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1.
Stem sapwood hydraulic permeability, tree leaf area, sapwood basal area, earlywood to latewood ratio of annual rings, radial variation in hydraulic permeability and stem hydraulic capacity were examined in dominant (D), codominant (CD) and suppressed (SP) lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) trees growing on medium and poor sites. Hydraulic permeability on a sapwood area basis (ks) was lower in suppressed trees (0.71 x 10(-12) m2) compared to dominants (1.97 x 10(-12) m2) and codominants (1.79 x 10(-12) m2), and higher on medium than on poor sites. The leaf/sapwood area ratio (S) varied with crown dominance position (D > CD > SP) but not by site type. Leaf specific conductivity (kL) did not vary between crown classes or site types. The relationship between leaf area and stem hydraulic supply capacity (Q*) was strong, but differed among crown classes. Dominant trees and trees from the medium sites had a greater proportion of earlywood in outer rings of sapwood than suppressed trees. Sapwood permeability declined from the cambium to the sapwood-heartwood boundary in all samples, but the decline was more gradual in dominant trees compared to codominant and suppressed trees; differences in the radial variation in sapwood permeability may be related to differences in S. Sapwood permeability is positively related to crown dominance, whereas subdominant (CD and SP) trees have greater Q* in relation to leaf area, leading us to propose that this may give subdominant trees a survival advantage, slowing self-thinning. 相似文献
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Kristina Ahnlund Ulvcrona Thomas Ulvcrona Urban Nilsson Tomas Lundmark 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2014,29(3):197-209
The increasing demand for forest biomass for energy generation could be partially met by growing denser stands and use of fertilizer. Before this is done at large scale, more knowledge of the effects of stand density and fertilization on aboveground allocation patterns and stem form is needed. Therefore, effects of pre-commercial thinning (PCT) to 3000 stems ha?1, an unthinned dense control (C), and PCT combined with two levels of fertilization (100 kg ha?1 of nitrogen applied either during the establishment of the field experiment (F1) or annually (F2)) were examined in 23- to 26-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands six years after the establishment of the field experiment. In total, 114 sample trees were harvested using destructive biomass sampling. The growth allocation and stem form of trees with diameter at breast height (DBH; 1.3 m height) >5.0 cm were not affected by either the PCT or fertilization. Small trees (DBH < 5 cm) in denser, unthinned control plots had more slender stems (lower DBH/height ratios) and allocated less growth to branches and foliage than trees in PCT plots. Fertilization had little effect on the stem form and growth allocation of the smallest trees. Therefore, effects of stem density and fertilization on stem form and growth allocation to foliage were only found for small suppressed trees, and the treatments had very little influence on dominant and codominant trees. 相似文献
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四川香樟人工林生长特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对四川香樟树高、胸径、材积生长规律研究结果表明：香樟生长适应性较强,27 a树高平均可达15.80 m,胸径可达35.1 cm,材积可达0.6790 m3;香樟造林初期生长相对较缓慢,在10 a～12 a时树高和胸径连年生长量到达峰值,之后开始下降但仍保持较高的年生长量;材积连年生长量和平均生长量随着树龄的增大而呈持续增长趋势,27a时,仍维持较快的增长速度;Logistic曲线对香樟树高、胸径和材积生长动态有较好的拟合效果,其回归方程分别为：y=35.4356/（1＋11.59×e-0.1942x）,y=16.429/（1＋12.6749×e-0.1906x）,y=0.9639/（1＋107.5×e-0.2043x）。 相似文献
