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本研究以20块近天然落叶松云冷杉林为对象,基于4 309对实测树高-胸径数据,分树种(组)对31种常见的树高曲线进行了拟合.模型评价指标除考虑决定系数、均方误、平均误差、残差图外,还重点考虑模型的预测能力,即模型的预测区间和容许区间.结果表明:选出的树高曲线除落叶松和冷杉为线性模型外,其它均为三参数的Gompertzt和Logistic模型.研究给出了所选模型95%的预测区间及表示90%误差分布的容许区间,他们从统计上提供了模型将来用于预测的可靠性. 相似文献
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广义干曲线模型在杉木人工林蓄积量测定中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
佟金权 《中南林业科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2007,27(1):93-98
广义干曲线方程是研究林分生产力状况的有效方法.利用所建立的杉木人工林广义干曲线模型模拟不同立地、不同密度、不同年龄杉木人工林单株材积和林分蓄积量,并与杉木二元材积公式(《立木材积表》(Ly208-77))计算的相应单株材积和林分蓄积量进行对照,比较结果高度一致.说明运用该广义干曲线模型模拟不同集约经营条件下的杉木人工林具可行性,在生产实践中有可应用性. 相似文献
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基于西藏地区第6和7两期全国森林资源清查的数据,利用择优方法,在4种候选模型中,选择冷杉、云杉与柏木3种主要天然林树种的最佳单木材积生长率模型,结果表明:(1)冷杉、云杉与柏木3种树种的材积生长率均随胸径增大而逐渐减小,并趋近于0,呈现明显反"J"型关系;(2)冷杉和云杉的最佳模型为Y=a*exp(b*D)+c/D,Y=a*Db+c适用于柏木,3种树种单木材积生长率最佳模型的拟合效果良好;(3)冷杉、柏木、云杉在小胸径时的材积生长率依次变小,柏木在胸径15 cm时,材积生长率随胸径的增大急剧减小,在胸径15 cm时,减小速度逐渐变缓。本研究建立了冷杉、云杉与柏木3种西藏地区天然林主要树种的合理单木材积生长率模型,编制了"单木材积生长率表",为天然林材积生长率及森林资源的生长和经营管理奠定了理论基础。 相似文献
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利用西藏自治区 2 0 0 1年森林资源连续清查的 5 5 4个有林地和疏林样地 ,建立了冷杉、云杉、柏木、松类、栎类、阔叶类等 6个树种组的相对树高曲线模型。经检验 ,6个树种组的模型 ,用于林分材积估计的总相对误差有 4个在± 1%以内 ,误差最大的柏木也未超过± 5 % ,预估精度相当高。所建模型可广泛应用于西藏自治区各类森林资源清查 相似文献
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树高曲线在森林经营和收获调整中有着重要的作用,建立适用于云南省主要针叶树种的树高曲线模型,为其森林经营提供参考。基于云南省两期森林资源连续清查数据,以冷杉、思茅松、云南松、华山松和杉木作为研究对象,选用Richards等15种树高曲线模型作为备选模型,以决定系数(R~2)、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、总体相对误差(TRE)和平均预估误差(MPE)作为模型拟合效果的评价指标。结果表明:Hossfeld方程能较好地描述冷杉和杉木的树高曲线,双曲线方程能较好地描述云南松和华山松的树高曲线,Wykoff方程能较好地描述思茅松的树高曲线;云南松最优树高曲线模型决定系数为0.676,其它针叶树种决定系数均大于0.710。独立样本数据检验表明,各树种最优树高曲线模型均有较好的适用性,对云南省主要针叶树种树高有较好的预测效果。 相似文献
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本文利用数理统计的方法对常用的树高曲线方程进行拟合选优和检验，以离差平方和最小者为优，把最优的树高曲线方程代入二元立木材积公式，得出较准确的每木材积。这一方法避免了人工绘制树高曲线和在此曲线上查找各经阶平均高所带来的误差。 相似文献
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幼年赤桉胸径与冠幅、树高、材积的相关性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对试验地的1470株赤桉进行树高、胸径、冠幅的测量,并计算出样木的单株材积。把胸径分别和冠幅、树高及株材积进行相关性分析并且建立数学模型,用SPSS软件对所选模型进行曲线估计。结果表明：其中幂方程的 R2最大,F 值亦为最大,说明赤桉胸径与树高的幂关系显著,可确定赤桉胸径与树高的最优回归方程为H=1.804D0.673。胸径—冠幅,胸径—材积的最优模型分别为CW=0.674D0.561,V=0.0001614D2.341。分别对3组最优模型进行适应性检验,结果表明：材积的3个最优回归模型预测误差均在＆#177;3%以内,方程预测精度较高,可用于估算立木树高、冠幅、材积。 相似文献
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以一种单的可变干形树干尖削度曲线为基础,建立了一个给出树干纵剖面(树干上部带皮直径),总林木材积、商品材材积(从地面到某树高限或直径限)的材积估算系统。这一树干尖削度曲线由指示圆锥干形和抛物线干形的系数值所确定。对于给定的树高,小径木确定为抛物线干形,大径木确定为圆锥干形。林木在这一干形系列中的位置由其总树高与胸径的比值来确定。利用大湖区北部美国赤松、斑克松、白云杉的树干解析资料,对本材积估算系统的性能进行了评价。 相似文献
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Comparison of model forms for estimating stem taper and volume in the primary conifer species of the North American Acadian Region 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
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林木竞争对臭冷杉生物量分配的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
用不同高度树干直径建立并比较臭冷杉各器官生物量方程,分析林木竞争对臭冷杉地上、地下生物量分配的影响。结果表明:臭冷杉不同高度树干直径中,胸径是预测各器官生物量的最可靠变量;利用不同高度树干直径建立各器官生物量方程均会高估小个体样木(直径≤10cm)的生物量,并且随着直径增大,预测误差也随之增大;臭冷杉地上生物量与地下生物量的比值(T/R)与树木年龄、单株生物量、整株生物量年均生长率及树高年均生长率间均没有显著相关性(P>0.05);随着竞争增强,臭冷杉树干生物量占单株生物量的比例逐渐减小,枝叶生物量比例逐渐增大,而粗根生物量比例则基本保持不变;胸径年均生长率、树高年均生长率及单株生物量年均生长率均随着竞争强度增大逐渐减小,而T/R值并不受林木竞争的影响。 相似文献
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Steven A. Knowe 《New Forests》1991,5(3):175-193
A system for examining the effects of hardwood density and cover of herbaceous components on mean size in newly established loblolly pine plantations was developed using a site preparation study located in the piedmont province of Georgia (USA). Multispecies density models were derived to predict the sum of crown heights for eight important hardwood species using both the current or age 1 number of rootstocks and herbaceous vegetation to account for intra- and interspecific effects. The predicted sums of crown heights for the woody species were then used as predictors of mean height, diameter, and volume for loblolly pine. A seemingly unrelated regression procedure was used to compensate for correlations in error components within each system of equations that result from using predicted crown heights as regressor variables. The effects of varying sweetgum density and andropogon cover on the inter-related components of the systems based on current and age 1 competition were examined for mean height and mean diameter of the planted loblolly pines. The cumulative impacts of associated vegetation on loblolly pine growth and the relative sensitivity of height and diameter to competing vegetation were demonstrated. 相似文献
