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1.
This study explored the potential of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from agrowastes, okara (soybean solid waste), oil palm trunk (OPT), and oil palm frond (OPF) obtained via alkali treatment, in the nanoencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus . SDF solutions were amended with 8% poly(vinyl alcohol) to produce nanofibers using electrospinning technology. The spinning solution made from okara had a higher pH value at 5.39 ± 0.01 and a higher viscosity at 578.00 ± 11.02 mPa·s (P < 0.05), which resulted in finer fibers. FTIR spectra of nanofibers showed the presence of hemicellulose material in the SDF. Thermal behavior of nanofibers suggested possible thermal protection of probiotics in heat-processed foods. L. acidophilus was incorporated into the spinning solution to produce nanofiber-encapsulated probiotic, measuring 229-703 nm, visible under fluorescence microscopy. Viability studies showed good bacterial survivability of 78.6-90% under electrospinning conditions and retained viability at refrigeration temperature during the 21 day storage study.  相似文献   

2.
A dried high fiber product from bambangan (Mangifera pajang Kort.) fruit pulp was prepared and evaluated for proximate composition, functional properties, and soluble and insoluble dietary fiber composition. Mangifera pajang fibrous (MPF) consisted of 4.7% moisture, 0.8% fat, 4% protein, and 30 mg total polyphenol per g of dry sample, and 9, 79 and 88% soluble, insoluble and total dietary fiber, respectively. Water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, swelling, and solubility were found to be 9 g/g dry sample, 4 g/g dry sample, 16 mL/g dry sample, and 11%, respectively. The glucose dialysis retardation index of MPF was approximately double that of cellulose fiber. Soluble dietary fiber contained mannose, arabinose, glucose, rhamnose, erythrose, galactose, xylose, and fucose at 1.51, 0.72, 0.39, 0.16, 0.14, 0.05, 0.04, and 0.01%, respectively, with 5.8% uronic acid, while insoluble dietary fiber was composed of arabinose (18.47%), glucose (4.46%), mannose (3.15%), rhamnose (1.65%), galactose (1.20%), xylose (0.99%), and fucose (0.26%) with 15.5% uronic acid and 33.1% klason lignin. These characteristics indicate that MPF is a rich source of dietary fiber and has physicochemical properties which make it suitable as an added ingredient in various food products and/or dietetic, low-calorie high-fiber foods to enhance their nutraceutical properties.  相似文献   

3.
ABSTRACT

Biochar has attracted significant attention due to the long-lasting nature, and prominent influence on soil characteristics. This study was conducted to evaluate changes in the activity of β-glucosidase enzyme (BG) in loamy and sandy loam texture soils following two winter wheat growing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates and four treatments. The treatments were two soils, three biochars (rice husk, corn cob and bean harvest residue), five biochar rates (BR) and five levels of mineral fertilizers (FR) or dairy effluent (DE). The fertilizers were applied at the beginning of each season, while biochars were applied only at the beginning of experiment. Soil samples were collected following the second season and analyzed for the BG activity. Addition of biochars reduced the BG activity and the decline was higher in sandy loam compared to loamy soils. Negative effect of biochar to BG activity was greater at the highest BR (3.0%) than the lower BR. Fertilizer additions along with DE biochar had significant effect on BG activity that increased with higher FR. Given the importance of BG activity in soil organic matter decomposition, biochar application can be considered a sustainable way of increase in carbon sequestration.  相似文献   

4.
Okara is the residue left after soymilk or tofu production. In North America, okara is used either as animal feed, fertilizer, or landfill. The purpose of this study was to use wet okara to produce and enrich extruded cereal products and to study the effects of extrusion on the dietary fiber and isoflavone contents. Wet okara was combined with soft wheat flour to produce two different formulations (33.3 and 40% okara) and extruded using four combinations of two screw configurations and two temperature profiles. Various physicochemical properties, dietary fiber by enzymatic-gravimetric method, and isoflavone content by HPLC were analyzed. The radial expansion ratio decreased as fiber content increased. On the other hand, both bulk density and breaking strength increased as fiber content increased. Combining okara with soft wheat flour resulted in increased protein, dietary fiber, and isoflavone contents compared with soft wheat flour alone. Extrusion of the formulations resulted in decreased insoluble fiber (≤25.5%) and increased soluble fiber (≤150%) contents of extrudates. Extrusion decreased the total detectable isoflavones (≤20%) and altered the distribution of the six detected isoflavones.  相似文献   

