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1.
I. O. O. Aiyelaagbe 《Agroforestry Systems》1994,27(1):1-16
The cashew-coconut system in the Coast Province of Kenya was appraised to determine the efficacy and adoption potential of a fruitcrop based agroforestry intervention designed to increase the productivity of the system. Fruitcrops on farmers plots ranged between 16–22 species. They featured mainly as understorey trees in cashew-coconut plots and upper storey of foodcrop plots. Fruit tree management was generally poor.Between 67–100% of farmers interviewed were interested in planting more fruit trees on their farms. Envisaged cash generation was a major reason for their interest. Preferred species were generally adapted exotics. Preference was in the order ofMangifera indica, Citrus sinensis, C. reticulata > Cocos nucifera, Anacardium occidentalis, Carica papaya > Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa,Ananas comosus, Syzygium cumini, Citrus limon, Musa sapientum, Persea americana > Musa paradisiaca, Citrus aurantifolia Annona spp. Locational differences existed in exact order of preference within the groupings. Constraints to fruit production included lack of improved fruit tree seedlings, low proficiency in fruit seedling production, transportation, no capital for initial investment, damage by wild animals, prolonged dry spells, and frequent die back of fruit trees. Based on its high adoption potential, a fruitcrop based agroforestry intervention is recommended for increasing the productivity of the cashew-coconut system of Kenya.Possible agroforestry technologies in which fruitcrops could feature are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Stephen H. Anderson Ranjith P. Udawatta Tshepiso Seobi Harold E. Garrett 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,75(1):5-16
Agroforestry practices are receiving increased attention in temperate zones due to their environmental and economic benefits.
To test the hypothesis that agroforestry buffers reduce runoff by increased infiltration, water use, and water storage; profile
water content and soil water infiltration were measured for a Putnam soil (fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Albaqualf). The watershed
was under no-till management with a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation since 1991. Agroforestry buffer strips, 4.5 m wide and 36.5 m apart, were planted with redtop (Agrostis gigantea Roth), brome (Bromus spp.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.), swamp white oak (Q. bicolor Willd.) and bur oak (Q. macrocarpa Michx.) trees were planted at 3-m intervals in the center of the agroforestry buffers in 1997. Ponded water infiltration
was measured in agroforestry and grass buffers and row crop areas. Water content in agroforestry and row crop areas at 5,
10, 20, and 40 cm depths were measured throughout the year. Quasi-steady infiltration rates were not different (P > 0.05) among the treatments. Agroforestry had lower soil water content than row crop areas (P < 0.05) during the growing season. Higher water content after the principal recharge event in the agroforestry treatment
was attributed to better infiltration through the root system. Results show that agroforestry buffer strips reduce soil water
content during critical times such as fallow periods, and increase water infiltration and water storage. Therefore, adoption
of agroforestry buffer practices may reduce runoff and soil loss from watersheds in row crop management. 相似文献
3.
R. T. Prinsley 《Agroforestry Systems》1992,20(1-2):87-115
Agroforestry in the Australian environment has potentials to rehabilitate land from further degradation; improve agricultural productivity; produce timber; and contribute to diversification and increase in farm income. These benefits are examined using available information from research. The level of adoption of agroforestry by Australian farmers for these purposes is also determined. Summaries of research results provide the basis for advice that scientists can offer to farmer and decision makers. 相似文献
4.
