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1.
高产中性纤维素酶的巨大芽胞杆菌基因工程菌发酵工艺条件优化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了加快纤维素酶工业化应用的步伐,解决纤维素酶发酵工业产量低、生产成本高等问题,本研究采用正交设计法对高产中性纤维素酶的巨大芽胞杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)基因工程菌的培养基和发酵条件进行优化.结果表明,最佳发酵培养基成分为:麦麸2.5%、玉米浆1.5%、磷酸二氢钾0.75%、硫酸镁0.04%、氯化钠0.25%;最佳发酵条件为:温度37℃,pH 7.0,罐压0.03～0.05 Mpa,转速600 r/min,装液量3 L,接种量10%,培养4 h后以0.25 g/L/h的流速流加木糖10 h,发酵16 h后,以恒溶氧方式流加补料8 h,共补加料320mL,发酵过程控制溶氧浓度≥30%.该工程菌在此最佳发酵条件下培养,纤维素酶活力可达3846.48 U/mL,是优化前摇瓶发酵的4.3倍.本研究可为工业化生产纤维素酶提供依据. 相似文献
2.
为获得L-精氨酸高产菌株,以实验室初步鉴定为格兰氏阳性细菌,菌落特征为金黄色的产全氨基酸菌株为出发菌株,利用紫外线(UV)诱变和精氨酸结构类似物羧甲基半胱氨酸(羧甲司坦)进行复合筛选,得到1株L-精氨酸高产诱变菌株。对所筛选到的高产诱变菌株进行160r/min,30℃摇瓶发酵90h,测得该菌株L-精氨酸的产量为78.79μg/3ml,与出发菌株相比,L-精氨酸的产量提高约3.71倍。经多批次发酵试验进一步验证,所筛选的高产L-精氨酸菌株具有较好的遗传稳定性,此研究不仅对筛选L-精氨酸高产菌株具有一定参考和借鉴意义,对筛选其他类型氨基酸高产菌株也可提供一定参考。 相似文献
3.
对L-色氨酸生产基因工程菌TP01发酵的接种量、发酵温度和溶氧等条件进行了研究。结果表明,该菌株的最佳发酵条件初始培养基组成为葡萄糖30 g/L、硫酸铵40 g/L、酪氨酸0.2 g/L、玉米浆25 mL/L、磷酸氢二钾10 g/L、磷酸二氢钾5 g/L、七水硫酸镁2 g/L、硫酸钠0.002 g/L、七水硫酸亚铁0.01 g/L、维生素B1 100 μg/L、维生素H 50 μg/L,流加糖为浓度70%的葡萄糖(质量体积比),pH为7.0,温度为37 ℃,接种量为10%,溶氧控制在20%~30%。 相似文献
4.
为了提高传统玫瑰醋的生产效率,以装料量为500 kg的陶缸作发酵容器,在自然发酵条件下,分别在1.5、2.5、3.5 g/100 mL的初始酸度进行补料,补料体积比(原醋液:黄酒醪)设置为2:1和1:1两种情况,完成玫瑰醋补料发酵工艺的研究。结果表明:在初始酸度2.5 g/100 mL时补加等体积酒醪,发酵过程酸度最高上升到(5.59±0.27)g/100 mL(对照组为(5.19±0.23)g/100 mL),醋酸发酵周期从90 d缩短至78 d;非挥发性有机酸积累量达(27.15±1.11)mg/mL(对照组为(24.57±0.69)mg/mL),样品酸甜适口,酸味柔和;补料成品色率达到1.8×105(对照组色率为1.9×105),色泽接近传统玫瑰醋。该工艺的完成对玫瑰醋生产企业扩大产量、提高效率有积极意义。 相似文献
5.
溶氧量及搅拌速率对青贮玉米秸秆微曝气水解效果的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为提高秸秆好氧水解的生物可降解性,试验选用切碎揉丝的青贮玉米秸秆,水解液按照体积比为10%的量添加,以水解液溶氧量(1、2、3、4、5、6mg/L)和搅拌速率(50、100r/min)为变化因素,温度控制在35～38℃、总固体为5%,进行优化设计。研究发现,进行8 d,pH值及氧化还原电位(oxidation-reduction potential,ORP)值趋近于稳定;搅拌速率为50 r/min、溶氧量为1～4 mg/L;以及搅拌速率为100 r/min、溶氧量为1～2 mg/L范围内,曝气量的提高,对脂肪酸的积累显著,且搅拌和曝气都可促进乙酸、丙酸和正丁酸的积累;搅拌速率为100 r/min,可溶性需氧量(soluble chemicaloxygendemand,s COD)的浓度整体呈现出高于搅拌速率为50 r/min时的状况;以纤维素降解为例,在搅拌速率为100 r/min条件下,溶氧为2 mg/L时,木质纤维素具有较高的降解率,达到48%。 相似文献
6.
