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1.
不同施肥方式对塿土土壤磷素各组分含量的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
为阐明不同施肥方式对土壤磷素各组分的影响,采用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷分级体系,观测分析了陕西省杨陵区陈小寨村塿土不同施肥方式及用量对土壤中无机磷、有机磷、全磷含量变化的影响。结果表明,该土壤中无机磷占全磷的77%~90%。施用磷肥,对土壤中的无机磷和有机磷都有增加的作用(P0.05),对无机磷的影响大于有机磷。各不同处理土壤无机磷组分均以Ca-P为主,其中又以Ca10-P占绝对优势(28.77%~63.96%);不同施肥处理中,对作物无效态的无机磷Ca10-P、O-P比例减少,有效态的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P比例增加;且施用有机肥对土壤中有效态磷素的增加效果好(P0.05);在有机肥的作用下,土壤中的磷素会向无机磷的方向发生反应,尤其是活性的Ca2-P、Ca8-P的增加幅度较大。施用低量有机肥(75 t·hm-2·a-1)或无机有机肥配合施用是一个比较好的施肥方式。  相似文献   

2.
黄土高原不同植被坡地土壤无机磷形态分布研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
采用石灰性土壤无机磷分级体系,选取黄土高原4种典型植被:柠条、马铃薯、苜蓿和枣树,与裸地作比较,对自然表层土壤中磷素状况进行分析.结果表明:研究区土壤全磷含量0.55～0.85 g/kg,速效磷含量2.402 ～5.920 mg/kg,均处于较低状态;无机磷含量占全磷的60.76%～90.8 5%,在各无机磷形态中,以C a-P(79.37%)为主,几乎没有闭蓄态磷(O-P); 不同无机磷形态的比例顺序是:O-P ＜Ca 2-P＜Al-P＜Fe-P＜Ca8-P＜Ca10-P,其中柠条林地的Ca2-P和Ca8-P无机磷最高,其次是枣树,马铃薯和苜蓿几乎相等.相关分析表明,Ca2-P和Ca8-P与速效磷均呈显著的正相关关系,因此,Ca2-P和Ca8-P是土壤速效磷的主要来源.  相似文献   

3.
不同土地利用方式对农田黑土 剖面磷形态分布的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
不同土地利用方式影响土壤磷形态分布,从而决定土壤潜在供磷能力。本文对4种土地利用方式下（裸地、自然草地、苜蓿地、农田）的黑土土壤剖面磷素分布进行测定分析,结果表明,不同利用方式持续12 a对黑土剖面磷形态分布影响较大,黑土中有机磷含量随土层深度增加而降低,而无机磷、有效磷含量及磷素活化系数随土层深度增加而呈增加趋势,在同一土层磷素活化系数表现为自然草地＞裸地＞苜蓿地＞农田。农田不施肥处理经过12 a玉米种植后,土壤中全磷、有效磷含量均低于其他利用方式,玉米植株主要吸收土壤中无机磷,与裸地相比,农田土壤Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P含量依次降低了29.4%~75.3%、45.7%~59.5%、72.1%~83.3%、13.3%~36.1%、7.0%~33.2%、19.3%~41.6%。自然草地和苜蓿地比裸地无机磷含量分别降低11.5%~28.5%、2.2%~31.0%;与裸地相比,农田、自然草地和苜蓿地有机磷所占比例分别增加7.0~16.4、1.5~9.0、0.8~13.9个百分点。总之,不施肥农田作物吸收消耗了土壤中无机磷,使有机磷所占比例有所增加;自然草地和苜蓿地可使土壤中无机磷向有机磷转化,使有机磷比例有所增加。  相似文献   

4.
利用2017年设置在定西市李家堡镇麻子川村的长期定位施肥试验,设置4个施磷水平:P1(0 kg·hm~(-2))、P2(75 kg·hm~(-2))、P3(115 kg·hm~(-2))、P4(190 kg·hm~(-2)),测定收获后耕层土壤(0～20 cm)无机磷组分(Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、Ca_(10)-P)、有机磷组分(LOP、MLOP、MROP、HROP)。研究结果表明:土壤磷组分含量变化顺序为Ca_(10)-P Ca_8-P MLOP O-P HROP Fe-P Al-P Ca_2-P MROP LOP。随着施磷量的增加,Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、O-P、LOP、MLOP、MROP、HROP、有效磷、全磷含量增加,增幅为8.41%～56.95%;Al-P、Fe-P、Ca_(10)-P含量先增加后降低,最大值分别为43.45(P2)、37.64(P2)、341.63(P3)mg·kg~(-1),最小值分别为28.63、33.06、321.96 mg·kg~(-1)。随着施磷量的增加,Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P和MLOP占比增加,增幅分别为28.00%、24.46%、6.37%;Al-P、LOP先分别增加至6.00%(P2)、2.67%(P2)后减小至4.31%(P4)、2.11%(P4);Fe-P、Ca_(10)-P、MROP、HROP减小,减幅分别为5.75%、12.64%、21.37%、6.75%;O-P由9.17%(P1)先减小至8.08%(P3)之后增加至8.80%(P4);PAC(磷活化系数)增加,增幅最大为26.40%(P4);无机磷占全磷的相对含量和无机磷与有机磷之比先增大后减小,分别由增幅的80.41%、4.10%减小至76.32%、3.21%,有机磷占全磷的相对含量先减小至19.59%后增加至23.75%。土壤磷形态对有效磷的直接影响大小顺序为:Ca_8-PCa_2-PMLOPLOPHROPMROPFe-PAl-PO-PCa_(10)-P。相关分析和逐步回归结果表明,Ca_2-P是陇中黄土高原春小麦农田土壤有效磷的最主要磷源,长期施磷肥主要通过提高可供作物直接利用的Ca_2-P、LOP和具有缓效作用的Ca_8-P、Al-P、MLOP比例,降低土壤中难溶性Fe-P、O-P、Ca_(10)-P、MROP、HROP的比例从而增加有效磷的含量,进而提升了土壤潜在供磷能力。  相似文献   