Muhammad Khan Hafiz Zahid Mahmood Ghulam Abbas Christos A. Damalas 《Small-Scale Forestry》2017,16(4):553-569
Agroforestry offers unique opportunities for increasing biodiversity, preventing land degradation, and alleviating poverty, particularly in developing countries, but factors explaining the adoption by farmers are not well understood. A survey of 524 farm households was conducted in Bhakkar district of Punjab, Pakistan to study factors that determine the adoption of agroforestry on the sand dunes in the resource-deficient region of Thal. Two types of agroforestry systems were studied: intercropping and border cropping (also known as boundary or perimeter planting). Both agroforestry systems included irrigated cultivation of the timber trees Eucalyptus camaldulensis (local name: sufeda) and Tamarix aphylla (local name: sars) with wheat, chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) (local name: chana) or cluster beans (Cyamous tetragocalobe) (local name: guars). The majority of the farmers was in favour of intercropping and border cropping. Most farmers reported the protection of nearby crops from dust storms as the most important positive perception about both agroforestry systems. Age, education, and farm to market distance were significant determinants of agroforestry adoption. Older and less-educated farmers, with farms closer to markets were less likely to adopt tree planting or border cropping in Thal. In general, the agroforestry systems examined were more likely to be adopted by farmers who can wait 3–4 years for harvesting crop outputs, but not by poorer farmers who are totally dependent on subsistence agriculture and cannot afford the high initial cost of agroforestry establishment, nor can they wait for crop output for extended periods. Furthermore, the adoption of both agroforestry systems was more likely in remote marginal areas than in areas close to markets. To increase agroforestry adoption rates, government policies should strengthen farmers’ knowledge of every stage of agroforestry through extension services, focusing particularly among the prime prospects, i.e. farmers who will be most likely to adopt agroforestry. Once the prime prospects have adopted it, the older, less-educated, and poor farmers of the rural population can be also focused on to motivate adoption. 相似文献
5.
Indigenous market-oriented agroforestry: dissecting local diversity in western Amazonia 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
This paper reports on a study of local diversity and variation in indigenous agroforestry practices among Amazonian peasants
in a traditional community near Iquitos, Peru. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews with agroforestry-reliant households
n = 36) on farming practices, demographic characteristics, income-expenditures and household wealth. Visits to crop fields
and forest fallows n = 329) allowed the reconstruction of extensive cropping histories. More in-depth assessments of crop occurrence, density
and diversity were conducted on 83 fields. Our results indicate considerable variation in field characteristics, agroforestry-cycles,
and household agroforestry portfolios. Agroforestry practice is found to be strongly related to access to land within the
community: households holding more land use both potentially more sustainable and more lucrative swidden-fallow agroforestry
systems. Our results question the view of indigenous agroforestry systems as intrinsically ‘stable, equitable, and sustainable’,
and underscore the importance of studying local variation in indigenous agroforestry practices. Promising avenues are discussed
for future research on the factors related to the successful adoption of sustainable agroforestry systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Tarig M. Gibreel 《Agroforestry Systems》2013,87(2):311-318
Increasing trend in the sole crops commercialization has questioned the sustainability of the traditional gum Arabic agroforestry (Bush-fallow) system in western Sudan. This shift in the farming system from a traditional sustainable system to more commercialized one has resulted in a drastic decline in soil fertility, decreased crop productivity and low gum Arabic production. Therefore, identification of alternative options and incentives are required to ameliorate the negative environmental effects of increasing commercialization trends. This paper takes this issue and empirically investigating the factors influencing the decision to adopt agroforestry using a binary probit model. The results show that farmers with less commercialization, access to credit, less fragmented land, more education, high gum Arabic gate price, located away from the markets, and with more years of experience in farming are more likely to practice the traditional gum Arabic agroforestry system. In contrast, the allocation of more working days for commercial sole crops production, more fragmented land, and higher commercialization index reduces the probability of gum Arabic agroforestry adoption. In conclusion, this dichotomy between sole crop commercialization and traditional gum agroforestry system may be solved through the encouragement of the adoption of the traditional intercropping system with gum tree (Acacia senegal). Production of gum tree (Acacia senegal) itself should be more commercialized and prioritized. Conservation programs should focus on more educated, experienced famers with less fragmentized land if the policy is to promote the sustainable farming system in the region to promote soil fertility and to improve the effect of sole crop commercialization on traditional gum Arabic agroforestry system. 相似文献
7.
