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1.
Twenty-six Balady goats categorized according to parity into primiparous and pluriparous goats were used to investigate bacterial flora of the genital tract and hormonal profiles during the postpartum (PP) period. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated in pure or mixed culture from the uterus. Arcanobacterium pyogenes was isolated from swabs obtained from the vagina and cervix of one primiparous goat. Uteri and cervices but not vaginas were free of bacterial contamination by day 10 PP except for one pluriparous goat with scanty E. coli contamination on day 25 PP. Fluctuating oestradiol 17beta (E2) levels demonstrated resumption of follicular activity as early as day 13 PP in both parity groups. Progesterone (P4) levels remained low at basal levels throughout the study period. Higher concentrations of 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha (PGFM) were observed during the first week PP compared with the rest of the PP period. PGFM concentrations dropped to low basal level by day 10 PP and remained constantly low throughout the study period. P4, E2 and PGFM profiles were not different between the different parity groups. In conclusion, intrauterine infection is not common in goats with normal kidding. E. coli was the most common intrauterine bacterial isolate. E2 and P4 profiles were consistent with resumption of follicular growth but not ovulation. High PGFM concentrations coincided with the fast regression phase of uterine involution. Hormonal profile and bacterial contamination and clearance were similar to those reported in other related species and not related to parity.  相似文献   

2.
The effect of parity on the cervical and uterine involution was studied in 79 Finnish dairy cows on a research farm. The cows were examined clinically by rectal palpation 3 times a week during 8 weeks postpartum. The diameters of the cervix and uterine horns were estimated manually. The parous uterine horn was compared with the non-parous one. The results were separately analysed in primiparous cows (n = 18) and in those with the third calving (n = 61). A significant difference (p less than 0.001) between the parous and non-parous uterine horns was obtained until 21 days. Thereafter, involution still continued and equal diameters for the horns were not found until 5 weeks after parturition. A decline of the cervical diameter continued until 30 days after the delivery. The parity had no significant effect on the swiftness of uterine or cervical involution. However, in multiparous cows the cervical diameter remained larger than that in the primiparous animals still at 8 weeks postpartum.  相似文献   

3.
During breeding of mares, ultrasonographic detection of uterine fluid accumulations in the first postpartum ovulatory period was associated with significantly decreased pregnancy rates, when compared with rates in control mares (P less than 0.005). The previously gravid uterine horn was recognized as the larger horn, when assessed for size by ultrasonography, for a mean of 21 days (range, 15 to 25 days) after parturition. On the basis of similar measurements obtained during 3 ultrasonographic scans (5-day period), uterine involution was determined to be completed in a mean of 23 days (range, 13 to 29 days). Progestin treatment did not affect uterine size, fluid accumulation, or rate of involution after parturition. However, delaying the first postpartum ovulation with 8 days of progestin treatment significantly improved pregnancy rates (P less than 0.05). More (P less than 0.05) mares became pregnant (23 of 28, 82%) when ovulation occurred after day 15 in the first postpartum ovulatory period, compared with those mares that ovulated before day 15 (6 of 12, 50%). We concluded that ultrasonographic detection of uterine fluid and postpartum progestin treatment can be used to manipulate breeding strategies and to improve pregnancy rates in mares bred during the first postpartum ovulatory period.  相似文献   

4.
Tropical Animal Health and Production - This study aimed to verify the reproductive seasonality in Saanen goats from distinct parity orders (nulliparous, primiparous, and pluriparous) throughout an...  相似文献   

5.
A study of the bacterial flora of the genitalia of nulliparous Savanna Brown does was carried out both before breeding and at different intervals postpartum to investigate the type of microbial organisms that could be present in the uterus, cervix and the vagina respectively.Of 29 pre-breeding vaginal swabs, Staphylococcus sp. was isolated from 20 goats, Streptococcus sp. from 15 goats and Micrococcus sp. from four goats. Mycoplasma agalactiae was isolated from five goats.The postpartum vagina did not show any appreciable change in the microbial flora, except that Escherichia coli was encountered in two cases. The uterus yielded E. coli from the goats slaughtered 2 days postpartum; Micrococcus sp. from goats slaughtered 12 days postpartum; Staph. aureus from goats slaughtered 16 days postpartum and Staph. aureus from goats slaughtered 24 days postpartum.Also in these two cases — a goat slaughtered at two days postpartum (dpp) and a goat slaughtered 16 dpp — E. coli was present in the uterus. Other isolates from the uteri of slaughtered goats were Micrococcus sp. (12 dpp), Staph. aureus and Micrococcus sp. (16 dpp) and Staph. aureus (24 dpp).  相似文献   