5.
《Cereal Chemistry》2017,94(3):524-531
The aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical, functional, and digestion properties of bagasses derived from broad beans, chickpeas, lentils, and white beans, and to isolate the starch and a fiber‐rich fraction that can be used as a food ingredient. The bagasses showed different chemical compositions that were related to their botanical origin. The further processing that involved mechanical separation of starch yielded up to 69.65% with ≥80.12% recovery and high purity (≥94.42%), and a fiber‐rich fraction (total dietary fiber content ≥72.75%) in which the majority was insoluble fiber. The starch digestion fractions of the isolated lentil starch showed the highest amount of slowly digestible starch (30.76%), whereas the white bean contained the highest resistant starch content (15.65%). All starches showed predicted glycemic indexes ≤ 66.90, which classify them as medium glycemic foods. In vitro protein digestion was higher for the bagasse fraction (up to 89.78%), followed by the fiber‐rich fraction (84.36%). This research demonstrates that it is possible to revalorize the use of pulses bagasse, which could contribute to enhance the technological and economic output of the protein isolation process, rendering two potentially functional fractions.  相似文献   

6.
为明确玉米籽粒营养成分的分布差异及不同部位富集特征,应用快速缓苏、微量着水半湿法分层破胚剥皮技术,结合靶向代谢组学方法,对郑单958玉米不同部位的营养成分及基础代谢物质进行分析与比较。结果表明玉米籽粒不同部位的淀粉、脂肪、矿物元素和膳食纤维等营养物质含量存在显著差异（P<0.05）。该研究中的玉米内皮层可能主要由种皮、糊粉层及部分外胚乳构成,该部位营养成分的种类及含量均较为丰富,其中水溶性膳食纤维含量显著高于其他部位（P<0.05）,可作为玉米水溶性膳食纤维的提取分离来源。K、P和Mg元素是玉米中含量最高的矿物元素,主要存在于胚芽中,Fe、Zn、Mn和Cu元素在胚芽和玉米皮层中均有较多分布,精制加工会导致这些矿物元素的损失。玉米胚芽中水解氨基酸种类较其他部位丰富且含量较高（P<0.05）,甜味氨基酸占总游离氨基酸含量的24.49%,高于玉米皮层部位、显著高于胚乳部位。研究结果为玉米营养健康食品的创制、玉米精深加工及相关专用装备的研发提供参考。  相似文献   

7.
The aim of this work was to study the effects of barrel temperature (BT, 93.5–140.5°C), feed moisture (FM, 21.3–34.7%), and winter squash flour content (SFC, 0.43–15.6%) on physicochemical properties of microwave‐expanded third‐generation snack foods obtained by extrusion. Physicochemical properties used for optimization were expansion index (EI), penetration force (PF), specific mechanical energy (SME), and total color difference (ΔE). Response surface methodology was used for the analysis of data. The highest values of EI and lowest values of PF were found at high BT and low FM. The lowest values of SME were obtained at high levels of FM throughout the range of BT and SFC, whereas the highest values of ΔE were obtained at high SFC and low FM. Increasing levels of SFC increased ΔE values, whereas EI and SME values decreased. The best processing conditions (EI > 6.0, PF < 9.5 N, SME < 172 kJ/kg, and ΔE < 18) were found in the range of BT, 122–141°C; FM, 24.7–29.5%; and SFC, 0–10.9%. Under optimal process conditions, the retention of total carotenoids was higher than 60%. It is possible to manufacture third‐generation snack foods with good physicochemical properties, which could bring a health benefit because of the presence of carotenoids and dietary fiber in winter squash flour.  相似文献   

8.
Wet okara (soy milk residue), as a functional ingredient, was evaluated to be added to a coconut‐based snack at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% levels to replace dry coconut in the formula. Certain physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory properties of the samples were evaluated. A coconut‐based, soft, baked snack with incorporated okara showed higher total fiber and much lower fat content than the control, which significantly improved the nutritional profile of the samples. Samples 3 and 4 (which had 30 and 40% replacement of coconut with wet okara, respectively) received the highest overall sensory score (8.4), which was significantly higher than the score of a control sample (7.5). Sample 3 also had a significantly improved nutritional profile per serving size, such as an increased fiber content of 6.11 ± 0.04 g/100 g and a decreased fat content of 17.57 ± 0.02 g/100 g, and sample 4 had an increased fiber content of 6.19 ± 0.03 g/100 g and a decreased fat content of 15.64 ± 0.03 g/100 g compared with the control sample. The appearance, color, flavor, physical measurements (instrumental texture profile analysis), and water activity of samples 3 and 4 were not significantly different from the control sample and demonstrated potential application of this formulation in the baking industry, proving that the wet okara can be successfully used as a value‐added functional ingredient.  相似文献   