5.
利用时空互代法,在野外调查和室内分析的基础上,探讨了生长2、16、24、27、30和43 a(恢复年限)刺槐林土壤无机磷的变化规律。结果表明:随年限延长,刺槐林地土壤全磷和无机磷含量呈减少之趋势,除Ca10-P表现为明显的下降趋势外,其他无机磷组分均随恢复年限的延长呈总体增加趋势;不同恢复年限内,刺槐林地土壤无机磷组分含量和比例有如下顺序:Ca10-P>Ca8-P>Fe-P>Al-P>Ca2-P。  相似文献   

6.
采用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷分级方法,对黄土高原两种农田土壤剖面(0～100 cm)中无机磷形态分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:两种农田土壤剖面(0～100 cm)中无机磷形态占全磷的90.95%;无机磷又以Ca-P为主,所占比例在87.86%～92.55%之间;糜子地土壤剖面中无机磷总量、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P和...  相似文献   

7.
自以同一方案连续12 a进行定位灌溉试验的栽培番茄保护地,分层采集0~100 cm土层的土壤样本,研究了灌溉方式对保护地土壤全磷、速效磷(Olsen-P)含量及其剖面分布的影响。结果表明,0~60 cm土层土壤全磷、速效磷含量明显高于60~100 cm土层;土层不同灌水处理间土壤全磷、速效磷含量及其剖面分布0~60 cm土层表现出了明显差异,总体上沟灌和滴灌高于渗灌,而沟灌和滴灌之间差异不明显;速效磷占全磷比例在0~40 cm土层以滴灌处理为最高,其它两灌溉处理相对较低;与滴灌、渗灌处理不同,沟灌处理土壤的速效磷占全磷比例随土层深度增加变化不明显。相关分析结果表明,各灌溉处理土壤速效磷与全磷之间呈极显著正相关关系,而全磷、速效磷含量与有机质间呈显著的指数正相关关系。  相似文献   

8.
为研究不同苹果种植模式下土壤养分变化情况,在陕西省千阳县2种不同种植模式(矮化和乔化种植)的苹果园区采集土样,通过测定0~100 cm土层土壤中的全氮、全磷和有效磷含量,分析和比较其土壤氮磷养分含量差异及剖面分布特征。结果表明：在0~100 cm深度的土层中,除全磷外,矮化苹果园土壤各养分含量显著低于乔化苹果园(P<0.05),矮化富士、嘎啦苹果园和乔化富士苹果园全氮含量分别为0.60、0.63、0.76 g·kg-1,全磷含量分别为0.58、0.56、0.63 g·kg-1,有效磷含量分别为6.98、3.48、51.00 mg·kg-1;矮化苹果园全氮、全磷以及有效磷含量主要在0~10 cm的表层土壤中聚集显著(P<0.05);土壤养分含量与土层深度相关性显著(P<0.05),矮化苹果园和乔化苹果园土壤养分含量与土层深度的变化过程分别符合幂函数和对数函数的变化趋势。  相似文献   

9.
以旱作农田春小麦为研究对象,设置4个氮添加梯度,分别为0(CK)、75、115、190 kg·hm-2,利用顾益初-蒋柏藩法和Bowman-Cole法于2019年和2020年连续测定收获后0～20 cm耕层土壤的无机磷组分和有机磷组分,综合分析氮添加对土壤磷组分、植株器官磷含量的影响和驱动土壤磷转化的关键因素。结果表明：氮添加增大了土壤无机磷占全磷的比例,2019年增幅为1.02%～4.93%、2020年增幅为1.31%～4.92%;同时也降低了土壤有机磷占全磷的比例,降幅分别为0.74%～4.92%(2019年)和2.50%～4.92%(2020年)。与对照处理相比,N115处理显著(P<0.05)降低了缓效和难以吸收利用的磷源,其中在2019年和2020年无机磷组分Ca8-P分别降低了8.55%和19.53%,Al-P分别降低了9.26%和12.88%,Fe-P分别降低了10.34%和39.21%,Ca10-P分别降低了2.87%和16.27%;有机磷组分MROP分别降低了18.18%和16.53%,MLOP分...  相似文献   

10.
在甘肃引黄灌区的灌耕灰钙土区域,通过玉米／鹰嘴豆间作种植,采用蒋柏藩、顾益初石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法研究了施磷水平和间作种植方式对玉米、鹰嘴豆土壤无机磷素形态的影响。结果表明：研究区各无机磷形态含量顺序为O－P＞Ca10－P＞Ca8－P＞Al－P＞Fe－P＞Ca2－P ,施磷能够显著提高玉米和鹰嘴豆土壤中Ca2－P、Ca8－P、Al－P和Fe－P的含量,O－P和Ca10－P的含量不随施磷量增加发生显著性变化;与单作相比,间作种植对鹰嘴豆土壤带各无机磷组分含量没有显著影响,但间作玉米种植带土壤各组分无机磷含量均低于单作土壤,其中不施磷肥处理下Fe－P、施纯磷40 kg·hm－2处理下Al－P及施纯磷80 kg·hm－2处理下Ca10－P的含量显著低于单作土壤。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

13.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

14.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

15.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

16.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

17.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.  相似文献   

18.
Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F 3, F 4 and F 5, but not in F 1 and F 2 that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F 1 and F 2 in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.  相似文献   

19.
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20.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

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