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1.
红壤小流域不同利用方式水土流失和有机碳流失特征研究   总被引：8，自引：10，他引：8  
研究了红壤小流域不同利用方式的试验区水土流失和有机碳流失的特征 ,结果表明 :径流、泥沙及有机碳流失主要集中在 5月、6月及 8月份 ,其间径流流失量占全年流失量的 68.8%～ 73 .1 %,泥沙流失量和有机碳流失量占全年流失量的 90 %以上。径流量和泥沙流失量的大小顺序均为无保护性措施、侵蚀严重的试验区 5>粗放经营利用的试验区 1 >保护性经营利用试验区 2 >保护性经营利用试验区 4>恢复保护性植被试验区 3 ;流失的泥沙主要为推移质 ,有机碳流失量的大小顺序为粗放经营利用的试验区 1 >保护性经营利用的试验区 2 >保护性经营利用的试验区 4>无保护措施、侵蚀严重的试验区 5>恢复保护性植被的试验区 3 ,径流流失的有机碳和推移质流失的有机碳基本接近。从保护资源角度来看 ,恢复保护性植被试验区 3的利用方式控制水土流失和有机碳的效果最好。从农林利用角度来看 ,以有保护性经营利用综合性措施 (等高梯田、植被篱笆、农林间作等措施 )的试验区 2和试验区 4利用方式 ,既有利于水土保持 ,又有利于防止土壤肥力下降  相似文献   

2.
红壤小流域不同利用方式土壤钾素流失特征研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文
从资源利用的角度研究了红壤小流域不同利用方式土壤钾素的流失特征,结果表明,植被覆盖度低,无水保措施的试验区钾素流失量最大,封山育林,恢复保护性植被的试验区的钾素流失量最低。在农林利用的试验区中,粗放经营的试验区的钾素流失量大于水土保持综合性农林措施的试验区。土壤钾素流失时间主要集中在5月份和6月份梅雨季节和8月份台风雨季节,其流失量约占全年流失量90%以上,钾素的流失形态主要为泥砂结合态,约占全钾流失量94%以上,影响钾素流失的主要因素为降雨量、降雨侵蚀力、径流量和泥砂流失量。  相似文献   

3.
Historical land use changes may have significant impact on erosion and agricultural soil properties, including soil degradation by acidification, nutrient leaching and organic matter depletion. The Kali Basin study area, a small catchment of high landscape value located in a national park at Lake Balaton, Hungary, with its historical agricultural records, together with the available unique historical land use data for the last 200 years, provides an opportunity to study and model impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties. Comparison of long-term land uses with present soil degradation indicator parameters showed that permanent arable land use has led to degradation of both the physical and chemical properties of soils in the Kali Basin. Application of the SEDEM/WATEM distributed erosion and sediment transport model showed that, despite the low overall sediment export from the catchment, land use changes introduced by property ownership and agricultural changes have decreased average soil erosion in the catchment but increased relative sediment export to Lake Balaton. This is due to changes in the land cover pattern that allow more sediment transported to the river system. The overall conclusion of this study is that besides the size and area proportion of land use types, land use pattern seems to be equally important in soil erosion and degradation processes, thus land use pattern is a key factor for landscape planning and development in the Kali Basin. A relationship between the sociological and agro-ecological reasons for the recorded land use changes is also shown in this study.  相似文献   

4.
《CATENA》2007,69(2-3):96-108
Historical land use changes may have significant impact on erosion and agricultural soil properties, including soil degradation by acidification, nutrient leaching and organic matter depletion. The Kali Basin study area, a small catchment of high landscape value located in a national park at Lake Balaton, Hungary, with its historical agricultural records, together with the available unique historical land use data for the last 200 years, provides an opportunity to study and model impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties. Comparison of long-term land uses with present soil degradation indicator parameters showed that permanent arable land use has led to degradation of both the physical and chemical properties of soils in the Kali Basin. Application of the SEDEM/WATEM distributed erosion and sediment transport model showed that, despite the low overall sediment export from the catchment, land use changes introduced by property ownership and agricultural changes have decreased average soil erosion in the catchment but increased relative sediment export to Lake Balaton. This is due to changes in the land cover pattern that allow more sediment transported to the river system. The overall conclusion of this study is that besides the size and area proportion of land use types, land use pattern seems to be equally important in soil erosion and degradation processes, thus land use pattern is a key factor for landscape planning and development in the Kali Basin. A relationship between the sociological and agro-ecological reasons for the recorded land use changes is also shown in this study.  相似文献   

