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1.
White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei held in 25‰ seawater at 27 °C or 28 °C were injected with TSB-grown Vibrio alginolyticus at 1 × 104 colony-forming units (cfu) shrimp− 1 or 1 × 105 cfu shrimp− 1, and then cultivated onward at water temperatures varying from 20 to 34 °C. Over 24–144 h, mortality of V. alginolyticus-injected shrimp held at 34 °C or 32 °C was significantly higher than that of shrimp held at lower temperatures. In a separate experiment, shrimp held in 25‰ seawater at 28 °C and then cultured onward at 20 to 32 °C were examined for immune parameters at 24–96 h. THC, phenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst, and SOD activity decreased significantly at 24 h after transfer to 32 °C. Shrimp held in 25‰ seawater at 27 °C and then cultured onward at 20 to 34 °C showed a significant reduction in phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency for V. alginolyticus at 24 h after transfer to 34 °C. It was concluded that transfer of shrimp from 27 or 28 °C to higher temperatures (32 and 34 °C) reduced their immune capability and decreased resistance to V. alginolyticus infection.  相似文献   

2.
Egg samples were collected from captive striped trumpeter maintained under phase-shifted and simulated ambient photothermal regimes and incubated at 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 °C. No eggs hatched at 9 °C. Time to hatch decreased from 9.6 to 4.2 days as temperature increased from 10 to 16 °C. Survival to hatch was low at 10 and 11 °C, but similar within the range 12–16 °C. Larval length at hatching was greatest at 14 °C, with no significant difference in yolk volume or muscle depth at vent across the range of temperatures. The results of our study suggest that the optimal temperature for the incubation of striped trumpeter eggs is 14 °C, which is higher than found previously.  相似文献   

3.
Eurasian perch is generally only considered to be a candidate for freshwater aquaculture even though wild populations are found in estuarine and brackish water habitats. Little knowledge exists on two issues a) the effect of temperature on the salinity tolerance of perch and b) the long-term effects of brackish water on their overall growth performance. The present study addresses these two questions.

Firstly, the effect of temperature (12, 15, 20 and 25°C) on perch survival of a salinity challenge at either 13 or 18‰ was determined. Survival was unaffected by 13‰ at the two lowest temperatures whereas higher temperature and higher salinities had a dramatic detrimental effect (at 25°C, 50% mortality was reach at 62h and 39h for 13‰ and 18‰, respectively). Secondly, we examined the effect of salinity on growth, which was assessed by measuring standard length and body weight at regular intervals for 130days. In addition, Specific growth rate (SGR), Fulton's condition factor (K) and food conversion ratio (FCR) were also calculated as was the effect of salinity on plasma osmolality, blood ion content (Na+, Cl−, K+) and muscle water content at the termination of the experiment. The optimum growth for this study was seen in the lowest salinities at 0 and 4‰. Surprisingly, even small increases in salinity were detrimental to perch growth. At 10‰, growth in terms of body weight was reduced by about 50% after 130days compared to perch reared in freshwater.

Interest in brackish water production of perch would be most likely served best by selecting a strain of perch that is adapted to saline conditions, as found in the lower Baltic region. Further studies are required to understand the potential for brackish water perch production.  相似文献   


4.
Effects of dietary protein level and water salinity on spawning performance of Nile tilapia broodstock and growth of their larvae were studied. Four isocaloric (400 kcal/100 g) diets containing 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% crude protein were prepared. The diets were fed to broodfish (25.7 g) reared at three water salinities (0‰, 7‰ and 14‰) at a female/male ratio of 3:1, to satiation twice a day for 195 days. The size at first maturation increased with increasing dietary protein at all salinities. At 25% and 30% protein levels, broodstock reared at 0‰ reached their sexual maturity at bigger sizes than those reared at 7‰ and 14‰. At 0‰, spawning intervals were not significantly affected by dietary protein levels. At 7‰ and 14‰, spawning intervals significantly decreased with increasing dietary protein level. Spawning frequency and number of eggs per spawn were increased with increasing dietary protein level. The total number of spawnings per female and absolute fecundity were better in fish fed 40% protein in freshwater than at 7‰ and 14‰ salinity. The relationship of dietary protein and water salinity on egg size was significant, but showed irregular patterns. The chemical composition of broodstock muscles, eggs and fry were not significantly affected by dietary protein and water salinity, except for body water and crude protein of broodstock which were significantly affected; but showed irregular trends. At each water salinity, egg hatchability was linearly increased with increasing dietary protein level. Eggs produced from broodstock fed 25% protein at 7‰ and 14‰ needed more time for hatching and yolk-sac absorption and resulted in poorer larval weight than those reared in freshwater. Fry growth was improved with increasing protein level at all salinities. This result revealed that 40% dietary protein is required for optimum spawning performance of Nile tilapia reared at 0‰, 7‰ and 14‰ salinity. It also indicated that spawning performance and larval growth were better in freshwater than at 7‰ and 14‰.  相似文献   

