production contain essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) but also organic matter, and should be recycled in crop production. For efficient re‐use as fertilizers, the availability of nutrients for crops and the effect of the residues on soil fertility need to be evaluated. Focusing on the element P, we compared effects of codigested slurry with dairy slurry, highly soluble mineral NPK fertilizer, and a control without any P supply (NK). Codigested slurry used in this experiment was based on anaerobic digestion of dairy slurry, maize silage, and wheat grain. The fertilizing effects were tested in an 8‐week pot experiment on a sandy and a loamy soil using two crop species (Zea mays L., Amaranthus cruentus L.). The plant P uptake was up to 64% greater in the slurry treatments than in the treatment without P. The effect of codigested slurry on P uptake was comparable to that of dairy slurry and mineral P. Plant N uptake from codigested slurry was lower than that from mineral N (NK, NPK), but tended to be higher than from dairy slurry. The water‐soluble and double lactate–soluble P content of the soil was lower in the slurry treatments than in the mineral‐P treatments and accompanied by higher contents of microbial‐bound P. Differences between both organic fertilizers were detected for dehydrogenase activity which was up to 32% lower in soils fertilized with codigested slurry than it was in soils fertilized with dairy slurry. Our results indicate that codigestion of slurries in biogas plants does not substantially alter their fertilizer value as P and N sources for crops.  相似文献   

6.
Increasing organic carbon (OC) stocks in soils reduce atmospheric CO2, but may also cause enhanced N2O emissions. The objective of this study was to determine whether there are any differences in N2O and CO2 emissions from sandy arable soils with different soil OC and total nitrogen stocks due to the annual application of either farmyard manure (S-FYM) or mineral fertilizer (S-MIN) over 27 years. A laboratory incubation was performed to test the short-term effects of the application of different fertilizers [farmyard manure (FYM), KNO3 (MIN) and biogas waste (BW)] on N2O and CO2 emissions. The CO2 emission rates indicated that OC availability in the soil was higher after BW application than after FYM application. N2O emission for 53 days following fertilizer application amounted to 0.01% (MIN), 0.21% (FYM) and 24% (BW) of the total amount of N applied. The high emissions induced by BW were attributed to the combination of a high availability of OC and ammonium in the fermented waste. Fertilization history, which caused higher soil OC stocks in S-FYM, did not influence N2O emissions. The results suggest that characterization of C and N pools in organic fertilizers is required to assess their impact on N2O emissions.  相似文献   

7.
As a consequence of the BSE crisis, alternatives for fertilizers derived from animal residues are being sought for use in organic horticulture. Grain legumes (milled seeds of pea, yellow lupine, and faba bean) and organic fertilizers of industrially processed plant and microbial residues (Maltaflor®‐spezial, Phytoperls®, Agrobiosol®, Rizi‐Korn) were investigated as to their suitability as a replacement fertilizer. With four soils, incubation studies were conducted to determine net N mineralization of the organic fertilizers, and pot experiments were used to measure the apparent N utilization by perennial ryegrass. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine simple fertilizer characteristics that describe their N release and (2) to compare the suitability of both experimental setups to predict fertilizer N release. At the end of all experiments, net N mineralization and apparent N utilization from Rizi‐Korn was highest compared to all the other organic fertilizers, while pea performed relatively poor. This differentiation between the fertilizers developed during the first 2 weeks. Nitrogen release from the organic fertilizers as described by net N mineralization or apparent N utilization was significantly related to the N content of the fertilizers. Different soils modified this relationship. Two industrially processed fertilizers (Phytoperls®, Agrobiosol®) could not be included into a generalized relationship because N release from these fertilizers was low compared to their N content. It is discussed that the quality of fertilizer C and N affected the N release from the fertilizers. Both experimental setups, incubation and pot experiments, were suitable to describe the release of plant‐available N from the organic fertilizers. However, N release of fertilizers with a low net N mineralization in the incubation experiments was underestimated compared to plant N uptake of ryegrass in the pot experiments. It is concluded that the N content of organic fertilizers indicates, but not predicts their N release.  相似文献   

