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在I2的催化作用下,大豆油与甲醇经过酯交换反应合成大豆油甲酯,采用正交试验考察了油醇摩尔比、剂油比、反应温度和反应时间对大豆油甲酯产率的影响.得到影响因素的主次顺序为:油醇摩尔比>剂油比>反应时间>反应温度.最佳工艺条件为:油醇摩尔比 1:6、剂油比0.5%、反应温度 60℃,反应时间1.5 h.在最佳工艺条件下,经过酯交换反应得到的大豆油甲酯产率达到了60.88%. 相似文献
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响应面法优化大豆油下脚料制备生物柴油工艺的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着全球性能源的日益短缺与环境的逐渐恶化,生物柴油作为一种无毒、可生物降解和再生的替代燃料正受到越来越多的关注.研究了利用大豆油下脚料(油脚、皂脚混合物)制取生物柴油的工艺过程.先用乙醚室温下萃取下脚料,料液比1∶2(g∶mL),萃取时间2 h.离心后分为3层,上层有机相再经丙酮萃取分离出磷脂和中性油,磷脂作为高附加值副产品回收再利用以降低生物柴油的生产成本.分离出的皂相经酸化转化为混合脂肪酸,混合脂肪酸用于酸催化的酯化反应.利用响应面法对酯化反应工艺参数进行了优化,并得到回归方程.方差分析结果表明:在各影响因素中,醇酸摩尔比对转化率的影响最大,其次是反应温度和反应时间,醇酸摩尔比和反应温度的交互作用显著.酯化反应优化后的工艺条件为醇酸摩尔比为5∶1,催化剂(H2SO4)添加量3%(wt.%),反应温度为87℃,反应时间4.74 h,在此条件下转化率达到92.5%. 相似文献
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以大豆油和甲醇为原料,KOH为催化剂,采用响应面法对大豆油甲酯合成工艺进行优化。在单因素试验的基础上,以反应物醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间为影响因素,大豆油甲酯的产率为响应值,进行响应面分析。结果表明大豆油甲酯的最佳合成条件为:醇油摩尔比为5.5∶1,催化剂用量为大豆油质量的1.08%,反应温度为61.6℃,反应时间为60 min。此条件下大豆油甲酯的产率为94.02%,与模型预测值基本一致。大豆油甲酯的一些性能接近矿物油,以其部分或全部取代矿物油制备环保型大豆油墨具有极大的潜力。 相似文献
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二步法催化高酸值大豆油制备生物柴油 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用两步法催化高酸值大豆油制备生物柴油.第一步在固定床反应器中,以002CR型阳离子交换树脂为催化剂,高酸值大豆油中游离脂肪酸和甲醇酯化生成脂肪酸甲酯(生物柴油);然后用氢氧化钾催化油中的甘油三酯和甲醇进行酯交换.结果表明,最佳酯化条件为:醇酸摩尔比2:1,反应温度60℃,进耕速度3 mL/min.该条件下大豆油酸值可降至1 mgKOH/g以下.酯交换条件为:催化剂用量1.5%,醇油摩尔比6:1,反应温度65℃.产品技术指标达到我国0#柴油(GB252-1994优级品)的要求. 相似文献
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固定化脂肪酶催化合成生物柴油的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了固定化脂肪酶（LBK-H100）催化大豆油与甲醇合成生物柴油的反应。考察反应条件如醇油比、反应温度、反应次数对酯化率的影响。结果表明，固定化酶催化大豆油醇解反应最适醇油比为3:1，甲醇分3次加入，可避免酶在甲醇溶液中失活，在反应温度35℃条件下，酯化率可以达到90%以上；固定化酶重复使用15次(连续反应30d)，仍具有一定的催化活性。 相似文献
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新型固体碱催化大豆油制备生物柴油的工艺研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
制备了新型固体碱催化剂KNO3/AlSBA-15,并以此催化大豆油与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油,对其工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明:醇油物质的量比为12∶1,催化剂用量为大豆油质量的3％,反应温度65C,反应时间4h,生物柴油的产率可达81％以上.该催化剂对酯交换制备生物柴油具有较高的催化活性和良好的重复使用性. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
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Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献
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Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase). 相似文献
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Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献