5.
赣榆县夹谷山坡面侵蚀产沙特征及其影响因素   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
选取江苏省连云港夹谷山径流小区作为研究区域,以花岗片麻岩砾质砂壤土作为试验土壤,分析了近20a来6种典型土地利用方式的侵蚀产沙特性,研究了坡面侵蚀产沙特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)不同土地利用方式的年侵蚀产沙量均随年降雨量的增大而增大,梯田水保效益显著;(2)不同土地利用方式的年产沙量具有显著差异性,对产沙量的影响大小依次为:顺坡耕作区标准小区经济林区牧草区乔木用材林区梯田小区。在不同土地利用方式下,防止土壤流失最有效的是梯田,与之相反,顺坡耕作区水土流失量最大。(3)在不同土地利用方式下,坡面侵蚀产沙量与降雨侵蚀力均表现为幂函数关系,相关性较强,达到了极显著水平。  相似文献   

6.
通过对滇东南石漠化山地不同植被恢复模式下土壤的理化性质进行定点观测和地力变化及水土流失状况的分析,结果表明:封山育林地土壤的肥力较佳,其次是耕地土壤,这是由于封山育林地土壤多年来进行封山育林,耕地土壤进行了平衡施肥;3年后人工林地土壤的理化性质有很大改善,土壤肥力有很大提高,这是退耕还林的结果;从水土流失状况来看,耕地是产流产沙、固体和液体养分流失最严重的类型,人工林地水土流失最低,说明退耕还林和封山育林有利于石漠化山地土壤肥力的改善和水土保持功能的提高。  相似文献   

7.
[目的]研究丹江口水库水源区不同降雨强度和土地利用方式对土壤中有机质流失的影响,为该区域的面源污染和水土流失防治提供依据。[方法]通过人工模拟降雨试验,以豫西南山区5种常见土地类型的表层土壤为研究对象,应用双因素方差分析,研究雨强和土地利用方式对土壤中有机质的影响。[结果]雨强对径流中有机质的流失影响显著,雨强越大流失量也越大,而土地类型对其影响不大;泥沙中的有机质流失量受雨强和土地类型的影响均显著,随雨强增加而增大;农用地(梯田和坡耕地)中随泥沙流失的有机质含量较高,林草地则低;分别对径流和流失泥沙中的有机质含量与雨强作回归分析,均显示出多项式拟合效果最好(除灌草地的泥沙拟合外)。[结论]梯田作为一种水保措施,能够保持养分和水土流失,因此其土壤中富集的养分也最多;林草地土壤结构较好,能够减缓土壤侵蚀,因而流失的养分也较少。  相似文献   

8.
Experimental plots were constructed in the Zhangjiachong Watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area to evaluate soil erosion of traditional slope land farming and effects of soil conservation measures. Surface runoff and sediment from the watershed and each plot were collected and measured during 2004–2007. Field investigations indicated that hedgerows were the best for soil erosion control, followed by stone dike terraces and soil dike terraces. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was used to simulate erosion of annual and rainfall events both at the watershed and plot levels. The low deviation, high coefficient of determination and model efficiency values for the simulations indicated that the WEPP model was a suitable model. The soil erosion rate distribution was modeled to determine where serious erosion would occur during rainfall events in the Zhangjiachong Watershed and so control measures can be taken.  相似文献   