Traditional agroforestry systems and biodiversity conservation in Benin (West Africa) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Vodouhe G. Fifanou Coulibaly Ousmane Biaou Gauthier Sinsin Brice 《Agroforestry Systems》2011,82(1):1-13
In the past, the conservation of biodiversity has been mostly understood in terms of the management of protected areas and
natural forests, ignoring the possible role of farm areas and the ways through which rural communities have promoted biodiversity
in their subsistence agricultural production systems. The present study focused on the floristic diversity within traditional
agroforestry parkland systems around the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Benin and showed the diversity of tree species in the
area as well as socio-economic factors which affect the practice of this farming system. We used questionnaires and interviewed
a total of 118 households to collect data. Respondents were interviewed on their farms and during the interview; we inventoried
the number of tree on the farm and determined the farm size. Twenty-one tree species belonging to 14 botanical families were
recorded during the surveys and the average stand density of the woody component of farmlands was 7.97 ± 5.43 stems/ha. A
number of both native and exotic tree species occurred in the parkland agroforestry systems with dominance of indigenous tree
species. Species richness varied with the size of household where households with small land holding conserve more tree species
in their field than households with large land holdings. 64% of households surveyed were making deliberate efforts to plant
tree species on their farmlands. The most important reasons which determined household ambitions to conserve woody species
on farmland were tree products contribution to food and medicine. Results also showed that respondents who noticed that trees
were decreasing in the wild conserve more tree species on their farmlands. This research highlights the role of traditional
agroforestry practices to support tree species richness and provides evidence of the farms’ role as biodiversity reservoirs. 相似文献
8.
J. Gordon ArbuckleJr. Corinne Valdivia Andrew Raedeke John Green J. Sanford Rikoon 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,75(1):73-82
Land tenure has long been considered a critical factor in determining the adoption and long-term maintenance of agroforestry
practices. Empirical evidence from non-US settings has consistently shown that secure land tenure is positively associated
with agroforestry adoption. In the US, over 40% of private agricultural land is farmed by someone other than the owner. Given
the importance of land tenure in agroforestry decisions in other countries and the magnitude of non-operator landownership
in the US, there has been surprisingly little focus on land tenure in the temperate agroforestry literature. Using data from
a 1999 survey in Missouri, this study explores factors associated with non-operator landowner interest in agroforestry. Results
suggest that differences in farming orientation are linked to interest in agroforestry. Closer ties to farming, stronger financial
motivations for landownership, and higher proportion of land planted to row crops were negatively related to interest in agroforestry
among non-operator landowners. Environmental or recreational motivations for landownership and contacts with natural resource
professionals were positively associated with interest in agroforestry. These results, consistent with earlier qualitative
research suggesting that farm operators who have a strong “conventional farming identity” were less interested in agroforestry,
point to a divide between landowners for whom environmental and recreational values play an important role in ownership motivation
and those for whom financial considerations take precedence. The findings imply that agroforestry development programs in
the US should take non-operator landowners and their farming and ownership orientations into account when designing research
and outreach efforts.
相似文献
| J. Gordon Arbuckle Jr.Email: |
9.
Plant species and cultivars of the indigenous agroforestry system of Pohnpei were surveyed in transects through 54 randomly-selected farms. The agroforestry system was characterized by extensive cultivation of yams (Dioscorea), aroids (Alocasia), and Piper methysticum under a permanent overstory of breadfruit, coconut, and forest remnant trees and a middle canopy of Hibiscus tiliaceus, Musa spp., and Morinda citrifolia. In the 10 ha of survey plots, 161 species were found, of which 102 were trees, shrubs, and crops and 59 were uncultivated herbaceous plants. Numbers of tree, shrub, and crop species per farm ranged from 16 to 37 with an average of 26. Twenty-eight breadfruit and 38 yam cultivars were found in the survey plots, showing that cultivar diversity is an important component of the biological diversity maintained and utilized in Pohnpeian agroforests. 相似文献
10.
Homegardens of Bukoba are a traditional multi-storey agroforestry farming system based on mixed cropping and livestock keeping. Major crops are banana (Musa spp.) grown for food and coffee (Coffea canephora var.robusta) for cash. Livestock keeping is dominated by cattle. Over the last few decades the farming system in Bukoba has been pervaded by a host of constraints ranging from biological to socio-economic. Consequently farm productivity has declined and so has the economic welfare of the people in the area. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 1991 to 72 households in Bukoba district to compare three potential farming systems: the rehabilitation of the homegardens, the cultivation of two annual crops namely maize and beans as intercrops and the continuation of the current non-rehabilitated homegardens. Results strongly support the rehabilitation of homegardens by use of cattle manure and proper crop and livestock husbandry practices. Rehabilitated homegarden has the highest net present value and is not very sensitive to changes in prices of inputs and outputs. 相似文献
11.