5.
For large-scale seed production of sea cucumbers through a hatchery system, it is imperative to know the effects of environmental parameters on larval rearing. Auricularia larvae (48 h post-fertilization) were obtained from induced spawning of Holothuria spinifera and used in experiments to ascertain the effects of temperature, salinity and pH on the growth and survivorship of the larvae. The larvae were reared for 12 days at temperatures of 20, 25, 28 and 32 °C; salinities of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ppt; and pH of 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 7.8, 8.0, 8.5 and 9.0. The highest survivorship and growth rate and fastest development of auricularia indicated that water temperature of 28–32 °C, salinity of 35 ppt and pH of 7.8 were the most suitable conditions for rearing larvae of H. spinifera.  相似文献   

6.
Along the Atlantic coast black sea bass occur from the Gulf of Maine to Florida and support important commercial and recreational fisheries. Interest in commercial production of black sea bass has increased in recent years due to high demand and limited seasonable availability. Efforts towards large-scale production have been hampered by a high incidence of early larval mortality. Two of the most important environmental variables affecting hatchery production of marine finfish larvae are temperature and salinity. In the wild, larval black sea bass are found in waters with temperatures of 12–24 C and salinity levels of 30–35 ppt. Studies were conducted to define the temperature and salinity ranges that support growth and development of black sea bass during early life stages. Three developmental phases were investigated: 1) fertilization to hatch: 2) hatch through yolk sac absorption: and 3) during the initial exogenous feeding stage (5–14 days post hatch: DPH). Fertilized eggs were obtained by manual spawning of fish following administration of LHRHa. Fertilized eggs were transferred to 300-mL glass Petri dishes or 500-mL beakers to assess the effects of salinity and temperature through hatch and yolk sac absorption, respectively. To determine environmental effects on growth and survival during initial exogenous feeding 400 actively feeding larvae were cultured in green water and fed enriched rotifers for a 9-d period. For investigation of the effect of salinity, sea water (35 ppt) was diluted gradually to 15, 20, 25, and 30 ppt and maintained at 21 C. For examination of the effect of temperature, seawater was adjusted from 21 C to 12, 15, 21, 27, or 30 C at a rate of 3 C/h. No eggs hatched at 12 C or when salinity was maintained at 0 or 5 ppt. Hatching was uniformly high (≥ 85%) at temperatures between 15 and 27 C and at salinities ≥ 15 ppt. Survival through yolk sac absorption was greatest at temperatures between 18 and 27 C and at salinities ≥ 20 ppt. Survival through first feeding stage was highest at temperatures ≥ 18 C and 30 ppt salinity. Larval growth through first feeding was not significantly affected by salinity level but did increase with rearing temperature. The results indicate that survival and development of black sea bass during early life stages are most favorable at temperatures >18 C with salinity levels approaching full strength seawater.  相似文献   

7.
This paper provides information on the early life stages of the Moroccan Atlantic sardine, Sardina pilchardus, and two species of Sardinella: Sardinella aurita and S. maderensis, between Cape Blanc (21°N) and Cape Boujdor (26°N), dealing with the spawning grounds, the nursery areas and the optimal spawning temperature and salinity range.