9.
根据张家口郭家梁试验场的小区资料 ,建立了小流域侵蚀产沙模型以及植物篱侵蚀控制模型 ;并在 GIS的支持下 ,从小流域数字高程模型 (DEM)中提取基于地块间水沙汇流网络 ,生成基于地块的水沙运移网络图 ,并将地块间的水沙汇流过程引入小流域侵蚀产沙的模拟中 ,实现了侵蚀产沙模型与地理信息系统 (GIS)的深层次耦合 ,模拟出坡面水沙在小流域的空间运动过程。1995～ 1999年青边口河小流域模拟结果表明 ,坡耕地、荒坡地、低覆盖的天然草地平均侵蚀模数最大 ,是侵蚀控制的重点土地利用类型。在坡耕地、荒坡地、低覆盖的天然草地配置面积占流域总面积的 18.2 %的植物篱—农作系统 (10 m带间距 2年生紫穗槐植物篱 ) ,利用次降雨资料计算模拟结果表明 ,对径流的控制效果在 8.1%～ 46 .2 %之间 ,对侵蚀模数的控制效果在 42 .9%～ 5 0 .2 %之间 ;养分流失的模拟分析表明 ,在现有条件下有机质的损失较大 ,而通过配置植物篱—农作系统可以有效地减少养分流失。  相似文献   

10.
为进一步优化和合理配置水土保持措施,以黄土丘陵沟壑区3个不同土地利用方式下的坝控小流域为例,基于人工探槽取样、淤积层次甄别及与产流降雨事件的对应关系,结合1∶10 000早期地形图与全站仪测量,拟合库容曲线来估算淤地坝泥沙淤积量,进而反演坝控流域的产沙模数变化特征。结果表明:(1)延河马家沟3个不同土地利用方式下的洞儿沟、阎桥和芦渠坝控小流域,自建坝至2016年的多年平均淤积量分别为2 748.80,4 634.31,3 141.17 t;(2)洞儿沟、阎桥和芦渠流域多年平均产沙模数分别为2 432.56,3 131.29,1 794.95 t/(km~2·a),依次属于轻度、中度和轻度侵蚀;不同土地利用方式下坝控小流域的最小产沙降雨量均20 mm以上;(3)不同的土地利用方式对小流域侵蚀产沙影响显著,人类活动明显的阎桥流域多年平均产沙模数大于以林草地为主的洞儿沟流域,而以林地和梯田为主的芦渠流域多年平均产沙模数最小。由此可见,在黄土丘陵沟壑区合理配置不同的水土保持措施,是减少小流域侵蚀产沙的有效途径。  相似文献   

11.
Since the 1960s, the implemented soil conservation measures on steep slopes and the densely planted shelterbelts as well as the constructed reservoirs and ponds in Baiquan County, northeastern China have dramatically altered the landscape and would greatly influence soil erosion and sediment yield (SY ). However, how these land use changes and the constructed dams affected soil erosion and SY still remained unclear. A physically distributed soil erosion model WaTEM/SEDEM that has been calibrated and validated using 25 reservoir SY s in the study area was applied using nine land use scenarios (land uses in 1954, 1975 and 2010, each with 8, 32 and without dams) to assess their impacts on sediment delivery at the Shuangyang catchment (915 km2). The results show that land use changes as well as the increased dam numbers progressively decreased catchment sediment delivery and the impact of dams on sediment delivery was more efficient under the intensified land use condition (1954 land use without reservoirs). With respect to 1954 land use without dams, current land use condition (2010 land use with 32 dams) was simulated to decrease SY by 61·8%. Soil conservation measures (terrace and contour tillage as well as shelterbelts) on the slopes greatly influenced SY and over 80% of the reduced SY were caused by land use changes. This study indicates that soil conservation measures are sustainable sediment control measures for the black soil region because the accumulation of sediment in dams causes shortening of the useful life in reservoirs and ponds and implies increasing financial costs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