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从美国东南部引进属于红栎组的纳塔栎、舒玛栎、水栎、柳叶栎和属于白栎组的弗栎,在我国长江三角洲平原地区多个地点和不同土壤类型条件下进行造林研究.采用1～2年生裸根苗经长途运输后进行栽种,纳塔栎、舒玛栎和水栎成活率达94％以上,柳叶栎为76％～81％,弗栎仅42％～50％.不同树种之间,幼年阶段的根系发育、枝梢生长习性、秋冬叶色变化和虫害状况存在明显差异.在3～6个地点水稻土上建立的前4种栎树人工林,8～10a后在保留密度900～1 500株·hm-2条件下,其年均径生长量和年均高生长量达到0.96～1.76 cm和0.8～1.33 m.在山坡红黄壤地上栽种的纳塔栎、舒玛栎和柳叶栎,其年均径生长量和年均高生长量分别为0.64～1.01cm和0.57～0.78 m.采用2～4年生带土弗栎苗在6个地点滨海盐土上造林的成活率达87％以上,在保留密度1 110～3 900株·hm-2条件下,其7～9 a林木年均径生长量和年均高生长量分别为0.78～1.13 cm和0.59～0.75 m.当树龄达6～9 a时,5种栎树均开始结实.研究表明,5种北美栎树在长江三角洲地区有较强的适应性,水栎、纳塔栎、舒玛栎、柳叶栎可以应用于平原地区生态景观林和城镇园林绿化建设,而弗栎在沿海防护林建设中具有推广前景. 相似文献
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The long term effects of superphosphate fertilization on stem form, taper and stem volume estimation of Pinus radiata on a phosphorus-deficient site was examined using data from a fertilizer experiment which had been maintained for 30 years. The application of superphosphate resulted in long term and statistically significant changes in stem form. Mean cylindrical form factor ranged from 0.33 for the control trees up to 0.40 for trees fertilized with 100 kg P ha−1. Stem form was also examined through taper curves which provided detailed depiction of average relative stem profiles. The increase in cylindrical form factor of fertilized trees was largely attributed to a significantly broader profile of the lower third of the stem. In comparison with the control trees, the fertilized trees also had a broader, although not statistically significant, profile of upper and middle stem which could also contribute to the increase in their cylindrical form factor. With increased form factor a greater proportion of the stem became merchantable because of increased log length to tree height ratio. Mean average taper of trees did not show a consistent trend with increasing lelevels of superphosphate application. It largely reflected the differential response of DBH and height growth to the treatments. The volume equation based on control trees underestimated the underbark stem volume of fertilized trees by 5–12% on average. Developing separate volume equations for the fertilized trees is warranted. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(4):354-362
The number and size of branches are major determinants of log grading. To study the effect of fertilization on branch characteristics in Norway spruce, trees were sampled in a nutrient optimization experiment in northern Sweden. Data were collected from 24 40-yr-old trees from fertilized and control plots after 12 yrs of annual nutrient application. On the fertilized plots, all essential macronutrients and micronutrients were supplied in irrigation water every second day during the growing season. Fertilization increased the number of new branches, but its effect on branch angle and branch mortality was small. Fertilization increased the diameter of the branches that were formed after the initiation of the treatment, but also the diameter of the branches that were formed before the fertilization commenced. Fertilization enhanced the general growth of a tree, but there were no significant changes in the relationships between stem and branch characteristics. Improved growth rate of trees, as an effect of fertilization, may impair branching quality of logs. Such negative effects may, however, to some extent be counteracted by planting density at stand establishment and later thinning regimens. 相似文献
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[目的]研究柚木人工林生长过程及其与气象因子的相关性,为柚木抚育经营提供理论依据。[方法]以优良、中等和差3种生长类型的30余年生柚木人工林为对象,基于样地调查,选取优势木、平均木、被压木进行树干解析,对比分析其生长过程,应用灰色关联分析法揭示气象因子对柚木生长的影响。[结果]表明:3种生长类型林分柚木胸径、树高和材积生长过程基本一致,各分级木的生长过程亦相似,其胸径平均和连年生长量随年龄的增大呈先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,树高生长整体上呈下降趋势,材积生长则呈递增趋势。各优良林分的林木及各类型林分的优势木,其胸径、材积平均和连年生长量较大,速生期持续时间长,生长衰减慢,而其树高生长量的优势相对不明显;30余年生时柚木尚未达数量成熟龄。各类型林分间柚木生长与气象因子关系的差异仅体现在胸径,优良林分胸径连年生长量主要受极端低温影响,而中等和差林分则与年均降水量相关性最大;各分级木间柚木生长与气象因子的关系无明显差异;影响树高和材积连年生长量的最主要气象因子分别为年均降水量和年均气温。[结论]柚木各生长类型及分级木的生长过程整体趋势基本一致,其差异主要体现在生长量大小和快速生长期长短。约30年生柚木人工林仍未达到数量成熟,后期抚育经营对于其优质大径材高效培育仍不可忽视。 相似文献