This paper examines how agroforestry-based farming systems evolved in the Dhanusha district of Nepal following the conversion of forest into agriculture during the early 1950s. Some data are from two focus group discussions with agroforestry farmers and one meeting with agroforestry experts. The farmers?? discussion traced the development of farming practices from 1950 to 2010 to identify the drivers of land use change. The experts?? discussion resulted in a scale to differentiate the prevailing farming systems in the study area considering five key components of agroforestry: agricultural crops, livestock, forest tree crops, fruit tree crops and vegetable crops. Data related to the system components were collected from the randomly selected households. The study reveals that land use had generally changed from very simple agriculture to agroforestry, triggered by infrastructure development, technological innovations, institutional support (subsidies and buy-back guarantees) and extension programs. A range of farming systems with varying degrees of integration was evident in the study area: simple agriculture; less integrated agroforestry; semi-integrated agroforestry and highly integrated agroforestry. The three types of agroforestry systems, which are the focus of this study, varied significantly in terms of farm size, cropping intensity, use of farm inputs, tree species diversity, tree density, home to forest distance and agricultural labour force. 相似文献
12.
Farmers’ Fruit Tree-growing Strategies in the Humid Forest Zone of Cameroon and Nigeria 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ann Degrande Kathrin Schreckenberg Charlie Mbosso Paul Anegbeh Victoria Okafor Jacques Kanmegne 《Agroforestry Systems》2006,67(2):159-175
Many studies have stressed the importance of trees to rural households. Few, however, have focused on actual numbers and densities
of trees in different land-use systems. Based on community-level participatory research in six communities, semi-structured
household interviews and full-farm fruit tree inventories, this study aims to understand farmers’ tree-planting strategies.
Relationships between the diversity, number and density of fruit trees and farm size, land-use system, land tenure, distance
from the homestead, proximity to the forest, market access and household characteristics are investigated. The key factors
determining the differences in tree-growing strategies between communities appear to be market access, land use and access
to forest resources. Within communities, differences between individual households were less easy to explain but tenure was
important as was farm size. Smaller farms had higher fruit tree densities, a relationship that was particularly strong in
communities with good market access. Overall there was a great deal of variability both within and between communities and
many of the factors affecting tree-planting decisions were found to be highly inter-related. Despite this complexity, trees
on farm play an important role in rural household's livelihoods. Therefore, expansion of tree cultivation should be recognized
as a promising pathway to achieve increased income and food production by policy makers and extensionists alike. In addition
to improved tree propagation and management techniques, farmers should be strengthened in the processing and marketing of
agroforestry tree products and more emphasis should be placed on the development of tree enterprises. By doing so, farmers
will be able to earn a more important and consistent income from fruit trees, contributing to the Millennium Development Goals. 相似文献
13.
A mail-out survey questionnaire was developed by the Agroforestry group at the University of Guelph to determine the level of awareness and interest in the adoption of agroforestry systems by landusers from four townships in Wellington County, Ontario. The questionnaire investigated: (1) the current level of knowledge regarding windbreaks, woodlots and plantations, intereropping, riparian plantations and silvipasture, (2) the present level of participation in each of these systems on-farm, (3) the perceived benefits and/or drawbacks of each of these initiatives with respect to total farm income, income diversity, land rehabilitation, land value/equity, soil/water conservation, labour intensity, overhead and return on the term of investment.The majority of respondents were familiar with conventional agroforestry systems such as windbreaks and woodlots/plantations (80%, 62% respectively), therefore the level of interest in the adoption of these practices was significant (74%, 66% respectively). Response rates were lower for silvipasture, riparian plantations and intercropping, most likely as result of the low level of familiarity with these practices (20%, 32%, 4% respectively). Respondents commented that agroforestry systems would have a neutral effect on farm income, and would increase land stewardship. In some cases, interested landusers indicated a willingness to participate in agroforestry systems even though they anticipated increases in overhead and labour intensity; however, this was only true if they held land stewardship as a priority. Landusers were more concerned with the economic aspects of agroforestry, as a determinant to the future adoptability of particular practices. Age, gender, farm operation and farm size were not correlated with the adoption of agroforestry systems.The success of agroforestry programs on farms in the study area is largely dependent on the attitudes and willingness of landusers to participate in non-traditional agricultural systems. 相似文献
14.
Eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp.) tree farming is a source of income for many smallholders in developing and emerging countries and critical to the resource
supply of many pulp and paper companies. These companies rely on smallholders adopting tree farming, sometimes by offering
a contract. This paper reports a study from four regions of Thailand, where smallholder eucalypt tree farming is important,
which investigated what characteristics of smallholders were associated with greater adoption of tree farming. A total of
461 eucalypt tree farmers and 171 non-tree farmers were randomly selected and surveyed in these regions, using a door-to-door
household survey. A logit analysis corroborated hypotheses about the drivers of adoption. Qualitative analyses were used to
inform interpretation of the quantitative results and shed light on the role of eucalypt tree farming in smallholders’ livelihood.
Results demonstrate that those with suitable land available are more likely to adopt eucalypt tree farming than others. In
addition, perception of land tenure security matters in the adoption of tree growing, but holding a formal land tenure document
does not. Adoption of eucalypt tree farming in Thailand is not part of a land use intensification strategy. Instead, eucalypts
are used as an alternative crop for low productivity land, on which eucalypts are the most profitable crop. Eucalypt tree
farming also gives smallholders an opportunity to diversify their income. In addition, this alternative land use has the advantage
of requiring low labour inputs between planting and harvest. This is particularly advantageous for many tree growers who have
off-farm income or rely on hired labour for farming their land. 相似文献
15.
The potentialities of agroforestry are generally investigated through their biophysiological phenomena, cost–benefit analysis,
and possible impact upon poverty reduction. There have been inadequate studies on the actual impacts of agroforestry intervention
on small landholders and of farmers' attitudes toward these agroforestry programs. Drawing upon the findings of an empirical
study, this article explores the effects of small-scale agroforestry on upland community development in the Chittagong Hill
Tracts, Bangladesh. More specifically, the study clarifies the merits and demerits of different agroforestry systems as perceived
by farmers, their impacts on the rural economy and the environment, farmers' attitudes toward the adoption of agroforestry,
and impacts of various government policies. Field data were collected by administering questions to 90 randomly selected smallholders
of the Upland Settlement Project (USP), as well as from project staff. The research tools employed were semistructured interviews,
group discussions, and uncontrolled observations. The results indicated that the agroforestry interventions have in fact increased
farmers' income through employment and the selling of farm products, as well as by improving the ecological conditions of
these areas through reduction of soil erosion, increasing tree coverage, and maintaining soil fertility. The adoption of different
agroforestry systems was governed mainly by the farmers' interests in following these techniques, their ability to cultivate
the land in the prescribed manner, and the market demand for their products. The major obstacles that prevented increased
agroforestry improvements included lack of confidence in new land-use systems, inappropriate project design (e.g., top-down
innovation approach), and policy issues regarding land tenure. Recommendations are proposed to strengthen social capital in
local organizations to enhance the livelihoods of the upland communities. 相似文献
16.