6.
The radiographic and ultrasonographic appearance of the normal involution process of the feline postpartum uterus has not been previously described. Six queens were examined to determine the normal radiographic and ultrasonographic appearance of the involuting postpartum uterus. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations were performed daily from days one through ten, then on days 12, 14, 18, 24, and 28 postpartum. Radiographically the mean total uterine thickness was 16.5 mm at day one postpartum. By day 14 the mean total uterine thickness was 10.5 mm and by day 24 postpartum the uterus was not radiographically visible. Ultrasonographically at day one postpartum the mean total uterine thickness was 16.6 mm and the mean uterine wall thickness was 2.7 mm. At day 14 postpartum the mean total uterine thickness was 6.2 mm and the mean wall thickness was 2.1 mm. At day 28 postpartum the uterus could still be identified ultrasonographically however individual wall layers were not discernable.  相似文献   

7.
Twenty-six pluriparous Suffolk ewes were used to monitor the effects of four hormone treatments on the rate of uterine involution, which was assessed by means of radio-opaque markers and radiography. The close correlation between measurements of the genital tract in live sheep and after slaughter indicated that this method of monitoring uterine involution was acceptably accurate. Uterine involution was complete by about 29 days after lambing. None of the hormone treatments with progesterone, oestradiol-17 beta, prostaglandin F2 alpha or an oxytocin analogue, administered shortly after lambing, had any effects on the rate of uterine involution. There was no correlation between the duration of increased plasma concentrations of 13.14 dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 (PGFM) and the rate of uterine involution.  相似文献   

8.
Most dairy ruminants are still lactating during early pregnancy, which could induce hormonal adaptations different from those observed during pregnancy alone. The incidence of concomitant lactation and pregnancy on plasma leptin has not been studied, and physiological factors involved in its regulation have not been addressed in goats. We assayed leptinemia throughout the pregnancy-lactation cycle in nulliparous and primiparous goats, starting 165 days prior to parturition and finishing 59 days after. During the first half of pregnancy, primiparous goats were lactating. Lactating non-pregnant primiparous goats were studied in parallel. Plasma leptin increased (+49%) up to mid-pregnancy in nulliparous, but not in primiparous goats. Furthermore, leptinemia was similar between pregnant and non-pregnant lactating primiparous goats, suggesting a strong leptinemia down-regulation by late lactation. Plasma leptin decreased from mid-pregnancy to parturition, more markedly in nulliparous goats, and remained depressed during early lactation at a similar level in both female types. It was lower, at 130 days of pregnancy, in goats carrying two fetuses. The leptinemia down-regulation by late pregnancy was highlighted by the lack of plasma leptin increase after drying-off late-pregnant primiparous goats, while it strongly increased in non-pregnant goats. The observation of leptinemia increase only in nulliparous goats suggests that it is not an essential endocrine adaptation during early pregnancy. By contrast, in both female types, the low leptinemia during transition from late pregnancy to lactation, and during late lactation, may be important for the adaptations that occur during lactation such as the partitioning of energy and nutrients towards essential functions and/or hyperphagia.  相似文献   