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[目的]研究不同强度采伐下马尾松的生长动态,筛选适宜的采伐强度,为马尾松人工林近自然经营提供技术支撑。[方法]2007年10月在14年生马尾松人工林(保存密度1 100株·hm~(-2))内进行采伐试验,设置4个采伐强度,即保留密度分别为225、300、375、450株·hm~(-2),以不采伐为对照;其后,自2008年开始连续8 a,每2 a测定1次马尾松的胸径、树高、枝下高和冠面积等生长指标,并计算单株材积和林分蓄积量,应用方差分析和Duncan多重比较分析生长指标对不同采伐强度的动态响应。[结果]表明:采伐强度显著影响林分生长,其中,林分平均胸径、单株材积、冠面积的年均增长量随保留密度增大而减小,但均显著高于对照(P0.05)。采伐后第1 3年,马尾松冠面积增长量显著高于采伐后期,胸径则在采伐后第3 5年最高,而不同采伐强度对林分树高生长影响不明显。保留密度显著影响林分枝下高和蓄积量的动态变化,其年均增长量随密度增大而递增。5个处理间林分蓄积年均增长量的差异随林龄的增大而逐渐缩小。[结论]马尾松人工林生长对不同强度采伐的动态响应以树冠最敏感,冠面积首先陡然增大,进而引起胸径的快速生长。树高和枝下高在采伐后年均增量变化相对平稳。4个采伐强度均显著促进单株材积生长,而仅保留密度为225株·hm~(-2)的采伐对林分蓄积增长量影响显著。综合比较林分的单株材积和林分蓄积连年增长量,建议在桂西南15年生马尾松人工林近自然经营中宜选择300株·hm~(-2)的保留密度进行采伐。 相似文献
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选择4年生湿地松优良家系试验林,通过测土配方施肥,研究其对湿地松生长与叶片、枝条养分含量及其土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:施肥后第2年,土壤全P含量与湿地松树高及胸径生长呈现极显著正相关,其数学模型分别为:y=-5.944 4 x+1.318 9、y=-7.500 0 x+2.700 0;施肥后土壤中速效K含量与叶片中全K含量呈现极显著正相关,其数学模型为:y=0.010 8 x-0.163 3;速效K含量与湿地松树高及胸径生长,其数学模型分别为:y=-0.032 8 x+1.513 3、y=-0.047 4 x+3.002 9;土壤中全N增长与湿地松叶片全N含量增长均呈现显著正相关,其数学模型为:y=7.016 1 x+0.162 1。湿地松平均树高与胸径相较于未施肥的对照组增幅分别达11%与13%以上,其差异达到了极显著水平。 相似文献
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The PEACH computer simulation model of reproductive and vegetative growth of peach trees (Grossman and DeJong 1994) was adapted to estimate seasonal nitrogen (N) dynamics in organs of mature peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. O'Henry) trees grown with high and low soil N availability. Seasonal N accumulation patterns of fruits, leaves, stems, branches, trunk and roots of mature, cropping peach trees were modeled by combining model predictions of organ dry mass accumulation from the PEACH model with measured seasonal organ N concentrations of trees that had been fertilized with either zero or 200 kg N ha(-1) in April. The results provided a comparison of the N use of perennial and annual organs during the growing season for trees growing under both low and high N availability. Nitrogen fertilization increased tree N content by increasing organ dry masses and N concentrations during the fruit growing season. Dry mass of current-year vegetative growth was most affected by N fertilization. Whole-tree N content of fertilized trees was almost twice that of non-fertilized trees. Although N use was higher in fertilized trees, calculated seasonal N accumulation patterns were similar for trees in both treatments. Annual organs exhibited greater responses to N fertilization than perennial organs. Estimated mean daily N use per tree remained nearly constant from 40 days after anthesis to harvest. The calculations indicated that fertilized trees accumulated about 1 g N tree(-1) day(-1), twice that accumulated by non-fertilized trees. Daily N use by the fertilized orchard was calculated to be approximately 1 kg N ha(-1), whereas it was approximately 0.5 kg N ha(-1) for the non-fertilized trees. During the first 25-30 days of the growing season, all N use by growing tissues was apparently supplied by storage organs. Nitrogen release from storage organs for current growth continued until about 75 days after anthesis in both N treatments. 相似文献
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Kristina A. Ulvcrona Kjell Karlsson Thomas Ulvcrona 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2014,29(5):427-435