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Compatible stem volume and taper equations for Brutian pine, Cedar of Lebanon, and Cilicica fir in Turkey 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Compatible segmented taper and volume functions were developed for Brutian pine, Cedar of Lebanon, and Cilicica fir in Turkey. The proposed models generally performed better for the whole tree, especially for Cilicica fir. Average diameter prediction error was less than 2.2 cm and average volume error was less than 0.009 m3. The proposed models provide needed merchantable stem volume and diameter estimates to any point in the bole based on the 10 relative height classes examined for the three species. Model estimates compared well to existing volume tables currently employed for these three important commercial species. 相似文献
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通过对４０３块兰考泡桐外业调查资料的分析，发现兰考泡桐的直径分布可用Ｌ－ＰＲＭ进行预测；林分平均直径，任意高处的直径，单位面积胶合板材、檩材，椽材出材量可用建立的平均直径预估模型，干曲线方程，出材量预估模型进行预测。经检验其预测的精度能满足生产上的实际需要。用胶合板材出材量和内部收益率综合评价得出：４０立地指数级林地培育大中径级，中径级胶合板材的最适造林密度分别为每公顷２００株和２５０株，主伐年龄 相似文献
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A flexible stem taper and volume prediction method based on mixed-effects B-spline regression 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Edgar Kublin Johannes Breidenbach Gerald Kändler 《European Journal of Forest Research》2013,132(5-6):983-997
Modelling stem taper and volume is crucial in many forest management and planning systems. Taper models are used for diameter prediction at any location along the stem of a sample tree. Furthermore, taper models are flexible means to provide information on the stem volume and assortment structure of a forest stand or other management units. Usually, taper functions are mean functions of multiple linear or nonlinear regression models with diameter at breast height and tree height as predictor variables. In large-scale inventories, an upper diameter is often considered as an additional predictor variable to improve the reliability of taper and volume predictions. Most studies on stem taper focus on accurately modelling the mean function; the error structure of the regression model is neglected or treated as secondary. We present a semi-parametric linear mixed model where the population mean diameter at an arbitrary stem location is a smooth function of relative height. Observed tree-individual diameter deviations from the population mean are assumed to be realizations of a smooth Gaussian process with the covariance depending on the sampled diameter locations. In addition to the smooth random deviation from the population average, we consider independent zero mean residual errors in order to describe the deviations of the observed diameter measurements from the tree-individual smooth stem taper. The smooth model components are approximated by cubic spline functions with a B-spline basis and a small number of knots. The B-spline coefficients of the population mean function are treated as fixed effects, whereas coefficients of the smooth tree-individual deviation are modelled as random effects with zero mean and a symmetric positive definite covariance matrix. The taper of a tree is predicted using an arbitrary number of diameter and corresponding height measurements at arbitrary positions along the stem to calibrate the tree-individual random deviation from the population mean estimated by the fixed effects. This allows a flexible application of the method in practice. Volume predictions are calculated as the integral over cross-sectional areas estimated from the calibrated taper curve. Approximate estimators for the mean squared errors of volume estimates are provided. If the tree height is estimated or measured with error, we use the “law of total expectation and variance” to derive approximate diameter and volume predictions with associated confidence and prediction intervals. All methods presented in this study are implemented in the R-package TapeR. 相似文献
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干形作为测树学中的一个重要概念 ,对其拟合及应用的研究已进行了一个多世纪 ,很多学者通过数学模型来表现树干形状并使之解决立木材积求算及其它应用问题 ,但效果不很理想。相对干形的提出 ,为树干形状的研究开辟了一个新途径 ,使干形的研究上了一个新台阶 ,但所做的诸多研究 ,大多偏重于理论推导 ,就其在实践中的应用 ,则涉及较少[1～ 3] 。作为表现树干形状的另一种方法———正形数 ,虽能够较好地反映树干形状 ,但由于其相对高度处直径在实测中不便 ,还必须借助于相对高度处直径和胸径的回归关系式来解决应用中的问题[3～ 6 ] ,如何结合… 相似文献