9.
An ultrasound assessment of follicle turnover following two different protocols for synchronization of oestrus and ovulation, as well as an assessment of achieved synchronization between ovulation and AI and conception rates in nulliparous and pluriparous buffaloes were carried out during months of increasing day length. Nulliparous buffaloes (n = 30) were subjected only to Ovsynch protocol whereas pluriparous buffaloes (n = 31) were assigned to Ovsynch (n = 14) or to PRID-pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) (n = 17) protocol according to the presence of functional CL confirming cyclic and acyclic conditions. Ultrasound examination of ovarian follicular dynamics at critical days in the course of synchronization treatments was employed to monitor the fate of the largest available follicles at the beginning of treatments. Such available dominant follicle would persist throughout the protocol as ovulating follicle (no-follicle shift) or would regress giving way to a new follicle to become dominant and ovulate (follicle shift). Furthermore, ultrasound monitoring would determine the degree of synchronization of ovulation and final outcome represented by pregnancy rates. Pregnancy rate following Ovsynch protocol was 40% (12/30) and 42.8% (6/14) in nulliparous and pluriparous buffaloes respectively (p = 0.8575). Most ovulations were synchronized and recorded at AI and the following day in nulliparous (24/30; 80%) and pluriparous (12/14; 85.7%) buffaloes respectively (p = 1.000). A follicle shift was recorded in 14 of 30 (46.6%) and 11 of 14 (78.5%) in nulliparous and pluriparous buffaloes respectively (p = 0.0466). Among established pregnancies: eight derived from follicle shift (66.6%) and four from no-follicle shift (33.3%) in nulliparous buffaloes, p = 0.0729 whereas in pluriparous buffaloes five (83.3%) derived from follicle shift and one from no-follicle shift (16.6%), p = 0.6154. Collectively, from 18 pregnancies in nulliparous and pluriparous buffaloes following Ovsynch protocol, 13 derived from follicle shift (72.2%) and five from no-follicle shift (27.7%), p = 0.0860. Pregnancy rate in pluriparous buffaloes following PRID-PMSG protocol was 70.5% (12/17). The majority of ovulations were synchronized and recorded at first, second AI and following day (13/17; 76.4%). A follicle shift occurred in 15/17 buffaloes (88.2%) and among the 12 recorded pregnancies, 11 derived from follicle shift (91.6%), p = 0.5147. In conclusion, pregnancy rates following Ovsynch protocol were similar in nulliparous and pluriparous cyclic buffaloes. A progestagen treatment on acyclic buffaloes but still displaying some ovarian follicular dynamics, resulted in significantly higher pregnancy rate compared with Ovsynch (p = 0.0376). According to the time of scheduled AI, a high degree of synchronized ovulations were recorded following the implementation of both protocols.  相似文献   

10.
Changes in sizes and numbers of ovarian antral follicles, uterine size and weight, serum hormones, and frequency and duration of suckling were examined during the postpartum anovulatory period in primiparous, suckled beef cows. Twenty-one anovulatory, suckled cows (n = 4 to 6/d) were slaughtered on d 7, 14, 28 and 42 to 56 after parturition. In addition, a total of 11 postpartum cows that had begun cyclic activity were slaughtered on d 28, 42 or 56. Blood was collected at 10-min intervals for 6 h 1 d before slaughter for measurement of prolactin, cortisol and progesterone in serum. Numbers of medium (4.0 to 7.9 mm) follicles increased fourfold (P less than .05) between d 7 and 42 to 56 in anovulatory cows, whereas numbers of small (1.0 to 3.9 mm) and large (greater than or equal to 8.0 mm) follicles did not change (P greater than .10). Uterine involution was complete by d 28. In anovulatory cows, a higher (P less than .05) proportion of largest (but not second-largest) follicles was opposite the ovary containing the corpus albicans from pregnancy (CAP). In addition, 90% of these largest follicles opposite the CAP had concentrations of estradiol greater than progesterone. In cyclic cows, however, first ovulations occurred with equal frequency on either ovary. Concentrations of prolactin or cortisol in serum or duration of suckling were not associated with changes in uterine or ovarian measurements. In conclusion, growth and function of the largest (but not second-largest) follicle were reduced when located on the ovary containing the CAP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