Kerinci is a densely populated valley surrounded by a national park in western central Sumatra, Indonesia. Indigenous agroforestry systems include important cash crops like coffee (Coffea canephora var.robusta) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmani), and range from alternate cycles of cash crop monocultures or simple associations, to multispecies and multi-storey gardens; these may include as many as 100 common useful species, comprising many fruit trees and indigenous timber species.After analysing the trends of forest conversion and its causes in the area of Kerinci Seblat National Park, a case study of one particular village is presented in order to describe the evolution of cyclic agroforestry systems (ladang) into complex agroforestry systems (pelak). The composition, structure and management of the various systems have been studied through interviews, botanical surveys and the method of profile diagrams.It is suggested that locally developed complex agroforestry systems evolve partly in response to changes in land availability and labour constraints. Finally the interest of such systems when designing projected buffer zones and their development in relation to new market incentives are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Bohdan Lojka Jana Lojkova Jan Banout Zbynek Polesny Daniel Preininger 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(1):27-39
As traditional slash-and-burn systems with prolonged fallow periods are no longer feasible in most parts of the tropics, improved
agroforestry systems have high potential to increase the productivity of farming systems and sustain continuous crop production.
Our objective was to assess biophysical and economic performance of planted leguminous tree fallow (using Inga edulis) compared to the traditional slash-and-burn farming system, practiced by farmers on fields infested with noxious weedy grass
Imperata
brasiliensis around the city of Pucallpa, Peru. An existing agroforestry model SCUAF was used to predict biophysical factors, such as
changes in soil characteristics and farm outputs (crop and tree yield). While a cost–benefit analysis spreadsheet, which uses
the output from SCUAF and economic data on input/output levels and prices, calculates economic performance of the systems.
The Inga fallow system can provide improvements to a range of soil biophysical measures (C, N, P content). This enables higher levels
of farm outputs to be achieved (higher cassava yields). However, for smallholders the improved system must be more economically
profitable than the existing one. At prices currently encountered, the Inga fallow system is more profitable than the Imperata fallow system only in the long-term. In adopting the Inga fallow system, smallholders will incur lower profits in the first years, and it will take approximately 10 years for smallholders
to begin making a profit above that achievable with the Imperata fallow system. Unless smallholders are capable of accepting the lower profitability in first years, they are less likely
to adopt the new system. 相似文献
18.
Design and development of agroforestry systems for Illinois,USA: silvicultural and economic considerations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Recommended managerial inputs and associated outputs expected from practicing agroforestry on marginal farm lands in the central
USA are discussed. Modeled management combinations are based on five timber species, three sites indices, three timber growth
rates, five agricultural crops, all common crop rotations, and three tillage systems. Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), combined with row crop production, is used to illustrate a specific multicropping alternative. Based on net present value,
modeled agroforestry systems incorporating black walnut performed better on the better sites and at the medium to high timber
growth rates whereas management systems using red oak (Quercus rubra L.) with row crops performed better on the poorer sites and at the lower growth rates. For agroforestry to be competitive with
traditional agriculture, medium to high timber growth rates were necessary. Also, lower interest rates and the existing U.S.
income tax structure favored agroforestry versus traditional agriculture. Substantial increases in net income may be possible
through incorporating other income producing activities such as nut production within the agroforestry system. 相似文献
19.
A preliminary survey of seven coffee producing Awrajas (Provinces) in eastern Ethiopia revealed that there is a traditional tree crop based agroforestry system being practised by the farmers. Coffee (C. arabica) was found to grow under the shade of several trees, 16 species, usually intercropped by one or several, a total of 15, important grain, fruit, vegetable, stimulant, oil-seed and spice crops. The majority of the trees, 69%, is leguminous and Ficus spp. The system is characterized by the integration of crops, livestock and sometimes apiculture. Recommendations are made for future studies. 相似文献
20.
Adoption of intercropping in rubber smallholdings in Kerala, India: a tobit analysis 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is one of the major plantation crops of the state of Kerala in India and intercropping is practised during the initial gestation period of the crop. In this paper a to bit model was used to study the decision making behaviour of farmers in adoption and extent of adoption of intercropping in three regions of Kerala. The availability of family labour and the type of intercrops were found significant in explaining the adoption behaviour in all three regions. The perception of profitability of intercropping was also found to influence decision on adoption. The probability of adoption of intercropping was highest for three intercrops, banana (Musa spp.), cassava (Manihot esculenta) and pineapple (Ananas comosus). Targeting extension efforts to groups of farmers with available family labour and popularising selected intercrops may result in higher rates of adoption of intercropping in all three regions of the state.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献