12.
Environmental magnetism, elemental chemistry, pollen, macrofossil, and radioisotopes were studied on top-metre cores from Ballydoo Lough, Connemara, western Ireland, to reconstruct the impact of changing farming practices on soil erosion in a lake catchment. Documentary evidence, including detailed agricultural statistics, gave an independent land-use history over the period represented in the sediment record, i.e. most of the last two centuries. Maximum soil erosion, which involved unweathered coarse material as well as topsoil, was associated with a rapidly rising rural population and increased arable activity during the early 19th century. The Great Famine (1845–1847) halved the population, but arable and especially pastoral farming quickly recovered and were maintained at a high level from the late 1850s until the late 1890s. During this time, the rate of soil erosion slowed down considerably and the contribution of coarse mineral material relative to topsoil declined. Erosion of peaty soils was less important as potato cultivation declined and the middle slopes of the catchment were no longer cultivated. From the end of the 18th century to the 1970s, sediment accumulation and erosion rates were less and progressive podzolisation occurred as pastoral and particularly arable farming declined. The uppermost sediments record a sharp increase in soil erosion, involving mainly organic-rich soils from the upper slopes. This increase is attributed to a sharp rise in livestock numbers, especially sheep. A feature of the pollen record is the high arboreal pollen representation (43%–66% of total terrestrial pollen), which consists mainly of secondary pollen. It indicates a substantial input of pollen-bearing organic detritus derived from peaty soils and peat cuttings in the catchment.  相似文献   

13.
闽北坡地不同土地利用方式的降雨与土壤侵蚀的关系研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以闽北农地、果园、竹林地、清耕地4种土地利用方式为研究对象,分析了54场降雨条件下不同土地利用类型的土壤流失量差异及次降雨量与土壤流失量的关系.结果表明:土壤流失量大小顺序为:清耕地>果园>竹林地>农地;小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨4个雨强等级的土壤流失量均以清耕地为最大,果园次之,竹林地的土壤流失量除在小雨小于农地,其它三个雨量级都高于农地;竹林地和农地从大雨开始土壤流失量增加较快,果园和清耕地从中雨开始土壤流失量增加较快;4种不同土地利用方式的土壤流失量与次降雨量的关系呈指数函数关系.  相似文献   

14.
Tropical deforestation and land use change is often perceived as the major cause of soil loss by water erosion and of sediment load in rivers that has a negative impact on the functioning of hydropower storage reservoirs. The Sumberjaya area in Sumatra, Indonesia is representative for conflicts and evictions arising from this perception. The purpose of this study as part of a Negotiation Support System approach was to assess sediment yield both at plot and catchment scale and to relate it to a variety of possible clarifying factors i.e. land use, geology, soil and topography. Sediment yield at catchment scale per unit area, was found to be 3–10 times higher than soil loss measured in erosion plots. A stepwise regression showed that the dominant factors explaining sediment yield differences at catchment scale in this volcanic landscape were a particular lithology (Old Andesites) and slope angle followed by the silt fraction of the top soil. In lithologically sensitive areas soil loss at the plot scale under monoculture coffee gardens decreases over time from on average 7–11 Mg ha? 1 yr? 1 to 4–6 Mg ha? 1 yr? 1, mainly because of the development of surface litter layers as filters and top soil compaction in the areas without litter, but remains higher than under shade coffee systems or forest. The runoff coefficient under monoculture coffee remains on average significantly higher (10–15%) than under forest (4%) or under shade coffee systems (4–7%). In lithologically stable areas soil loss remained below 1.8 Mg ha? 1 yr? 1 and the runoff coefficient below 2.5% under all land use types, even bare soil plots or monoculture coffee gardens. Less than 20% of the catchment area produces almost 60% of the sediment yield. The reduction of negative off-site effects on e.g. the life time of a storage reservoir would benefit greatly from an improved assessment of the lithologies in volcanic landscapes and the consideration of potential sediment source and sink areas. In lithologically sensitive areas, a shift from sun to shade coffee systems may result in reducing surface runoff and soil loss, although water erosion at the plot scale is not the main contributor to sediment yield at the catchment scale. The quantification of land use effects on dominant erosive processes such as river bank and river bed erosion, landslides and the concentrated flow erosion on footpaths and roads can contribute to more targeted efforts and relevant incentives to reduce (or live with) sediment load of the rivers.  相似文献   