11.
通过子宫内膜活检采样器得到子宫腔内液,应用细菌分离培养鉴定技术,研究10只小尾寒羊产后不同时期子宫内细菌的种类和数量的变化规律。结果发现:在产后1~25 d,小尾寒羊子宫腔内存在4个属的细菌,这些细菌是以芽孢杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、微球菌属为主的革兰氏阳性菌和以大肠杆菌群为主的革兰氏阴性菌等。产后子宫细菌数量和种类随着子宫内环境的改变而有规律地变化:从无菌状态增加到最高点约7 d左右,而下降比较缓慢,到子宫颈管复旧完成(22 d)后,才接近于无菌状态。产后子宫内一定数量的细菌对子宫复旧无显著影响。  相似文献   

12.
Ten pluriparous mares were used as donors to supply embryos which were transferred into 103 recipients, 31 of which were nulliparous, 34 were pluriparous and lactating, and 38 were pluriparous and non-lactating. The embryos were recovered eight days after ovulation and pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasound six days after the transfer; the length of the embryos was measured ultrasonographically on days 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25 and 30 after the embryo transfer. One hundred and fifteen of 200 flushes provided embryos, 12 being degenerate and 103 being viable embryos. From the 103 embryo transfers carried out, 51 pregnancies were confirmed by ultrasound within 30 days; 16 of the 31 nulliparous recipients became pregnant, 16 of the 34 pluriparous lactating recipients and 19 of the 38 pluriparous non-lactating recipients. There were no significant differences between the groups of mares in the mean (sd) rate of growth of their embryos between 12 and 30 days of gestation.  相似文献   

13.
为了探讨两种同期发清处理方法和不同年龄阶段对非繁殖季节奶山羊同期发情效果的影响,选用12∽15月龄初产奶山羊和4∽5胎经产奶山羊分为两组,采用孕激素耳栓埋植和阴道栓塞两种处理,并辅以肌注PMSG及PG-CL、E2,每组试验重复2次.结果显示：孕激素耳栓埋植法和阴道栓塞法两种同期发情处理方法处理初产组奶山羊总发情率分别达到87.5％和100.0％,经产组分别达到77.8％和83.3％,均无显著差异（P＞0.05）.但两种方法0∽24 h内的同期发情率初产组阴道栓法平均为94.1％,耳栓法平均为37.5％,差异显著（P＜0.05）,经产组阴道栓法平均为61.1％,耳栓法平均为44.4％,差异亦显著（P＜0.05）;无论初产、经产组奶山羊阴道栓法处理0∽24 h内的同期发情率（分别为94.1％、61.1％）显著高于24∽36 h发情率（分别为5.9％、22.2％）（P＜0.05）.用阴道栓同一种方法处理初产和经产奶山羊,初产组24 h的同期发情率（86.7％）显著高于经产组（60.0％）（P＜0.05）.阴道栓法处理同期发情效果优于耳栓法,初产奶山羊的同期发情效果优于经产奶山羊.  相似文献   

14.
The metabolism of proteins in the blood serum in Boer and Saanen goats was investigated during puerperium. Twenty Boer goats (10 primiparous and 10 pluriparous) and 10 Saanen goats (five primiparous and five pluriparous) between 2 and 5 years of age were used in this research. Blood for analysis was taken every fourth day from day 3 until day 40 post-partum. Blood samples were collected by jugular puncture. In the obtained blood serum, the concentration of total proteins (PT) and albumin (ALB), and the activity of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) [the Enzyme Commission number (EC number) 2. 6. 1. 1.], gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) (EC 2. 3. 2. 2.), creatine kinase (CK) (EC 2. 7. 3. 2.) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) (EC 3. 1. 3. 1.) were determined by spectrophotometry. These parameters were in physiological ranges in Boer goats and in Saanen goats, without significant differences according to number of kids per doe. According to the research results of the blood serum in goats during puerperium, there were no significant differences in the concentration of ALB. Boer goats had significant higher (p < 0.05) concentration of PT and enzyme activity of AP, CK and GGT. Saanen goats had only enzyme activity of AST significantly higher (p < 0.05). Enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase was significant higher (p < 0.05) in pluriparous goats in both breeds than in primiparous. The obtained results may represent a contribution to a better understanding of protein metabolism during puerperium in dairy and meat goats and for diagnostic purposes.  相似文献   

