共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Wood TA Lintuvuori JS Schofield AB Marenduzzo D Poon WC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6052):79-83
Colloidal particles immersed in liquid crystals frustrate orientational order. This generates defect lines known as disclinations. At the core of these defects, the orientational order drops sharply. We have discovered a class of soft solids, with shear moduli up to 10(4) pascals, containing high concentrations of colloidal particles (volume fraction φ ? 20%) directly dispersed into a nematic liquid crystal. Confocal microscopy and computer simulations show that the mechanical strength derives from a percolated network of defect lines entangled with the particles in three dimensions. Such a "self-quenched glass" of defect lines and particles can be considered a self-organized analog of the "vortex glass" state in type II superconductors. 相似文献
2.
The molecules of a nematic liquid crystal exposed to an isotropic surface adopt a mean tilt relative to the normal but have no in-plane alignment-that is, they are free to have any azimuthal orientation in the surface plane. Pursuing the theoretical suggestion by Meyer that, in spite of this azimuthal degeneracy, spatially inhomogeneous isotropic surfaces combine with liquid crystal elastic anisotropy to produce alignment, we show that a boundary line between two isotropic regions that differ in mean tilt does indeed align the liquid crystal. The boundaries on a patterned surface of distinct isotropic regions thus act as a system of lines that the molecular orientation locally follows. This enables the development of liquid crystal alignment surfaces based on printing or lithographic patterning. 相似文献
3.
Lapointe C Hultgren A Silevitch DM Felton EJ Reich DH Leheny RL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5658):652-655
Anisotropic particles suspended in a nematic liquid crystal disturb the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules and experience small forces that depend on the particles' orientation. We have measured these forces using magnetic nanowires. The torque on a wire and its orientation-dependent repulsion from a flat surface are quantitatively consistent with theoretical predictions based on the elastic properties of the liquid crystal. These forces can also be used to manipulate submicrometer-scale particles. We show that controlled spatial variations in the liquid crystal's alignment convert the torque on a wire to a translational force that levitates the wire to a specified height. 相似文献
4.
Nakata M Zanchetta G Chapman BD Jones CD Cross JO Pindak R Bellini T Clark NA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5854):1276-1279
Short complementary B-form DNA oligomers, 6 to 20 base pairs in length, are found to exhibit nematic and columnar liquid crystal phases, even though such duplexes lack the shape anisotropy required for liquid crystal ordering. Structural study shows that these phases are produced by the end-to-end adhesion and consequent stacking of the duplex oligomers into polydisperse anisotropic rod-shaped aggregates, which can order into liquid crystals. Upon cooling mixed solutions of short DNA oligomers, in which only a small fraction of the DNA present is complementary, the duplex-forming oligomers phase-separate into liquid crystal droplets, leaving the unpaired single strands in isotropic solution. In a chemical environment where oligomer ligation is possible, such ordering and condensation would provide an autocatalytic link whereby complementarity promotes the extended polymerization of complementary oligomers. 相似文献
5.
The ability to generate regular spatial arrangements of particles is an important technological and fundamental aspect of colloidal science. We showed that colloidal particles confined to a few-micrometer-thick layer of a nematic liquid crystal form two-dimensional crystal structures that are bound by topological defects. Two basic crystalline structures were observed, depending on the ordering of the liquid crystal around the particle. Colloids inducing quadrupolar order crystallize into weakly bound two-dimensional ordered structure, where the particle interaction is mediated by the sharing of localized topological defects. Colloids inducing dipolar order are strongly bound into antiferroelectric-like two-dimensional crystallites of dipolar colloidal chains. Self-assembly by topological defects could be applied to other systems with similar symmetry. 相似文献
6.
Novel Colloidal Interactions in Anisotropic Fluids 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Small water droplets dispersed in a nematic liquid crystal exhibit a novel class of colloidal interactions, arising from the orientational elastic energy of the anisotropic host fluid. These interactions include a short-range repulsion and a long-range dipolar attraction, and they lead to the formation of anisotropic chainlike structures by the colloidal particles. The repulsive interaction can lead to novel mechanisms for colloid stabilization. 相似文献
7.
Liquid crystals are remarkably useful for laboratory exploration of the dynamics of cosmologically relevant defects. They are convenient to work with, they allow the direct study of the "scaling solution" for a network of strings, and they provide a model for the evolution of monopoles and texture. Experiments described here support the simple "one-scale" model for cosmic string evolution, as well as some qualitative predictions of string statistical mechanics. The structure of monopoles and their apparent cylindrical but not spherical symmetry is discussed. A particular kind of defect known as texture is described and is shown to have a dynamical instability-it can decay into a monopole-antimonopole pair. This decay process has been observed occurring in the liquid crystal, and studied with numerical simulations. 相似文献
8.