8.
The potential of an organically managed Cambic Arenosol to supply nitrogen (N) from either an applied commercial organic fertilizer (granulated hen manure), a compost produced on‐farm, or four different mixtures of both fertilizers was studied in a laboratory incubation and a pot experiment with lettuce. In the incubation experiment, a significant higher apparent N mineralization occurred after hen‐manure application (53.4% of the organic N applied) compared to compost (4.5%) or mixed‐fertilizer application (8.7% to 16.7%). The apparent N mineralization in a mixed treatment consisting of compost and half rate of hen manure (15.4% of the organic N applied) was significantly higher than that estimated based on the N mineralization for compost and hen‐manure treatments (7.6%), proving that a combined application of both fertilizers enhanced organic‐N mineralization when compared to separate fertilizer supply. In the pot experiment, a higher lettuce fresh‐matter yield was obtained with hen manure (1.9 kg m–2) than with compost (1.7 kg m–2) or unfertilized control treatment (1.3 kg m–2). Combined application of compost with only a half rate of hen manure led to yields (2.0 kg m–2) equal to those obtained with only hen manure. A good correlation was observed between the N‐mineralization incubation data and the N accumulated by lettuce plants in the pot experiment (r = 0.983). Hence, in the organic production of baby‐leaf lettuce, a mixture of compost and hen manure appears to be a good fertilization alternative, since it allows a reduction by half of the typical amount of commercial fertilizer usually applied (granulated hen manure), cutting fertilization costs, and providing an amount of available N that allows maintaining lettuce yields.  相似文献   

9.
A change in the European Union energy policy has markedly promoted the expansion of biogas production.Consequently,large amounts of nutrient-rich residues are being used as organic fertilizers.In this study,a pot experiment was conducted to simulate the high-risk situation of enhanced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions following organic fertilizer application in energy maize cultivation.We hypothesized that cattle slurry application enhanced CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to biogas digestate because of the overall higher carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) input,and that higher levels of CO2 and N2O emissions could be expected by increasing soil organic C (SOC) and N contents.Biogas digestate and cattle slurry,at a rate of 150 kg NH4+-N ha-1,were incorporated into 3 soil types with low,medium,and high SOC contents (Cambisol,Mollic Gleysol,and Sapric Histosol,termed Clow,Cmedium,and Chigh,respectively).The GHG exchange (CO2,CH4,and N2O) was measured on 5 replicates over a period of 22 d using the closed chamber technique.The application of cattle slurry resulted in significantly higher CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to the application of biogas digestate.No differences were observed in CH4 exchange,which was close to zero for all treatments.Significantly higher CO2 emissions were observed in Chigh compared to the other two soil types,whereas the highest N2O emissions were observed in Cmedium.Thus,the results demonstrate the importance of soil type-adapted fertilization with respect to changing soil physical and environmental conditions.  相似文献   

10.
将沼液农田回用是有机废弃物资源化与循环利用的重要途径。以7年生蜜露桃树为供试材料,通过连续2年牛粪沼液和水葫芦沼液的果园田间施用试验,研究等氮量条件下不同比例沼液与化肥配施对水蜜桃果实大小、 单重、 产量和果实品质及土壤矿质氮积累状况的影响。结果表明, 1）水葫芦沼液、 牛粪沼液和化肥配施可提高水蜜桃的产量与品质,在水葫芦沼液25% 配施比例、 牛粪沼液50% 配施比例下产量及果实的可溶性固形物、 糖分含量分别为最高,水葫芦及牛粪沼液中的水分含量是影响桃树产量和品质的关键因子,其适宜用量为200 kg/(planta); 2）各施肥处理土壤NH+4含量随土壤深度增加呈递减趋势; 沼液比例过高（75%和100%）会导致土壤硝酸盐在表层和近地下水层的累积,比例低下则硝酸盐累积不明显; 习惯施肥（过量施肥）和低比例沼液（相应的高化肥比例）处理硝酸盐主要累积于犁底层之上; 3） 连续2年在沼液灌溉条件下,25%的水葫芦沼液、 50%的牛粪沼液配施比例处理其近地下水层土壤硝酸盐含量均低于15 mg/kg,处于安全可控范围,但在该地区（高地下水水位）进行长期沼液灌溉尚需进一步观测和评价。  相似文献   