15.
The aim of this study was to describe the involution process of the bovine cervix during the first 10 days post partum by using an intracervically introduced gauge and transrectal ultrasonography. Twenty-five pluriparous Holstein Friesian cows were included, which were randomized into three groups: group 1 (n = 10): transrectal ultrasonographic presentation of the formation of cervical folds; group 2 (n = 10): measurement of the reduction of the canalis cervicalis using an intracervically introduced gauge. The examinations were performed directly after expulsion and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18 and 24 h post partum, and in intervals of 24 h up to the tenth day. The involution process can be divided into four phases: 1: fast reduction up to the sixth hour; 2: protracted reduction up to the second day without constant formation of folds; 3: protracted reduction up to the seventh day with constant formation of folds; 4: re-opening of the canalis cervicalis maintaining the structure of the folds. The reduction process (phase 1- phase 3) can be shown as the sum of two exponential functions with different grading coefficients: y = reduction 1 x e(-b1 x t) + reduction 2 x e(-b2 x t). Reduction 1 is reduction in cm during the first phase and reduction 2 is reduction in cm during the second and the third phase. Group 3 (n = 5): to exclude an influence of the high frequency of examinations on the involution process the cows were examined immediately after parturition and on the fifth and tenth day postpartum using the same method as in groups 1 and 2. In conclusion, the involution process of the bovine cervix guarantees a fast protection of the cavum uteri and a drainage of the lochia at the end of the early puerperium. The re-opening phase after the seventh day has not yet been described in any other species and can be interpreted as the adaptation to the exsudative puerperium in the cow.  相似文献   

16.
Effects of heat stress during the last third of gestation on reproductive changes postpartum were studied in Holstein cows. Cows and heifers 160 to 190 d of gestation were assigned in June 1978 to shade (n = seven cows and two heifers) or no shade (n = eight cows and two heifers) management treatments. After parturition, all cows (n = 19) were moved to the milking herd and managed uniformly. On the day of calving and on each Monday, Wednesday and Friday thereafter until d 50 postpartum, jugular blood samples were collected. Beginning approximately 7 d postpartum, the reproductive tract of each cow was examined rectally after collection of blood samples. Estrus was monitored twice daily and cows were inseminated after d 45 postpartum. Prepartum heat stress increased 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) concentrations postpartum and increased the rate of uterine involution. Regardless of prepartum treatment, progesterone concentrations indicated that luteal phases had begun by d 12.4 +/- 1.3 postpartum, which was about 3 d before PGFM was basal. The first luteal phase lasted only 10.7 +/- .9 d. First estrus was not detected until d 32.3 +/- 4.8 postpartum. The previously gravid uterine horn had a negative effect on ovarian volume, diameter of the largest follicle and percentage of ovaries with a corpus luteum. However, prepartum heat stress attenuated this effect. This study indicates that heat stress prepartum had residual effects on postpartum reproductive changes, and that the previously gravid uterine horn exerted some control, which was attenuated by heat stress, over ovarian recrudescense. Even though heat stress prepartum affected sensitive measures of postpartum reproductive function, it did not alter days to first estrus, days open (102.3 +/- 13.1) or services/conception (2.5 +/- .3).  相似文献   

17.
Two experiments were performed to study the relationship between leukotriene B4 (LTB4) synthesis and placental separation and uterine involution in the cow. In experiment I, the concentration and synthesis of LTB4 by caruncular tissue was lower in cows with retained fetal membranes (RFM cows, n = 11) than in cows that expelled the fetal membranes normally (NFM cows, n = 19). The presence of bacterial cell wall, especially of alpha-hemolytic streptococci and coagulase positive staphylococci enhanced LTB4 synthesis by allantochorion only in NFM cows. In the RFM group, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide decreased allantochorionic LTB4 synthesis. With caruncle, only epidermal growth factor increased LTB4 production in NFM cows. In experiment II, the caruncular and endometrial secretion of LTB4 was lower in cows with subuterine involution (SUI cows, n = 5) or cows with SUI and RFM (SUI+RFM cows, n = 4) than in cows with normal uterine involution (NUI cows, n = 8). This decrease was especially noticeable in the previously gravid horn. In the three uterine involution groups, there were no differences in LTB4 synthesis by caruncular tissue taken from the previously gravid horn. However, progesterone and a bacterial suspension of E. coli reduced the synthesis of LTB4. Estradiol had no effect on LTB4 synthesis at the end of the postpartum period. These results suggest that LTB4 may play an important role in both placental separation and uterine involution in cattle and LTB4 synthesis may be modulated by endocrine and bacterial factors.  相似文献   