Helix geometry, hydration, and G.A mismatch in a B-DNA decamer 总被引：35，自引：0，他引：35
G G Privé U Heinemann S Chandrasegaran L S Kan M L Kopka R E Dickerson 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,238(4826):498-504
The DNA double helix is not a regular, featureless barberpole molecule. Different base sequences have their own special signature, in the way that they influence groove width, helical twist, bending, and mechanical rigidity or resistance to bending. These special features probably help other molecules such as repressors to read and recognize one base sequence in preference to another. Single crystal x-ray structure analysis is beginning to show us the various structures possible in the B-DNA family. The DNA decamer C-C-A-A-G-A-T-T-G-G appears to be a better model for mixed-sequence B-DNA than was the earlier C-G-C-G-A-A-T-T-C-G-C-G, which is more akin to regions of poly(dA).poly(dT). The G.A mismatch base pairs at the center of the decamer are in the anti-anti conformation about their bonds from base to sugar, in agreement with nuclear magnetic resonance evidence on this and other sequences, and in contrast to the anti-syn geometry reported for G.A pairs in C-G-C-G-A-A-T-T-A-G-C-G. The ordered spine of hydration seen earlier in the narrow-grooved dodecamer has its counterpart, in this wide-grooved decamer, in two strings of water molecules lining the walls of the minor groove, bridging from purine N3 or pyrimidine O2, to the following sugar O4'. The same strings of hydration are present in the phosphorothioate analog of G-C-G-C-G-C. Unlike the spine, which is broken up by the intrusion of amine groups at guanines, these water strings are found in general, mixed-sequence DNA because they can pass by unimpeded to either side of a guanine N2 amine. The spine and strings are perceived as two extremes of a general pattern of hydration of the minor groove, which probably is the dominant factor in making B-DNA the preferred form at high hydration. 相似文献
9.
Hinkov V Haug D Fauqué B Bourges P Sidis Y Ivanov A Bernhard C Lin CT Keimer B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5863):597-600
Electronic phases with symmetry properties matching those of conventional liquid crystals have recently been discovered in transport experiments on semiconductor heterostructures and metal oxides at millikelvin temperatures. We report the spontaneous onset of a one-dimensional, incommensurate modulation of the spin system in the high-transition-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O6.45 upon cooling below approximately 150 kelvin, whereas static magnetic order is absent above 2 kelvin. The evolution of this modulation with temperature and doping parallels that of the in-plane anisotropy of the resistivity, indicating an electronic nematic phase that is stable over a wide temperature range. The results suggest that soft spin fluctuations are a microscopic route toward electronic liquid crystals and that nematic order can coexist with high-temperature superconductivity in underdoped cuprates. 相似文献
10.
K Akagi G Piao S Kaneko K Sakamaki H Shirakawa M Kyotani 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,282(5394):1683-1686
Helical polyacetylene was synthesized under an asymmetric reaction field consisting of chiral nematic (N*) liquid crystals (LCs). The chiral nematic LC was prepared by adding a chiroptical binaphthol derivative as a chiral dopant to a mixture of two nematic LCs. Acetylene polymerizations were carried out using the catalyst titanium tetra-n-butoxide-triethylaluminum dissolved in the chiral nematic LC solvent. The polyacetylene film was shown by scanning electron microscopy to consist of clockwise or counterclockwise helical structure of fibrils. A Cotton effect was observed in the region of the pi --> pi* transition of the polyacetylene chain in circular dichroism spectra. The high electrical conductivities of approximately 1500 to 1800 siemens per centimeter after iodine doping and the chiral helicity of these films may be exploited in electromagnetic and optical applications. 相似文献
11.
非常光线在各向异性媒质中传播不遵从折射定律 ,亦无确定的折射率 .从寻常光线和非常光线在单轴晶体中传播具有 2种不同子波面的假定出发 ,应用惠更斯原理 ,推导出非常光线在单轴晶体中传播的折射定律和折射率的表达式 . 相似文献
12.
Idziak SH Safinya CR Hill RS Kraiser KE Ruths M Warriner HE Steinberg S Liang KS Israelachvili JN 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,264(5167):1915-1918
An x-ray surface forces apparatus for simultaneously measuring forces and structures of confined complex fluids under static and flow conditions is described. This apparatus, combined with an intense synchrotron x-ray source, allows investigation of molecular orientations within a thin liquid crystal film confined between two shearing mica surfaces 3900 angstroms apart. The layer-forming smectic liquid crystal 8CB (4-cyano-4'-octylbiphenyl) adopted a series of distinct planar layer orientations, including the bulk flow-forbidden b orientation. 相似文献
13.
液化石油气蒸气爆炸过程研究进展 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
液化石油气蒸气爆炸是其储运过程中较易发生且危害极大的一种热力过程。探讨了液化石油气沸腾液体膨胀蒸气爆炸和沸腾液体压缩气泡爆炸的发生机理,介绍了国内外对储罐破裂前的热力响应过程和储罐破裂后的压力瞬变过程两个阶段的研究进展和取得的成果,并提出了若干尚待进一步研究的领域。 相似文献
14.