The spawning areas for Sardina are located North of Dakhla (24°30′–25°30′N) and near Cintra Bay (23°N). The larval development area is described together with seasonal and annual characteristics. The nurseries of Sardina are near Dakhla and to the south between 21 and 22°N but precise locations vary with season. The maximum occurrence of eggs was during winter, and was at temperatures from 16 to 18 °C in winter and between 18 and 18.5 °C in summer.

The main spawning area of Sardinella species is between Cape Blanc and Cintra Bay (21–23°N) with a maximum occurrence of eggs and larvae in July. For Sardinella off the southern region of Morocco, the optimal temperature interval for spawning is between 18 and 21.14 °C. No conclusions can be drawn on the relationship between spawning and water salinity.

The area north of Cintra Bay has a broad, but shallow continental shelf. This topography leads to decreasing dispersion effects and the zone constitutes a favorable area for larval retention and development.  相似文献   


8.
盐度对黄鲷胚胎发育及早期仔鱼生长的影响   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  
施兆鸿 《水产学报》2004,28(5):599-602
The effect of salinity on embryo and early larva development of Dentex tumiforns was discussed. Floating forms of egg in different salinities, optimal salinity for embryonic development and early larva growth was studied. The results showed: 1. In immobile condition, all eggs sank at salinity of 32.0, most of egg ssuspended in the middle of water at 34.0, and all eggs floated on the surface when salinity above 36.0. 2. Eggs did not hatch out at salinity of below 10.0 or above 60.0 and the death time of egg gradually moved up with increase or decline of salinity. Eggs hatched out at salinity range of 15.0 and 50.0, including abnormal larva. There was indistinct difference in speed of embryonic development (about 36-40h) within the salinity of 15.0 and 50.0. However the salinity had a great effect on larval survival after hatching and abnormal rate. The relation between hatching rate and salinity variation showed parabola but abnormal rate showed inverted parabola. The hatching rate was 81%-86% and abnormal rate of yolk sac larva was 27%-30% in suitable salinities of 27.0-39.0. The hatching rate was 89%-91% and abnormal rate was 13%-16% in optimal salinities of 33.0-36.0. The oil ball of abnormal larva was located in the central or front position. With increased extent of salinity, spondyle of larva bended and number of larva with arrhythmia increased. 3. The optimal salinities were 30.0-35.0 based on SAI. The test with SAI showed that SAI of early larvae was 41.25-47.53 at salinities of 30.0-35.0, the yolk and oil ball of 7-8 days larva was completely absorbed with a survival rate of 88%.  相似文献   

9.
We report the effect of salinity and temperature on the viability of stored culture-based subitaneous eggs of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa for use of copepods in fish larvae culture. Quiescence induction was recorded at 17 and 25 °C, in salinities from 0 to 30. Quiescence was strongly induced at 0 salinity and partially at 5 in both temperatures. Eggs incubated at 0 salinity for up to 12 days at both temperatures showed a decline in the fraction able to be induced into quiescence by abrupt salinity changes. The hatching success of eggs that were able to enter quiescence stabilized after a 1-day incubation and remained ∼25% viable for 12 days in 17 °C. On the contrary, the 25 °C trial showed a gradual decline in viability until stabilizing ∼10% at day 7 and onwards. Longterm 17 °C incubation for 35 days showed that eggs remained quiescent with a viability of ∼14%. Hence, we recommend salinity storage of A. tonsa subitaneous eggs as a relevant shortterm technique, and a suitable alternative to the recently proposed cold storage of eggs when eggs are to be shipped from the copepod producer to a given fish larvae hatchery.  相似文献   

10.
In the Baltic Sea, a large brackish water area, turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) occurs at the border of its distribution with respect to salinity. Using turbot caught in ICES subdivision (SD) 28 (mid-Baltic), salinity requirements for successful egg development were evaluated by assessment of spermatozoa mobility, fertilisation and egg survival at different salinities. Further, to evaluate potential effects of temperatures, egg survival at different temperatures was assessed. Spermatozoa activity and fertilisation rate decreased with decreasing salinity with a significant drop at <7 psu. The viable hatch was significantly lower at <7 psu compared to at 7–15 psu. Hence, due to decreasing salinity this implies lower egg survival in SD 29 and 30 compared to in SD 24–28, and that salinity conditions in SD 31 are insufficient for egg development. Further, following a long period without major inflows of saline water into the Baltic Sea, salinity has decreased. From 1995 onwards salinities <7 psu prevail in SD 27–28 suggesting decreased reproductive success and potentially weaker year-classes in this area. Egg survival was high at 12–18 °C and considerably lower at 9 and 21 °C. Comparing the results with environmental data suggested that spawning time of turbot is adapted to optimum temperatures for egg development, but that occasions with temperatures involving increased egg mortality may occur, e.g. during upwelling situations.  相似文献   