11.
We studied the effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on the yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mexi-Pak-65) in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 33.6–51.5 and 30.5–40.9% of the N from ammonium nitrate and urea, respectively. Splitting the fertilizer N application had a significant effect on the uptake of fertilizer N by the wheat. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the two N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied according to the fertilizer N split; six split applications gave the highest added N interaction compared to a single application or two split applications for both fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate gave 90.5, 33.5, and 48.5% more added N interaction than urea with one, two, and six split N applications. A values were not significantly correlated with the added N interaction (r=0.557). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N replaced unlabelled soil N.  相似文献   

12.
Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in 9.46‐L plastic pots in a glasshouse for evaluation of their growth and nitrogen (N) losses through leaching. Plants were fertilized with either ammonium nitrate (AN) or one of three slow‐release N fertilizers. The slow‐release N fertilizers were Georgia Pacific liquid 30‐0‐0 (L30), Georgia Pacific granular 42‐0‐0 (N42), and Georgia Pacific granular 24‐0‐0 (N24). Each fertilizer was applied at 112 low N rate (L) and 224 high N rate (H) kg N ha?1. The pots were filled with either a sandy soil from Florida or a loam soil from Georgia. Increasing the N rate did not influence shoot biomass at 19 days after transplanting (DAT) and increased biomass production at 77 DAT. Shoot biomass differed significantly among fertilizer treatments. The accumulation of N in shoots was significantly influenced by fertilizer source, rate, and soil type. The plants grown in the loam soil accumulated significantly more N than those grown in the sandy soil with the same treatment. In the loam soil, the highest and lowest N accumulations occurred in the N42‐H and N24‐L treatments, respectively; and in the sandy soil the corresponding treatments were AN‐H and N24‐L. The amount of N leached varied with the different fertilizers, soils, and time. The net leaching of N ranged from ?0.4% to 6.3% of the fertilizer N applied for the loam soil and 6.5% to 32.9% for the sand soil. The net amount of N leached from the loam soil at both high and low application rates declined in the following order: AN > N24 > N42 > L30; the corresponding order for the sandy soil was AN‐H > N42‐H > L30‐H > N24‐H. L30 had the least leaching potential, and ammonium nitrate had the most. Slow‐release fertilizers had significantly less leaching N than did ammonia nitrate.  相似文献   

13.
The effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate on yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mexi-Pak-65) were studied in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 64.0–74.8%, 61.5–64.7% and 61.7–63.4% of the N from ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea and ammonium sulphate. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the three N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied with the method of application of fertilizer N. Ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate gave 59.3%, 42.8% and 26.3% more added N interaction, respectively, when applied by the broadcast/worked-in method than with band placement. A highly significant correlation between soil N and grain yield, dry matter and added N interaction showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production. A values were not significantly correlated with added N interaction (r=0.719). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N.  相似文献   

14.
In this study, a 15N tracing incubation experiment and an in situ monitoring study were combined to investigate the effects of different N fertilizer regimes on the mechanisms of soil N dynamics from a long-term repeated N application experiment. The field study was initiated in 2003 under a wheat-maize rotation system in the subtropical rain-fed purple soil region of China. The experiment included six fertilization treatments applied on an equivalent N basis (280 kg N ha−1), except for the residue only treatment which received 112 kg N ha−1: (1) UC, unfertilized control; (2) NPK, mineral fertilizer NPK; (3) OM, pig manure; (4) OM-NPK, pig manure (40% of applied N) with mineral NPK (60% of applied N); (5) RSD, crop straw; (6) RSD-NPK, crop straw (40% of applied N) with mineral NPK (60% of applied N). The results showed that long-term repeated applications of mineral or organic N fertilizer significantly stimulated soil gross N mineralization rates, which was associated with enhanced soil C and N contents following the application of N fertilizer. The crop N offtake and yield were positively correlated with gross mineralization. Gross autotrophic nitrification rates were enhanced by approximately 2.5-fold in the NPK, OM, OM-NPK, and RSD-NPK treatments, and to a lesser extent by RSD application, compared to the UC. A significant positive relationship between gross nitrification rates and cumulative N loss via interflow and runoff indicated that the mechanisms responsible for increasing N loss following long-term applications of N fertilizer were governed by the nitrification dynamics. Organic fertilizers stimulated gross ammonium (NH4+) immobilization rates and caused a strong competition with nitrifiers for NH4+, thus preventing a build-up of nitrate (NO3−). Overall, in this study, we found that partial or complete substitution of NPK fertilizers with organic fertilizers can reduce N losses and maintain high crop production, except for the treatment involving application of RSD alone. Therefore, based on the N transformation dynamics observed in this study, organic fertilizers in combination with mineral fertilizer applications (i.e. OM, OM-NPK, and RSD-NPK treatments) are recommended for crop production in the subtropical rain-fed purple soils in China.  相似文献   