9.
Large quantities of okara produced annually pose a significant disposal problem. It contains mostly crude fiber composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, about 25% protein, 10-15% oil, but little starch or simple carbohydrates. It is a suitable dietary additive in biscuits and snacks because it reduces calorie intake and increases dietary fiber. The high-quality protein fraction has good water holding and emulsifying qualities and contains a peptide with anti-hypertension effects. The pectic polysaccharides fraction is suitable for thickening acid milk products. Okara fermented with Actinomucor elegans (meitauza), Aspergillus oryzae (koji), Neurospora intermedia (ontjom), and Rhizopus oligosporus (tempe), on consumption, reduces cholesterol level and contains substances that counteract dietary free radicals. Unique and useful products produced by Bacillus subtilis and Penicillium simplicissimum on okara include surfactin and iturin A (fungicidal), okaramines A, B, D-F (D is insecticidal), an oleanane triterpene, and two dihydroquinolinones (one toxic for Artemia salina). Okara has been used as silkworm food and in the production of ceramics.  相似文献   

10.
The objective was to examine the chemical composition, in vitro fermentation characteristics, and in vivo digestibility responses of fiber-rich corn coproducts resulting from corn wet milling. Native corn fibers, native corn fibers with fines, hydrolyzed corn fibers, and hydrolyzed extracted corn fibers were analyzed chemically and their capacity to produce short-chain fatty acids determined. Ash content was low (<1.2%), crude protein content varied little, but fat and fiber concentrations varied widely. Most fiber was in the insoluble form, with glucose being predominant followed by xylose. Total short-chain fatty acid production ranged from 211.6 to 699.52 micromol/g of dry matter, whereas branched-chain fatty acid production was low. Four corn fibers (native and processed) were included in a canine diet matrix at the 7% inclusion level. Nutrient digestibility, food intake, and fecal characteristics were not affected by corn fiber inclusion in canine diets, suggesting that they should be considered as potential dietary fiber sources in dog foods.  相似文献   

11.
This study was undertaken to evaluate the lipidemic response of rice bran and the possible enhancement of its healthful properties by using raw or processed white or brown rice in place of corn starch. All diets contained 10% total dietary fiber, 15% fat, and 0.5% cholesterol. Weanling male golden Syrian hamsters were fed cellulose control (CC), processed corn starch (PCS), cellulose with processed brown rice (CPBR), rice bran (RB), RB with white rice (RBWR), RB with processed white rice (RBPWR), RB with brown rice (RBBR), and RB with processed brown rice (RBPBR) diets. After three weeks, the PCS diet significantly lowered total plasma cholesterol (TC) compared with the CC, CPBR, RBWR, and RBPBR diets. RB and RBBR diets significantly lowered TC and LDL‐C compared with CPBR diet. All the RB‐containing and PCS diets significantly lowered liver cholesterol and liver lipid content. Processing white rice increased TDF content 240% and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) 360%, whereas soluble dietary fiber (SDF) decreased by 25%. Uncooked brown rice contained 7 times as much TDF as uncooked white rice. Processing brown rice decreased its TDF, IDF and SDF contents by 12, 6, and 42%, respectively. The data suggest that a possible mechanism for cholesterol‐lowering by rice bran, with or without added raw or processed rice (white or brown), is by decreasing lipid digestibility and increasing neutral sterol excretion, whereas cholesterol‐lowering by processed corn starch is mediated through other mechanisms.  相似文献   

12.
Waxy corns are becoming increasingly consumed as fresh foods or as raw materials for whole grain foods facilitating human consumption in China, so they are usually harvested before complete maturity. Unfortunately, information on functional properties of immature waxy corns is very limited. Therefore, we investigated the profiles of carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolics, and the antioxidant activity in three types of waxy corn with different colors (white, yellow, and black) during maturation, as well as a normal corn (yellow) used as control. The results showed that black waxy corn had the highest quantity of anthocyanins, phenolics and the best antioxidant activity, yellow corn contained a relatively large amount of carotenoids, while white corn had the lowest amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity. For each type of waxy corn, the higher carotenoids were found at the M2 stage (no major difference between the M1 and M2 stages for yellow corn). The levels of anthocyanin and phenolics decreased for white and yellow corns, contrary to those for black corn during maturation. The antioxidant activity determined by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays increased with ripening, but no difference was found between the M2 and maturity stages for yellow and black corns. For white corn, the DPPH radical scavenging activity first increased and then decreased, while the antioxidant activity determined by TEAC and FRAP assay decreased during maturation. Differences in these parameters indicate that types and harvesting time have significant influences on functional properties of waxy corns.  相似文献   