Data from seven Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in central Sweden that had undergone pre-commercial thinning (PCT) were used to investigate the biological effect of PCT on the diameter at breast height (DBH) growth of the remaining trees. Two treatments were considered: a PCT treatment and a control (C) with no PCT. The DBH of the trees in each stand was measured on up to four occasions over 15 years. We examined mean DBH and DBH growth of the largest 300, 600, 900 and 1200 trees ha?1. Two methods of selecting the trees used to calculate the mean DBH values for each measurement occasion were considered: the actual mean DBH (Dma), which is based on the DBH distribution of the trees on the measurement occasion in question, and the genuine mean DBH (Dmg), which is based on the DBH distribution of the trees on the final measurement occasion of the study and therefore focuses on the same set of trees for all measurement occasions. There was no clear difference between the Dma- and Dmg-based DBH increments, but the Dmg values tended to be somewhat larger both for the C and PCT treatments. Over a 15-year period, the relative mean yearly increments (Dma/Dmg) for different tree size classes ranged from 0.91 to 0.98, with lower values for the C treatment and larger DBH size classes. We found that PCT promotes DBH growth: over a 15-year period, the increased growth amounted to about 2.0 mm year?1 compared to the trees in unthinned plots. 相似文献
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马尾松幼林施肥效应综合分析 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
1991- 2 0 0 2年在广西凭祥市热林中心伏波实验场花岗岩发育的山地红壤上 ,对马尾松幼林进行了不同施肥配比和不同施肥时间试验 ,结果表明 :施肥对马尾松的造林成活率影响十分明显 ,方差分析显示 ,处理之间达到了极显著的差异 ,经多重比较 ,施NP、PK、NPK等复混肥做基肥的处理 ,其造林成活率都很低 ,与CK比都达到了极显著差异。对试验林进行连续 12a的生长量观测 ,从其生长曲线图可以看出 ,施肥对马尾松幼林生长的影响是长期的 ,初期肥效优的处理能连续保持其优势 ,反之亦然。对两试验第 11年生的生长量进行方差分析 ,除不同时间施肥试验处理之间的蓄积量达到显著差异外 ,其余项目差异都不显著 ,但对生长的影响有所不同。在配比试验中对马尾松幼林生长最好的处理为P2 (P2 O5用量 10 0kg·hm- 2 ) ,其树高、胸径、蓄积量与CK比分别增加了 3 75 %、14 17%、33 6 0 % ;在不同时间施肥试验中以Pe处理为最优 ,马尾松幼林的树高、胸径、蓄积量与CK比分别增加了3 98%、2 7.5 7%、4 5 .76 % ,多重比较还表明 :Pe处理的蓄积量与CK比达到了显著差异 相似文献
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塞罕坝林区低密度经营对华北落叶松林分生长的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了给坝上塞罕坝林区低密度经营提供依据,以华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,对不同林分密度条件下(150株/hm~2、225株/hm~2、300株/hm~2和375株/hm~2)华北落叶松林分的生长情况进行分析,研究低密度经营对华北落叶松生长的影响,提出培育华北落叶松大径级用材林的技术体系。结果表明:林分密度对胸径、树高和单株材积总生长量、平均生长量、连年生长量都有一定程度的影响,影响程度按照胸径、单株材积、树高顺序递减;林分密度过大或过小均影响华北落叶松林分的生长,林分密度控制在225~300株/hm~2时,华北落叶松胸径、树高和单株材积总生长量、平均生长量、连年生长量最大。 相似文献
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INTRODUCTIONDonglas-fir(PseudoIstgumenziesiivar.ghaca(Mirb.)Franco)isamaintimbcrtreesPeciesgrowinginthcwestcoastandthenorthintcriorofB.C.,Canada.klthoughsomeoftheDouglas-fi,treesmaygrOwoverloominheightoncoastalsites,theymaygrowmuchsmalleroninteriorsitesth… 相似文献
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沙地樟子松人工林林木胸径、冠幅等生长指标与林龄相关性研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对章古台地区的10~60a林龄樟子松人工林的样地进行树龄、胸径、冠幅、枝下高等指标调查、观测,并使用SPSS进行分析。结果显示:沙地樟子松人工林的胸径生长量、枝下高高度与林龄有极显著相关性;冠幅大小与林龄有显著相关性;各生长量两两之间有极显著相关关系,且随树龄的增加而增长,立地条件的差异可能会延长或缩短这种进程,但不会改变这种趋势。胸径生长量、冠幅大小、枝下高高度随林龄变化的模型分别为y=e0.75+3.212/x、y=-0.085+0.344 x-0.008 x~2、y=e2.942-57.681/x;冠幅和胸径比随林龄变化的模型为y=0.382 73e-0.012 55 x。该研究揭示了沙地樟子松人工林胸径及冠幅等指标的生长随林龄变化的规律。 相似文献
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麻竹笋用林高效培育的密度与施肥效应研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
以麻竹笋用林高效培育为目标,在丛立竹密度和施肥对竹笋经济性状影响的试验基础上,构建丛立竹密度和施肥的优化模式,结果表明:在试验设计范围内,丛立竹密度与竹笋产量呈抛物线型关系,与丛出笋数遵循线性增长趋势,但当丛立竹密度9株及以上时,笋个体质量和竹笋产量显著下降;施肥的竹笋增产效果主要来源于笋个体质量增大和不规格笋比例下降,对丛出笋总数无显著影响,对丛经济出笋数有显著影响。施有机复合肥竹笋产量随施肥量增加而增加,尿素则随施肥量增加出现先增产后减产现象,产生“氮饱和”效应;当丛立竹胸径5~6 cm时,施用试验有机复合肥,麻竹笋用林丰产栽培最佳组合为丛立竹密度5~7株,丛施肥量10~12 kg。 相似文献