15.
沼液对水稻生长产量及其重金属含量的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
沼气发酵残余液（沼液）是一种典型的优质有机物料,目前我国每年产生2亿多吨的沼液,农业生产中寻求沼液的资源化利用,对避免环境二次污染和实现畜禽养殖业的生态可持续发展具有重大的现实意义和社会意义。在田间小区试验条件下,以粳稻‘亚优红一号’（OryzasativaL．）为试材,就沼液作为肥源代替化学肥料施用对其营养生长、稻谷产量及稻米中重金属含量的影响作了初步探讨。结果表明,沼液作基肥,追肥施复合肥获得的水稻产量最高,达55．9g·plant^-1。虽然与当地习惯施肥（基肥和追肥施复合肥）相比稻谷产量没有明显差异,但是基肥用沼液代替化学肥料,显著降低了水稻生产成本。同时,沼液作基肥,迫施复合肥明显促进了水稻分蘖和生长,虽然稻米中Cu、Cd含量没有显著变化,但强化了稻米Fe、zn营养,显著降低了Pb含量,明显提升了稻米营养品质。可是,试验结果也显示,沼液完全代替化学肥料施用对水稻生长及其产量形成是不利的。  相似文献   

16.
The study was conducted in the international mineral and organic nitrogen fertilization trial (IOSDV) located in Keszthely in the western part of Hungary. The soil class of the study site was Ramann-type brown forest soil (Eutric Cambisol). The factors of the experiment are the increasing rate of mineral N fertilization and the complementary application of different forms of organic fertilizers in a three-course crop rotation (maize, winter wheat and winter barley) set up in 1983. The organic carbon content of the soil (Corg%) definitely increased after application of organic manure (OM), similarly to the average yield of the cultivated crops. After application of OM the increase in Corg content was 0.20%, and after straw + complementary N application it was 0.12%, compared with plots without organic manures. Mineral N fertilizer did not significantly influence the Corg content in soil over this period. Depending on the type of crop, the specific year and the N content of the soil, the combined application of mineral fertilizers and organic manures resulted in a 12–17% increase in crop yield, in general, whereas at maximum yields the increase accounted for 5–10%.  相似文献   

17.
Knowledge on short‐term and long‐term availability of nitrogen (N) after application of organic fertilizers (e.g., farmyard manure, slurry, sewage sludge, composts) provides an important basis to optimize fertilizer use with benefits for the farmer and the environment. Nitrogen from many organic fertilizers often shows little effect on crop growth in the year of application, because of the slow‐release characteristics of organically bound N. Furthermore, N immobilization after application can occur, leading to an enrichment of the soil N pool. However, this process finally increases the long‐term efficiency of organic fertilizers. Short‐term N release from organic fertilizers, measured as mineral‐fertilizer equivalents (MFE), varies greatly from 0% (some composts) to nearly 100% (urine). The most important indicators to be used for predicting the short‐term availability of N are total and NH ‐N contents, C : N ratio (especially of the decomposable organic fraction), and stability of the organic substances. Processing steps before organic fertilizers are applied in the field particularly can influence N availability. Composting reduces mineral‐N content and increases the stability of the organic matter, whereas anaerobic fermentation increases NH ‐N content as well as the stability of organic matter, but decreases the C : N ratio remarkably, resulting in a product with a high content of directly available N. Nevertheless, long‐term effects of organic fertilizers rather slowly releasing N have to be considered to enable optimization of fertilizer use. After long‐term application of organic fertilizers, the overall N‐use efficiency is adequate to a MFE in the range of 40%–70%.  相似文献   

