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1.
以宣纸为研究对象,研究其在张力状态下的蠕变和松弛行为.结果表明:采用伯格斯(Burgers)四元件模型能够很好地描述宣纸的蠕变行为,其拉伸蠕变包括弹性变形、黏弹性变形和塑性变形.在总应变中,弹性应变占62%～78%,黏弹性应变占17%～25%,塑性应变占4%～13%.在一定温度和湿度下、在0.2～0.8σmax载荷范围内,弹性应变、黏弹性应变和塑性应变在总体上均随着应力水平增大而相应增加,但弹性应变所占的比例逐渐减小,黏弹性应变和塑性应变所占的比例逐渐增大,最后都趋于稳定.在相同拉应力下,同一张宣纸横向的蠕变小于纵向.利用2阶5参数的Maxwell五元件模型可以描述宣纸的松弛行为,五个元件参数在不同应变水平下变动不大,基本上可视为材料的常参数. 相似文献
2.
探讨了毛竹在恒定压力下与不同温度和含水率的关系,确定其对应的蠕变模型,同时研究了竹节对竹材蠕变性能的影响.结果表明:在压应力小于屈服极限时,所选用的勃格四元件模型可以用来模拟竹材径向压缩的短期蠕变行为,四元件参数值均随温度和含水率的增加而减小,竹材带节后其蠕变黏性变形量增大. 相似文献
3.
对拉伸蠕变与球型压头下的压痕蠕变进行了理论分析,推导出宏观压痕试验得出的压痕蠕变应力指数与单轴拉伸试验得出的蠕变应力指数相等.在此基础上,以毛竹为研究对象,测试了其拉伸蠕变和宏观压痕蠕变,并分析了两者的蠕变行为及其联系.结果表明:竹材拉伸蠕变变形、竹材端面压痕蠕变压痕位移随时间和荷载的增加而增大,弹性段应变与应力呈线性关系;拉伸蠕变试验所测得的蠕变应力指数为1.36,在240、480、720 N的规定试验力下,竹材端面压痕蠕变试验所得的蠕变应力指数为1.47. 相似文献
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简述了木材干燥应力数学模型的研究背景,建立了木材常规干燥的干燥应力应变数学模型,模型主要考虑了干燥收缩应变、弹性应变、黏弹性蠕变应变和机械吸附蠕变应变四种因子.通过干燥应力应变数学模型与干燥扩散数学模型的联合分析求解,可以解释板材物理力学特性(如干缩率、含水率、干缩各向异性、横纹静曲弹性模量等)对干燥应力、干燥应变的影响,分析干燥应力的产生、发展和释放的机理,为科学制订木材干燥工艺提供理论依据. 相似文献
6.
重组竹短期蠕变性能研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在重组竹房屋的正常使用过程中,构件会因荷载及温湿度共同作用而产生蠕变。因此,明确蠕变性能是重组竹结构设计体系不可忽视的重要问题之一。在25℃和相对湿度60%条件下,通过不同应力水平下重组竹顺纹单轴受拉、受压、三点受弯24 h短期蠕变试验,获得了蠕变应变-时间曲线及蠕变量-时间曲线,并以Burgers模型为基础,对试验结果进行了拟合。结果表明:当温湿度一定时,在较低应力水平下,蠕变只包含瞬态及稳态蠕变2个阶段,初始蠕变应变及蠕变应变总量与应力水平呈线性正相关关系,达到稳态阶段后重组竹几乎不再发生变形及破坏,具有良好的抵抗蠕变变形的能力。在较高应力水平下,重组竹蠕变不稳定性增强,抵抗蠕变性能有所降低,设计时应控制构件尺寸,确保其处于较低工作应力水平下,以利于其发挥自身抗蠕变性较高的优势。对比顺纹受拉、顺纹受压、三点受弯3种受力情况可知:顺纹受拉破坏呈脆性,无明显的破坏征兆;顺纹受压、三点受弯均具有一定的破坏征兆。Burgers模型对于包含瞬态及稳态蠕变阶段的重组竹短期蠕变性能拟合程度较高,能够较好地反映其短期蠕变性能。 相似文献
7.
赤桉材干燥终了调湿处理中的流变行为 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在实验室的小型调温调湿箱中对25 mm厚赤桉干燥材进行终了调湿处理,并以切片法分析调湿过程中的弹性应变和机械吸附应变特性.结果表明:经24 h的处理,表层的吸湿效果显著,含水率上升达5%,而板材的平均含水率上升2.5%～3.0%;表层压缩弹性应变在经历处理开始3 h内的短暂上升后迅速下降,而整个处理过程中心层的拉伸弹性应变变化不大;处理9 h后,次表层的压缩弹性应力比表层的大,产生反向的应力梯度;处理中,木材表层吸湿软化发生了补充收缩,缩小了内外各层长度差异,应力减小;表层软化有效地减小乃至消除机械吸附应变,但由于干燥历史的影响,机械吸附应变的变化滞后于含水率的变化,在处理的第3～9 h间下降幅度最大. 相似文献
8.
《林业工程学报》2017,(3)
黏弹性是浇筑式沥青混合料的重要特性之一。首先利用Laplace变换,将修正Burgers模型的黏弹性参数转化为剪切松弛模量的Prony级数形式,以满足ANSYS等有限元软件的黏弹性材料参数输入要求,并通过ANSYS模拟验证了公式的正确性;对浇筑式沥青混合料进行了单轴贯入蠕变试验;利用Matlab软件对蠕变柔量进行拟合,获得了修正Burgers模型表征的黏弹性参数;基于推导的Prony级数公式,对单轴贯入蠕变试验进行有限元模拟,并进行了实际试验的模型应力修正。结果表明:有限元模拟结果与理论计算结果的相对误差小于1%,验证了本研究推导的Prony级数公式的可靠性;应力修正后,有限元模拟结果与试验数据的相对误差能控制在6%以内,显著提高了模型参数识别精度。 相似文献
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10.
以毛竹材为研究对象,探索不同竹龄、竹秆部位、竹壁部位对毛竹材动态黏弹性的影响。结果表明：在相同的测量条件下,随着测试温度的升高,毛竹材的贮存模量逐渐减小,损耗模量先增大后减小。随着竹龄的增加,毛竹材的贮存模量和损耗模量逐渐增大;在竹秆轴向上,毛竹材的贮存模量和损耗模量自下而上逐渐增大;在竹壁径向上,毛竹材的贮存模量和损耗模量由内而外逐渐增大。 相似文献
11.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
13.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
14.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
15.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
16.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
19.
Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
20.
A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献