15.
The novel catchment scale erosion and sediment delivery model INCA-Sed was applied to four small study catchments in Finland. Three of these, the Mustajoki, Haarajoki and Luhdanjoki, are headwater catchments located in central Finland. The associated rivers have differing morphological characteristics varying from a ditch to a small river. Soil textures in the area are derived from moraine deposits and are largely sand and gravel. The Mustajoki and Haarajoki catchments are forested and only 10% of the area is under cultivation. In the Luhdanjoki catchment agricultural fields cover 40% of the area. The fourth study site, the Savijoki catchment, represents an intensively cultivated area in south-western Finland. Cultivated fields cover 40% of the catchment area, and they are located on clay soils along the river. The INCA-Sed model was able to capture both the correct magnitude and seasonal behaviour of suspended sediment concentrations in the rivers, as well as the correct magnitude of the sediment load derived from different land use classes. Small differences in river morphology and soil textures between the catchments have a significant influence on suspended sediment concentration in the rivers. Correct timing of suspended sediment concentration peaks is not, however, captured by the INCA-Sed model, which may be due to the stochastic nature of erosion and delivery processes at the catchment scale which are not taken into account in the parameter values used in the modelling. Parameter values were estimated from previous researches based on average process loads. The INCA-Sed model was, however, generally found to be a suitable tool for evaluating effects of land use change on erosion and sediment delivery in Finland as it correctly reproduces spatial and seasonal variations in sediment delivery, in addition to annual averages with spatial and temporal variations.  相似文献   

16.
三峡库区小流域修正通用土壤流失方程适用性分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
土壤侵蚀量的定量研究可为国家生态环境建设和水土保持宏观决策的制定提供重要的依据。修正通用土壤流失方程(revised universal soil loss equation,RUSLE)是开展土壤侵蚀定量评价的主要手段。该文在地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)的支持下,依据中国土壤流失方程各因子的算法确定RUSLE模型各因子值,估算了三峡库区黄冲子小流域不同时期的土壤侵蚀量,并与基于泥沙平衡原理计算的土壤侵蚀量比较后分析RUSLE模型在库区小流域的适用性。结果表明,基于RUSLE模型估算的小流域1963-2000年(农地小流域)和2001-2014年(林地小流域)的年均土壤侵蚀模数分别为2246.09和868.3 t/(km2·a),其结果与采用137Cs和210Pb技术的塘库沉积物定年结果基本吻合,表明210Pb定年结果可靠。依据泥沙平衡原理计算的小流域1963-2000年和2001-2014年的年均土壤侵蚀模数分别为942.48和811.47t/(km2·a)。RUSLE模型估算小流域1963-2000年和2001-2014年的土壤侵蚀模数相对误差分别为138.32%和7.00%。因此RUSLE模型适用于库区林地小流域,而不适用于库区农地小流域;但是基于地形因子(LS因子)修正的RUSLE模型估算结果相对误差减少至8.14%,其适用于库区农地小流域。  相似文献   