11.
High larval mortalities during rearing of gilthead bream, Sparus auratus L., led to experiments on the influence of salinity and temperature on eggs and yolk-sac larvae. Test salinities ranged from 5 to 70 ppt for eggs and from 15 to 45 ppt for larvae; experimental temperatures were 18–20°C for eggs and 18, 23 and 26°C for larvae. Spawning conditions were 18–20°C and 33–35 ppt salinity; the yolk-sac larvae were chosen from hatches obtained under similar conditions (18°C and 35 ppt salinity). For eggs the optimum survival range was found to be 30–50 ppt at 18°C and 15–60 ppt at 23°C, while that for yolk-sac larvae was 15–25 ppt at all three temperatures. Choosing normal development (no dorsal curvature) as the decisive criterion, the optimum salinity range for egg incubation was reduced to 30–40 ppt at 18°C and to 35–45 ppt at 23°C, while that for the yolk-sac stage remained 15–25 ppt at all test temperatures. Egg incubation was most successful at salinity-temperature combinations close to those during spawning, whereas salinity had to be reduced by at least 10 ppt for yolk-sac larvae.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of six storage temperatures (5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C and room temperature) and six storage durations (6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h) on pre-settlement larvae of Crassostrea iredalei indicated that settlement rate deteriorated with time for all temperatures. The highest settlement rate (40.1%) was attained at a storage temperature of 20°C for 6 h. This was followed by 10°C and 15°C for 6 h, with mean percent sets of 35.4% and 33.5%, respectively. An above-average set of 29.5% was obtained for the control larvae (larvae directly from the rearing tanks) compared to larvae stored between 10°C and 20°C for 12 to 24 h (21.1–28.2%). Average sets obtained for storage between 10°C and 20°C was 16.6–19.7% for up to 48 h, and sets for room temperature (ca. 30°C) and 5°C for 12 h were 11.9% and 16.9%, respectively; whereas at 25°C the set rate was 10.7% for 6 h. Storage at all other levels of temperature and duration resulted in poor set rates of less than 8%. All successfully set larvae from this experiment were further kept in the hatchery for three weeks to observe their short-term post-settlement survival. Survival rates were closely related to the setting rates, whereby higher sets contributed to better survival rates. The highest survival rates, 61.3–84.8%, were recorded for larvae set at temperatures ranging from 10°C to 20°C with a storage time of up to 48 h. These levels were comparable to the control (68.0%) and 5°C for up to 12 h (68.9%). Storage at 72 h resulted in total mortality at all temperatures, except for those stored at of 10°C (51.5% survival) and 20°C (14.7%).  相似文献   

13.
A need to improve larval rearing techniques led to the development of protocols for catecholamine‐induced settlement of flat oyster, Ostrea angasi, larvae. To further refine these techniques and optimize settlement percentages, the influence of salinity or temperature on development of O. angasi larvae was assessed using epinephrine‐induced metamorphosis. Larvae were reared between salinities of 15–35 and temperatures between 14.5 and 31°C. The greatest percentage survival, growth, development occurred when larvae were reared between 26 and 29°C and between salinities of 30 and 35. Larvae reared outside this salinity and temperature range exhibited reduced growth, survival and/or delayed development. Short‐term (1 h) reduction in larval rearing temperature from 26°C to 23.5°C significantly increased larval metamorphosis without affecting larval survival. Short‐term (1 h) increase in larval rearing temperature from 26°C to 29 and 31°C decreased larval survival and metamorphosis. To ensure repeatability in outcomes, tests showed that larvae sourced from different estuaries did not vary significantly in their metamorphic response to short‐term temperature manipulation and epinephrine‐induced metamorphosis.  相似文献   