18.
In 1948, a model soil formation trial was started in Halle/Saale by Schmalfuß. Loess nearly free of soil organic matter (SOM) was used as substrate and the soil formation has been studied in dependence on the level of mineral P and N fertilization. The trial consists of 48 glazed clay cylinders (∅︁ 40 cm × 100 cm), which are open at the bottom. The cylinders are embedded in the ground and stand on a layer of gravel. The trial is divided in a section with constant P and graduated N application and a section with constant N and graduated P application respectively. In the first 30 years, yields increased strongest in the highest NP fertilizer treatment compared with the no‐N or no‐P fertilizer treatment. Afterwards yields in the different fertilization treatments remained nearly constant on the reached levels. Actually the mean shoot dry matter per year is 2.5 times higher in the highest fertilizer treatment as compared to the no‐N fertilizer treatment. The Corg content in the topsoil increased over 49 years in the highest fertilized treatment from 0.18% at the beginning of the trial to 1.94%. Compared to the treatments without N or P fertilization this corresponded, however, only to a 1.2 fold increase. With higher levels of fertilizer application, humus accumulation and biological activity increased relatively faster than the Corg content in the topsoil. Soil organic matter improved the nutrient availability (increase of cation exchange capacity, mobile P fractions). It is assumed that decalcification and the decrease in the C/N ratio will continue. The lower Corg and Norg contents and the lower cation exchange capacity in comparison with soils developed in‐situ near to the parent loess material suggest a still ongoing soil formation process in the trial.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

The knowledge of nitrogen (N) losses in direct‐drilling agrosystems is essential to develop strategies to increase fertilizer efficiency and to minimize environmental damage. The objectives were i) to quantify the magnitude of N volatilization and leaching simultaneously as affected by different urea fertilization rates and ii) to evaluate the capacity of these specific plant–soil systems to act as a buffer to prevent nitrate leaching. Two experiments were conducted during 2001/02 and 2002/03 growing seasons in Alberti, Argentina. The crop was direct‐drilled maize and the soil a Typic Argiudoll. Ammonia losses, N uptake by crop at flowering and harvest, grain yield, N in previous crop residues, and soil nitrate content up to 2‐m depths were determined. Nitrogen availability, soil nitrate (NO3)‐N up to 1 m plus fertilizer N, was linearly and highly associated with crop N uptake at flowering (R2=0.93, P<0.01) and at harvest (R2=0.852, P<0.01). Around 17.5% of fertilizer N was lost by volatilization in 10 days. The obtained values of residual nitrate N up to the 150‐cm depth were associated (R2=0.960, P<0.001) with those predicted by the nitrate leaching and economic analysis package (NLEAP) model. Maize in the direct‐drilling system was able to cycle N from the previous crop residues, N from soil organic matter, and N from fertilizers with few losses.  相似文献   

20.
Biogas slurry is increasingly used as fertilizer. Earlier research was focused on plant growth and soil chemical properties, with only little information available regarding the effects of biogas slurry on soil and root microbial indices. For this reason, a 70 d pot experiment was conducted in which biogas and raw slurries obtained from six biodynamic farms were added to a soil. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was cultivated to investigate the effects on plant yield, N uptake (two harvests), soil microbial biomass, soil fungi, and root‐colonizing microorganisms. Biogas slurries increased the mean total above‐ground plant biomass by 66% and raw slurries by 35% in comparison to the control. The mean plant N‐uptake increased under biogas and raw slurry application by 166% and 65%, respectively, compared with the unfertilized pots. The effects of biogas and raw slurry application on soil microbial indices were similar except for the lower fungal biomass after biogas slurry amendment. In contrast to biogas slurries, the raw slurries significantly increased microbial biomass C and N by roughly 25% in comparison to the control. The application of biogas slurries significantly decreased the soil ergosterol content in comparison with raw slurry and control treatment, leading to a significantly lower ergosterol : microbial biomass C ratio. In the roots, biogas and raw slurry application significantly decreased the concentrations of the amino sugars galactosamine and glucosamine by 39 and 27%, respectively, but not that of ergosterol in comparison with the control. This was most likely due to a reduced colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the presence of highly available plant nutrients.  相似文献   

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