17.
Water erosion in the hilly areas of west China is the main process contributing to the overall sediment of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. The impact of gully erosion in total sediment output has been mostly neglected. Our objective was to assess the sediment production and sediment sources at both the hillslope and catchment scales in the Yangjuangou reservoir catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau, northwest China. Distribution patterns in sediment production caused by water erosion on hills and gully slopes under different land use types were assessed using the fallout 137Cs technique. The total sediment production from the catchment was estimated by using the sediment record in a reservoir. Sediment sources and dominant water erosion processes were determined by comparing 137Cs activities and 210Pb/137Cs ratios in surface soils and sub-surface soils with those of sediment deposits from the reservoir at the outlet of the catchment. Results indicated that landscape location had the most significant impact on sediment production for cultivated hillslopes, followed by the terraced hillslope, and the least for the vegetated hillslope. Sediment production increased in the following order: top>upper>lower>middle for the cultivated hillslope, and top>lower>upper>middle for the terraced hillslope. The mean value of sediment production declined by 49% for the terraced hillslope and by 80% for the vegetated hillslope compared with the cultivated hillslope. Vegetated gully slope reduced the sediment production by 38% compared with the cultivated gully slope. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of terracing and perennial vegetation cover in controlling sediment delivery at a hillslope scale. Averaged 137Cs activities and 210Pb/137Cs ratios in the 0–5 cm surface soil (2.22–4.70 Bq kg−1 and 20.70–22.07, respectively) and in the 5–30 cm subsoil (2.60 Bq kg−1 and 28.57, respectively) on the cultivated hills and gully slopes were close to those of the deposited sediment in the reservoir (3.37 Bq kg−1 and 29.08, respectively). These results suggest that the main sediment sources in the catchment were from the surface soil and subsoil on the cultivated slopes, and that gully erosion is the dominant water erosion process contributing sediment in the study area. Changes in land use types can greatly affect sediment production from gully erosion. An increase in grassland and forestland by 42%, and a corresponding decrease in farmland by 46%, reduced sediment production by 31% in the catchment.  相似文献   

18.
Development of improved soil erosion and sediment yield prediction technology is required to provide catchment stakeholders with the tools they need to evaluate the impact of various management strategies on soil loss and sediment yield in order to plan for the optimal use of the land. In this paper, a newly developed approach is presented to predict the sources of sediment reaching the stream network within Masinga, a large‐scale rural catchment in Kenya. The study applies the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and a developed hillslope sediment delivery distributed (HSDD) model embedded in a geographical information system (GIS). The HSDD model estimates the sediment delivery ratio (SDR) on a cell‐by‐cell basis using the concept of runoff travel time as a function of catchment characteristics. The model performance was verified by comparing predicted and measured plot runoff and sediment yield. The results show a fairly good relationship between predicted and measured sediment yield (R2=0·82). The predicted results show that the developed modelling approach can be used as a major tool to estimate spatial soil erosion and sediment yield at a catchment scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

19.
基于SWAT模型的径流与土壤侵蚀过程模拟   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  
将可表征土地利用变化对水文响应影响的分布式水文模型SWAT应用于密云水库潮河子流域,对模型的敏感性进行了分析,并采用1986～1991年下会水文站数据对其径流量和泥沙负荷进行了率定和验证,模型评估结果表明该模型对径流的模拟效果非常好,对泥沙的模拟效果较好。通过计算34个子流域内的侵蚀模数,对流域内的土壤侵蚀强度进行了分级,并分析了不同土地利用方式对产沙的影响。结果表明,流域内的土壤侵蚀主要发生在农田,为保障密云水库的水质应对其采取有效的水土保持措施。  相似文献   

20.
Purpose

Roadside ditches line more than 6.3 million km of roadways in the USA, dissecting the natural topography and altering the flow of runoff from the catchments that drain into them. In agricultural regions, more than 30% of a watershed may directly drain into the roadside ditch system. Quantifying soil erosion and sediment export from agricultural watersheds is a crucial component when considering long-term soil sustainability.

Materials and methods

Our study evaluated the relation of catchment soil erosion and ditch sedimentation at six representative roadside ditches in Lime Creek watershed (eastern Iowa) and quantified the effectiveness of possible catchment conservation practices to reduce soil erosion and ditch sedimentation.

Results and discussion

Study results provide clear evidence linking roadside ditches to the agricultural catchments that drain into them. Among the six ditch sites, catchment erosion was found to be inversely related to sediment storage within the ditch due to erosive power of water entering the ditches from their basins. Of four catchment scenarios to reduce soil erosion, no-till with cover and graded terrace did not require land to be taken out of production and provided the most significant reductions in catchment erosion rates.

Conclusions

Results indicated that reducing nutrient and sediment loads to ditches by incorporating in-field conservation practices in ditch catchments may be more economical and environmentally sustainable than current management practices for both farmers and roadway managers because they trap detached soil sediments before they enter the ditch.

  相似文献   

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