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Stockfors J 《Tree physiology》2000,20(15):1057-1062
Few studies have examined variation in respiration rates within trees, and even fewer studies have focused on variation caused by within-stem temperature differences. In this study, stem temperatures at 40 positions in the stem of one 30-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were measured during 40 days between July 1994 and June 1995. The temperature data were used to simulate variations in respiration rate within the stem. The simulations assumed that the temperature-respiration relationship was constant (Q10 = 2) for all days and all stem positions. Total respiration for the whole stem was calculated by interpolating the temperature between the thermocouples and integrating the respiration rates in three dimensions. Total respiration rate of the stem was then compared to respiration rate scaled up from horizontal planes at the thermocouple heights (40, 140, 240 and 340 cm) on a surface area and on a sapwood volume basis. Simulations were made for three distributions of living cells in the stems: one with a constant 5% fraction of living cells, disregarding depth into the stem; one with a living cell fraction decreasing linearly with depth into the stem; and one with an exponentially decreasing fraction of living cells. Mean temperature variation within the stem was 3.7 degrees C, and was more than 10 degrees C for 8% of the time. The maximum measured temperature difference was 21.5 degrees C. The corresponding mean variation in respiration was 35% and was more than 50% for 24% of the time. Scaling up respiration rates from different heights between 40 and 240 cm to the whole stem produced an error of 2 to 58% for the whole year. For a single sunny day, the error was between 2 and 72%. Thus, within-stem variations in temperature may significantly affect the accuracy of scaling respiration data obtained from small samples to whole trees. A careful choice of chamber position and basis for scaling is necessary to minimize errors from variation in temperature. 相似文献
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以我国南方地区最重要的针叶树种杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）为研究对象,采用误差变量联立方程组方法,建立了相容性二元立木材积方程、胸径和地径一元立木材积方程、树高胸径回归模型及地径胸径回归模型。利用3种树高模型和2种地径模型组合了4个相容性立木材积表系列模型联立方程组,通过6项指标进行综合评价,结果表明由最简单的树高模型和地径模型构成的相容性系列材积模型就能取得良好效果,其二元材积表、胸径一元材积表和地径一元材积表的平均预估误差分别为1.31%、3.66%和7.39%,可用于不同目的的杉木林蓄积量估计。 相似文献
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Johannes Breidenbach Arne Nothdurft Gerald Kändler 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(5):833-846
The three nonparametric k nearest neighbour (kNN) approaches, most similar neighbour inference (MSN), random forests (RF) and random forests based on conditional inference
trees (CF) were compared for spatial predictions of standing timber volume with respect to tree species compositions and for
predictions of stem number distributions over diameter classes. Various metrics derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS)
data and the characteristics of tree species composition obtained from coarse stand level ground surveys were applied as auxiliary
variables. Due to the results of iterative variable selections, only the ALS data proved to be a relevant predictor variable
set. The three applied NN approaches were tested in terms of bias and root mean squared difference (RMSD) at the plot level
and standard errors at the stand level. Spatial correlations were considered in the statistical models. While CF and MSN performed
almost similarly well, large biases were observed for RF. The obtained results suggest that biases in the RF predictions were
caused by inherent problems of the RF approach. Maps for Norway spruce and European beech timber volume were exemplarily created.
The RMSD values of CF at the plot level for total volume and the species-specific volumes for European beech, Norway spruce,
European silver fir and Douglas fir were 32.8, 80.5, 99.0, 137.0 and 261.1%. These RMSD values were smaller than the standard
deviation, although Douglas fir volume did not belong to the actual response variables. All three non-parametric approaches
were also capable of predicting diameter distributions. The standard errors of the nearest neighbour predictions on the stand
level were generally smaller than the standard error of the sample plot inventory. In addition, the employed model-based approach
allowed kNN predictions of means and standard errors for stands without sample plots. 相似文献