18.
子宫复旧是奶牛产后生殖器官恢复的一个重要时期,复旧时间的长短会直接影响产后第一次发情的时间,子宫复旧的正常时间为产后30～46d。本试验为研究促卵泡素(FSH)与促黄体素(LH)在子宫复旧过程中的变化规律,选择了年龄、胎次相近,健康状况良好的产后奶牛15头,应用放射免疫分析法在子宫复旧期间每3天对奶牛血清中FSH与LH进行一次测定,前后持续10次。由试验数据可得出,FSH与LH分泌水平在子宫复旧的早期比较低,FSH浓度到产后第15天达到峰值,LH从产后第21天开始大幅上升,到产后第24天浓度达到峰值,之后二者浓度变动范围不大。  相似文献   

19.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of hCG administration 5 days after breeding on plasma progesterone (P4) concentration and reproductive performance of oestrous-induced nulliparous dairy goats. A total of 59 nulliparous goats (36 Alpine and 23 Saanen) received intravaginal sponges with 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 9 days plus 200 IU equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) and 22.5 microg d-cloprostenol 24 h before sponge removal. After detection of oestrus (day of oestrus = day 0) and breeding, 49 females were randomly assigned, according to the breed, into two treatments (T1 and T2). In T1 (n = 25) and T2 (n = 24), animals received intramuscular injection of 1 ml of saline solution (control) or 250 IU hCG, respectively, 5 days after breeding. Plasma P4 concentration (ng/ml) was determined from blood sampled on days 0, 5, 7, 13, 17, 21, 28 and 45 after breeding. Animals were scanned by transrectal ultrasound (5 MHz probe) on days 35 and 70 after breeding for detection of pregnancy. Plasma P4 concentration did not differ (p > 0.05) between treatments in all days, but it was increased (p < 0.05) in Saanen than in Alpine goats from days 13 to 45. Pregnancy and parturition rates, litter size and gestation period were similar (p > 0.05) to treatments and breeds. Results of this study indicate that human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) administration 5 days after breeding did not significantly alter reproductive performance in dairy nulliparous goats and that plasma P4 differed between Saanen and Alpine goats.  相似文献   

20.
The rate of uterine involution postpartum was monitored in 13 suckling mule ewes by using radio-opaque markers and radiography, and each ewe was also monitored for intrauterine bacterial contamination during the first week, using a sterile guarded swab. Peripheral plasma or serum concentrations of haptoglobin, seromucoid, ceruloplasmin and 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) were measured up to six weeks postpartum. The maximum reduction in the length of the uterine body and in the diameters of the horns occurred by 28 days postpartum, except in one ewe in which the size of the uterus continued to decrease for 42 days. Four ewes were positive for intrauterine bacterial contamination; Escherichia coli, clostridial species, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis and Enterococcus species were isolated in pure or mixed culture. The presence of intrauterine bacteria did not affect the time for the completion of uterine involution. No bacteria were isolated from the ewe in which involution was delayed, but it had a different acute phase protein response and was therefore excluded from further analyses. In the remaining 12 ewes the mean postpartum haptoglobin response increased, with peak concentrations occurring on day 1, and decreased slowly as uterine involution progressed, but the four contaminated ewes had a significantly greater response. There was no difference between the prepartum and postpartum concentrations of seromucoid in the eight sterile ewes, but significant increases were observed in the contaminated group; the concentrations of ceruloplasmin did not vary in either group. The concentrations of PGFM were higher during the early postpartum period in the ewes with contaminated uteri.  相似文献   

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