14.
The rate of swelling of barbel Barbus barbus (L.) eggs and of embryonic development increased with temperature (from 12 to 22°C). Survival of embryos decreased during the embryonic development and the highest mortality at each developmental stage occurred at 12 and 22°C. Body malformations in embryos during cleavage and organogenesis were the most frequent at 12, 14 and 22°C. During the embryogenesis, three types of embryonic body malformations were observed: yolk sac oedema, spine curvature and shortening of body. At all temperatures, most of larvae hatched with tail first but at 12 and 22°C significantly more larvae hatched with yolk sac compared to the other temperatures. The highest percentage of normal viable larvae was obtained at 14 and 18°C. Larval malformations and dead larvae were significantly most frequent at 12 and 22°C compared to the other groups. At all temperatures, spine curvatures and yolk sac deformation were the most frequent types of larval deformations.  相似文献   

15.
The combined effects of temperature and salinity on larval survival and development of the mud crab, Scylla serrata, were investigated in the laboratory. Newly hatched larvae were reared under 20 °C temperature and salinity combinations (i.e. combinations of four temperatures 25, 28, 31, 34 °C with five salinities 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 g L−1). The results showed that temperature and salinity as well as the interaction of the two parameters significantly affected the survival of zoeal larvae. Salinity at 15 g L−1 resulted in no larval survival to the first crab stage, suggesting that the lower salinity tolerance limit for mud crab larvae lies somewhere between salinity 15 and 20 g L−1. However, within the salinity range of 20–35 g L−1, no significant effects on survival of zoeal larvae were detected (P>0.05). The combined effects of temperature and salinity on larval survival were also evident as at low salinities, both high and low temperature led to mass mortality of newly hatched larvae (e.g. 34 °C/15 g L−1, 34 °C/20 g L−1 and 25 °C/15 g L−1 combinations). In contrast, the low temperature and high salinity combination of 25 °C/35 g L−1 resulted in one of the highest survival to the megalopal stage. It was also shown that at optimal 28 °C, larvae could withstand broader salinity conditions. Temperature, salinity and their interaction also significantly affected larval development. At 34 °C, the mean larval development time to megalopa under different salinity conditions ranged from 13.5 to 18.5 days. It increased to between 20.6 and 22.6 days at 25 °C. The effects of salinity on larval development were demonstrated by the fact that for all the temperatures tested, the fastest mean development to megalopa was always recorded at the salinity of 25 g L−1. However, a different trend of salinity effects was shown for megalopae as their duration consistently increased with an increase in salinity from 20 to 35 g L−1. In summary, S. serrata larvae tolerate a broad range of salinity and temperature conditions. Rearing temperature 25–30 °C and salinity 20–35 g L−1 generally result in reasonable survival. However, from an aquaculture point of view, a higher temperature range of 28–30 °C and a salinity range of 20–30 g L−1 are recommended as it shortens the culture cycle.  相似文献   

16.
温度和盐度对日本黄姑鱼胚胎发育的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为了确定日本黄姑鱼（Nibea japonica）胚胎孵化的最适水温和盐度,采用不同水温和盐度对日本黄姑鱼受精卵进行了孵化试验。结果显示,在盐度为30的条件下,日本黄姑鱼受精卵在14～28℃范围内均能正常孵化,最适孵化水温为18～20℃。孵化时数与温度呈幂函数相关,孵化时间随温度升高而缩短。盐度试验表明,在水温为18℃的条件下,日本黄姑鱼受精卵在盐度25—32的海水中呈悬浮或者半悬浮状态,在盐度14～45范围内均能孵化,适宜孵化盐度为26～32。盐度对初孵仔鱼全长有显著影响,盐度较低组仔鱼全长显著大于高盐度组（P〈0．05）。  相似文献   