13.
Hydroponic cultivation allows the control of environmental conditions, saves irrigation water, increases productivity, and prevents plant infections. The use of this technique for large commodities such as soybean is not a relevant issue on fertile soils, but hydroponic soybean cultivation could provide proteins and oil in adverse environmental conditions. In this paper, the compositions of four cultivars of soybean seeds and their derivates, soy milk and okara, grown hydroponically were compared to that of the same cultivar obtained from soil cultivation in an open field. Besides proximal composition, the concentrations of phytic acid and isoflavones were monitored in the seeds, soy milk, and okara. Results demonstrated that, independent from the cultivar, hydroponic compared to soil cultivation promoted the accumulation of fats (from 17.37 to 21.94 g/100 g dry matter) and total dietary fiber (from 21.67 to 28.46 g/100 g dry matter) and reduced isoflavones concentration (from 17.04 to 7.66 mg/kg dry matter), whereas protein concentration was unaffected. The differences found in seed composition were confirmed in the respective okara products, but the effect of cultivation system was not significant looking at the soy milk composition. Data showed that hydroponic cultivation improved the nutritional quality of soybean seeds with regard to fats and dietary fiber. They also suggest that specific cultivars should be selected to obtain the desired nutritional features of the soybean raw material depending on its final destination.  相似文献   

14.
The beverage of Hibiscus sabdariffa flowers is widely consumed in Mexico. Polyphenols contained in plant foods are frequently associated with dietary fiber. The aim of this work is to quantify the dietary fiber, associated polyphenols, and antioxidant capacity of the Roselle flower and the beverage traditionally prepared from it and its contribution to the Mexican diet. Roselle flower contained dietary fiber as the largest component (33.9%) and was rich in phenolic compounds (6.13%). Soluble dietary fiber was 0.66 g/L in beverage, and 66% of total extractable polyphenols contained in Roselle flower passed to the beverage and showed an antioxidant capacity of 335 micromoL trolox equivalents/100 mL beverage measured by ABTS. These data suggest that Roselle flower beverage intake in the Mexican diet may contribute around 166 and 165 mg/per serving to the intake of dietary fiber and polyphenols, respectively. The health benefits from consumption of Hibiscus beverage could be of considerable benefit to the whole population.  相似文献   

15.
A collaborative study was conducted to determine the insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF), and total dietary fiber (TDF) content of food and food products by using a combination of enzymatic and gravimetric procedures. The method was basically the same as that developed for TDF only, which was adopted official final action by AOAC, except for changing the concentration of buffer and base and substituting hydrochloric acid for phosphoric acid. These changes were made to improve the robustness of the method. Duplicate blind samples of soy isolate, white wheat flour, rye bread, potatoes, rice, corn bran, oats, Fabulous Fiber, wheat bran, and a high fiber cereal were analyzed by 13 collaborators. Dietary fiber values (IDF, SDF, and TDF) were calculated as the weight of residue minus the weight of protein and ash. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of both the independent TDF determination and the sum of IDF and SDF were better than 15 and 18%, respectively, with the exception of rice and soy isolate. These 2 foods, however, contained only about 1% TDF. The CVs of the IDF were equally good, except for Fabulous Fiber, for which filtration problems occurred. The CVs for the SDF were somewhat high, but these products had very low SDF content. There was excellent agreement between the TDF determined independently and the TDF determined by summing the IDF and SDF. The method for separate determination of IDF and SDF requires further study. The modifications (changes in concentration of buffer and base and the use of hydrochloric acid instead of phosphoric acid) to the official final action method for TDF have been adopted.  相似文献   

16.
The metabolic responses to South American foods remain to be determined. Using glycemic index (GI) and insulinemic index (II) values as references for therapeutic potential of foods, this study investigated the glucose responses to a typical Venezuelan corn bread (arepa) and to an arepa supplemented with rice bran. Adding rice bran to the bread increased the content of resistant starch and dietary fiber measured as total, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber. It also increased the protein content of the arepa. Three meals, white wheat bread, 100% corn meal arepa, and an arepa supplemented with 20% rice bran, were administered within a one‐week period. Available starch in the foods was determined to provide 50 g of available carbohydrate per meal. To calculate the indices, bread was used as the reference. The GI and II of the two arepa meals were significantly smaller than the GI and II of white wheat bread, although the differences between the two types of arepas were not significant. It is concluded that Venezuelan arepas (corn meal bread) may have potential health benefits and that the presence of 20% rice bran in the arepa meal did not produce a significant improvement in the glucose response. Due to the presence of antioxidant elements in the supplemented arepa and its higher protein, dietary fiber, and resistant starch content, it may have a potential preventive effect against the development of other pathologies.  相似文献   