电场对动植物的生长发育均有一定的影响，被称为电场生物效应，作者从生物膜的液晶模型出发，利用液晶连续体弹性形变理论推导出场强阈值，从理论上给出了电场对液晶生物膜影响的物理机制，并以此讨论了电场对生物影响的阈值效应等问题。 相似文献
15.
L-系统的基本概念和示例 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
L－系统（L-system）是表达植物形态结构和生长规则的重要方法,因而是设计虚拟植物,模拟植物生长发育过程和农作物育种的重要工具,本文力求深入浅出而又不失严谨地介绍L－系统的基本概念,分类和典型示例,希望通过本文能引起广大农业科研工作者对L－系统的兴趣。 相似文献
16.
The competitive binding of a molecule forming a liquid crystal and a targeted analyte to a common molecular receptor presented at a solid surface possessing nanometer-scale topography is used to trigger an easily visualized surface-driven change in the orientation of a micrometer-thick film of liquid crystal. Diffusion of the targeted analyte from atmosphere to surface-immobilized receptor across the micrometer-thick film of liquid crystal is fast (on the order of seconds), and the competitive interaction of the targeted analyte and liquid crystal with the receptor provides a high level of tolerance to nontargeted species (water, ethanol, acetone, and hexanes). Systems that provide parts-per-billion (by volume) sensitivity to either organoamine or organophosphorus compounds are demonstrated, and their use for imaging of spatial gradients in concentration is reported. This approach does not require complex instrumentation and could provide the basis of wearable personalized sensors for measurement of real-time and cumulative exposure to environmental agents. 相似文献
17.
气体—幂律液体两相水平管流的压降计算 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
在气体—幂律液体两相水平管流实验研究的基础上,按两相介质分布外形,将气液两相流动的流动型态划分为泡状流、层状流、波状流、团状流、冲击流及环状流,并指出流动型态是决定两相管流压降规律的重要因素,对不同流动型态的流动机理和特点进行了探讨,给出了不同流动型态计算压降的方法,对于层状流与波状流,气液间具有明显的界面,可采用分流模型;对于泡状流,两相间无滑动,可采用均流模型;对于团状流与冲击流,由于流动机理十分复杂,故采用定义无因次压力梯度的方法;对于环状流,通过联立分气相折算系数与洛克哈特—马蒂内利参数求得压降。本方法不仅为油气不加热集输工艺的系统设计提供了可靠的水力计算方法,而且也可以应用于石油、化工等领域。通过与其它计算压降的方法对比,说明本计算方法平均绝对百分误差小、准确度较高。 相似文献
18.
Walba DM Korblova E Shao R Maclennan JE Link DR Glaser MA Clark NA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,288(5474):2181-2184
We describe the design and synthesis of a ferroelectric liquid crystal composed of racemic molecules. The ferroelectric polarization results from spontaneous polar symmetry breaking in a fluid smectic. The ferroelectric phase is also chiral, resulting in the formation of a mixture of macroscopic domains of either handedness at the isotropic-to-liquid crystal phase transition. This smectic liquid crystal is thus a fluid conglomerate. Detailed investigation of the electrooptic and polarization current behavior within individual domains in liquid crystal cells shows the thermodynamically stable structure to be a uniformly tilted smectic bow-phase (banana phase), with all layer pairs homochiral and ferroelectric (SmC(S)P(F)). 相似文献
19.
Safinya CR Sirota EB Bruinsma RF Jeppesen C Plano RJ Wenzel LJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,261(5121):588-591
Synchrotron x-ray scattering studies were performed to probe the nonequilibrium structures of two layered systems at high shear rates: the smectic-A phase of the thermotropic liquid crystal 4-cyano-4'-octylbiphenyl (8CB) and the lamellar L(alpha) phases of surfactant membranes composed of sodium dodecyl sulfate and pentanol. Whereas the lamellar surfactant phases oriented primarily with their layers parallel to the shearing plates, as expected intuitively, in the corresponding high shear regime, the smectic-A liquid crystalline material oriented with the layers perpendicular to the shearing plates. A careful numerical study revealed that this surprising layer orientation results from nonlinear dynamics of the liquid crystal director and is caused by the flow distortion of thermal fluctuations. 相似文献
20.
A scanning probe technique was used to obtain a high-resolution map of the random electrostatic potential inside the quantum Hall liquid. A sharp metal tip, scanned above a semiconductor surface, sensed charges in an embedded two-dimensional (2D) electron gas. Under quantum Hall effect conditions, applying a positive voltage to the tip locally enhanced the 2D electron density and created a "bubble" of electrons in an otherwise unoccupied Landau level. As the tip scanned along the sample surface, the bubble followed underneath. The tip sensed the motions of single electrons entering or leaving the bubble in response to changes in the local 2D electrostatic potential. 相似文献