黑曲霉发酵麦麸生产β-葡萄糖苷酶的工艺优化及动力学研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
用单因素和正交试验对黑曲霉M85以小麦麸皮为发酵基质生产β-葡萄糖苷酶的工艺条件进行了优化，并研究了最优发酵条件下的动力学模型。正交试验结果表明，培养基中麦麸的有效添加量为2%，适合摇瓶和5 L罐最佳发酵工艺条件：转速分别为(200±5)r/min和(400±10)r/min，发酵温度均为(30±0.5)℃，接种量分别为15%和10%。黑曲霉M85在摇瓶和5 L罐发酵过程中动力学曲线具有相同的变化趋势，发酵第3 d发酵液中β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活分别达到1103.73 U/mL和1318.82 U/mL，对麦麸的转化率分别为55186.61 U/g和76085.82 U/g。其细胞生长和产物合成可以分别用Monod方程和Luedeking-Piret方程拟合。结果可为麦麸资源生物发酵深加工生产β-葡萄糖苷酶提供技术基础。 相似文献
7.
热压凝胶法制备营养质构米及其营养性质研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为弥补食用精白米导致营养不良的状况,以大米加工过程中产生的碎米作为原料和载体,产生的米糠作为天然营养强化剂,采取热压凝胶法制备营养质构米。在预试验的基础上,采用响应面法考察热压凝胶过程条件包括喂料含水率,螺杆转速,5个加热区机筒温度对营养质构米的质构和营养特性的影响,得出制备最佳工艺条件:当喂料转速为30r/min,米糠添加量为4%,物料含水率为30%,螺杆转速为17.7r/min,5个区机筒温度分别为50,65,85,100,95～97℃。在此条件下制备的营养质构米含有质量分数总膳食纤维11.44%,蛋白质11.62%,脂肪6.49%,而维生素为B12.07μg/g,维生素B20.31μg/g和γ-谷维素12.04mg/100g。相比于天然精白米,质构特性相近,但维生素B1,维生素B2,γ-谷维素分别增加了1.17,0.06,5.83μg/g,为营养质构米工业化生产提供参考。 相似文献
8.
能源甜菜酒精发酵的工艺优化及数学模型 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用菌种ADY（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）对能源甜菜NY0503进行酒精发酵。应用Plackett-Burman设计法从底物浓度、料液比、加菌量、营养盐添加量、加磷量、pH值、转速、发酵温度和发酵时间9个因素中筛选出了加磷量、发酵温度和底物浓度为主要影响因素,并用响应面分析法求出回归方程。结果表明,经优化后最佳工艺条件为：底物浓度12%、料液比（质量比）1︰1、加菌量15%、营养盐添加量0.5、加磷量1.9%、pH 5.0、转速130 r/min、发酵温度31℃和发酵时间44 h,共进行5批次验证试验,结果为酒精转化率的平均值为95.48%,与模型的理论值96.54%的差值仅占理论值的1.09%,进一步说明所建立的模型是切实可行的。 相似文献
9.
为了得到高产吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)菌株,采用紫外(UV)诱变和硫酸二乙酯(DES)诱变的方法,对从烟草根际土壤中分离得到的一株产IAA并具有溶有机磷性状的促生菌进行诱变选育,并对获得的目标菌株的发酵培养条件进行正交优化。结果表明,菌株经UV诱变和DES诱变均能有效提高其IAA产量。诱变条件为 UV(15 W,30 cm)照射1 min或2 mg·mL-1 DES处理30 min时,得到1株高产IAA的菌株UV19,其IAA产量为33.77 mg·L-1,是出发菌株产量的299.48%。菌株UV19经10代继代,其产IAA能力和溶有机磷性状稳定遗传。菌株UV19产IAA培养发酵优化条件为10%装瓶量、初始pH值8、培养温度25℃、接种量3%、培养时间96 h、含500 mg·L-1色氨酸的LB培养基,优化后IAA产量高达75.47 mg·L-1,为优化前的2.23倍。本研究结果为菌肥及生物法生产IAA提供了基础材料及技术方案。 相似文献
10.
添加复合菌剂好氧发酵牛粪生产生物肥料的工艺优化 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以新鲜牛粪和稻壳粉为发酵原料,进行牛粪好氧发酵试验,探讨生物有机肥生产的最佳工艺条件。首先选择复合微生物菌剂接种量、原料含水率、C/N比、翻堆次数4个因素进行单因素试验研究,初步确定四个因素的最适范围,然后对四个因素进行正交优化试验,确定最佳发酵工艺参数。在一次发酵结束后,加入固氮细菌、解磷细菌和解钾细菌等有益微生物,通过测定二次发酵过程中有益微生物的变化情况,确定二次发酵终止时间。试验结果表明,一次发酵的最优工艺参数为原料含水率65%,C/N 30︰1,菌剂接种量3.5‰,翻堆次数4 d一次。在一次发酵15 d后加入固氮细菌、解磷细菌和解钾细菌等有益微生物,发酵6 d,三种菌的活菌数达到稳定,可终止发酵。在此工艺条件下,物料升温快,最高温度高,高温持续时间长,腐熟度高,发酵周期缩短,生物有机肥中活菌数达到5.2×109 cfu/g,发芽指数为96.8%。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献