17.
为了研究盐度对褐点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)♀×清水石斑鱼(Epinephelus polyphekadion)♂杂交后代(简称杂交石斑鱼)受精卵孵化、卵黄囊仔鱼形态及活力的影响,将杂交石斑鱼受精卵置于不同盐度水体中,观察盐度胁迫下卵径、油球径、孵化率及畸形率,以及孵化后卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化和活力状况。结果表明,在本研究条件下,受精卵卵径随盐度降低而增大,油球径不随盐度变化而变化。在盐度18~36范围内均能孵化仔鱼,但因盐度不同孵化率和初孵仔鱼畸形率有显著差异(P0.05);随盐度升高,孵化率呈先升后降的变化,初孵仔鱼畸形率则相反。盐度24~36组孵化后3 d仔鱼卵黄囊几乎完全消耗,组间无显著差异(P0.05)。在盐度24~36范围内,随着盐度的增加,仔鱼的不投饵存活系数(SAI值)呈先升后降的变化曲线;盐度30~33范围内,初孵仔鱼SAI值大于5;5日龄仔鱼全部死亡,半数死亡时间出现在孵化后3.5 d。综上分析表明,该杂交石斑鱼受精卵孵化及仔鱼培育的适宜盐度范围为24~36,最适盐度范围为30~33。  相似文献   

18.
In five separate experiments, eggs from a single female goldfish were fertilized at 20°C. They were incubated at 22°C for 6 hours, after which some of the eggs were transferred to 13°C. When a defined post-hatch developmental stage was reached, lipid extracts were prepared from larvae, both with yolk sacs intact and after removal of the yolk sac by dissection. Other larvae were sampled at yolk exhaustion. Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid profiles revealed that larvae incorporated 16:0, 18:0, 20:4 (n–6) and 22:6 (n–3) into their tissues in proportions higher than those present in the eggs from which they were derived. At 22°C, these trends were particularly apparent at yolk exhaustion. At 13°C, proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the bodies of newly hatched larvae were higher than those in the 22°C larval bodies. Monounsaturated fatty acids were preferentially depleted during development, especially in larvae from high quality eggs. No dependence of egg quality, as assessed by larval viability at 22°C, on total egg lipid mass or fatty acid composition was found. Larvae from the lowest quality eggs showed a reduced preference for incorporation of (n–3) polyunsaturated fatty acids into their tissues.  相似文献   

19.
We carried out an experiment to determine how rapidly the early incubation temperature of Atlantic cod eggs can be increased without affecting normal embryonic development and hatching. Atlantic cod eggs were incubated at a constant low temperature (4.5 ± 0.5°C; T5 – control) and four temperature increment treatments where the temperatures were increased stepwise from 4.5°C at zygote stage to 9.5 ± 05°C (T1‐8 h, T2‐32 h, T3‐64 h and T4‐96 h). Embryonic cell symmetry, embryonic mortality, hatching success and larval skeletal abnormalities, length and yolk sac volume were recorded. Larval samples were also taken at hatch for histological analysis. Except for higher egg mortality and lower hatching success in the T1, the differences among experimental groups were minor. Cell asymmetries and embryo mortalities were not significantly different between the control and T2–T4 treatment groups. Control larvae were significantly longer and had smaller yolk reserves at hatch than T1–T4 larvae and larvae from T2 had the largest yolk reserves. Tissue and organ histology of hatched larvae were similar. Considering embryonic cleavage pattern, hatching success and larval morphology and histology, a gradual increment of temperature in 32 h seems to be the better choice for future developmental programming studies in Atlantic cod.  相似文献   

20.
The objectives of the present study are to elucidate the effects of rearing temperatures on early larval development and the occurrence of metamorphosis-related morphological abnormalities in hatchery-reared brown sole Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini. Newly hatched larvae were reared through metamorphosis at different temperatures (6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 °C). Growth and development of larvae were accelerated concomitant with higher temperatures. Metamorphosed juveniles were classified into four morphological categories as normal, pseudoalbinism (two types), and ambicoloration, in combination with body color (pigmentation) and eye location. Incidence of normal morphology was lowest (11–24%) and that of pseudoalbinism was highest (74–83%) at 12 °C. The highest incidence of normal morphology (51–73%) was obtained at 21 °C. Although occurrence of ambicoloration was very low in all temperature regimes (0–10%), it increased slightly with increasing temperatures. Results of the present study strongly suggested that rearing temperature during the larval period affected the appearance of normal fish because of the different larval growth and development.  相似文献   

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