17.
黑曲霉和米曲霉发酵改善豆渣口感   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
豆渣作为豆制品生产的副产品,富含营养。为了解决豆渣颗粒大,口感差,难以直接食用的问题,该文对利用黑曲霉和米曲霉发酵豆渣降低其粒度分布进而改善其口感、增加其可食性进行了研究。结果表明:利用黑曲霉和米曲霉在28℃,相对湿度为95%的条件下发酵,能使渣感减弱,吞咽变易,口感明显改善;对发酵10d后豆渣的外观形态、显微镜观察、粒度分布进行考察,均一致表现为发酵后豆渣颗粒显著变小;黑曲霉发酵豆渣对渣感的降低效果好于米曲霉发酵豆渣和未发酵豆渣;发酵使豆渣颗粒变小是口感改善的主要原因;口感改善的根本原因是发酵豆渣过程中所产生的纤维素酶和半纤维素酶降解了豆渣中的纤维素和半纤维素,导致豆渣颗粒变小的缘故。该研究对豆渣的综合利用提供了新途径。  相似文献   

18.
Aflatoxins in domestic and imported foods and feeds   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Aflatoxins, metabolic products of the molds Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, may occur in foods and feeds. These toxins cannot be entirely avoided or eliminated from foods or feeds by current agronomic and manufacturing processes and are considered unavoidable contaminants. To limit aflatoxin exposure, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has set action levels for these toxins in foods and feeds involved in interstate commerce. FDA continually monitors food and feed industries through compliance programs. This report summarizes data generated from compliance programs on aflatoxins for the fiscal year 1986. Commodities sampled included peanuts and peanut products, corn and corn products, tree nuts, cottonseed, milk, spices, manufactured products, and miscellaneous foods and feeds. Correlations were highest between aflatoxin contamination and geographical areas for corn/corn products and cottonseed/cottonseed meal. Higher incidences of aflatoxin contamination in corn and corn products designated for human consumption were observed in samples collected in the southeastern states (32 and 28%, respectively). A higher incidence of contamination was observed in corn designated for animal feed from Arkansas-Texas (74%) than from the southeastern states (47%). Only 3% of feed corn from corn belt states contained detectable aflatoxins. All aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed was collected in the Arizona-California area; 80% of cottonseed meal analyzed from this area also contained detectable levels of aflatoxins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

19.
gamma-Irradiation was investigated as a technique to improve the hygienic quality of cocoa husk. Cocoa husk is a byproduct of cocoa bean processing industry. It contains approximately 57.5% (w/w) dietary fiber (nonstarch polysaccharides plus lignin), 15% (w/w) crude protein, 10.7% (w/w) mineral elements, 2.32% (w/w) cocoa butter, and 2.8% (w/w) carbohydrates (free sugars plus starch). The effect of irradiation on the growth rates of microorganisms are reported. Total counts, enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus "D" of Lancefield, and yeast and mold counts before and after irradiation at 5, 8, and 10 kGy were determined. Cocoa husk was irradiated in open containers. An irradiation dose of 5 kGy was already sufficient to decrease the microbial counts to a very low level. No alteration in dietary fiber was measured in the irradiated product and no significant differences were detected between irradiated and nonirradiated cocoa husk.  相似文献   

20.
Buckwheat seeds (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) were milled into 23 fractions: seven fine flours, three coarse flours, four small semolina, two big semolina, six bran, and one husk fraction. A considerable variation in gross chemical composition was found among the milling fractions. The protein content varied from 4.4 to 11.9% (db) in flours and from 19.2 to 31.3% in bran fractions; starch varied from 91.7 to 70.4% in flours and from 42.6 to 20.3 in bran. The percentage of soluble dietary fiber contained in total dietary fiber was higher in flours than in semolina and bran fractions. Ash, Fe, P, tannin, phytate content, and color were also investigated. A unique distribution of phytate was found in starch. Correlation is significantly positive in husk, bran, and semolina fractions, while correlation is significantly negative in flour fractions. Depending on technological or nutritional demands, appropriate fractions may be chosen to achieve the desired end‐use product.  相似文献   

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