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1.
Excessive use of nitrogen(N) fertilizers in agricultural systems increases the cost of production and risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, determination of optimum N requirements for plant growth is necessary. Previous studies mostly established critical N dilution curves based on aboveground dry matter(DM) or leaf dry matter(LDM) and stem dry matter(SDM), to diagnose the N nutrition status of the whole plant. As these methods are time consuming, we investigated the more rapidly determined leaf area index(LAI) method to establish the critical nitrogen(N_c) dilution curve, and the curve was used to diagnose plant N status for winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. Field experiments were conducted using four N fertilization levels(0, 105, 210 and 315 kg ha-1) applied to six wheat cultivars in the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 growing seasons. LAI, DM, plant N concentration(PNC) and grain yield were determined. Data points from four cultivars were used for establishing the N_c curve and data points from the remaining two cultivars were used for validating the curve. The N_c dilution curve was validated for N-limiting and non-N-limiting growth conditions and there was good agreement between estimated and observed values. The N nutrition index(NNI) ranged from 0.41 to 1.25 and the accumulated plant N deficit(N_(and)) ranged from 60.38 to –17.92 kg ha~(-1) during the growing season. The relative grain yield was significantly affected by NNI and was adequately described with a parabolic function. The N_c curve based on LAI can be adopted as an alternative and more rapid approach to diagnose plant N status to support N fertilization decisions during the vegetative growth of winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China.  相似文献   

2.
With increasing population, degrading soil health, limited arable land area, and high cost of nitrogen(N) fertilizers, improving nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of potato is an inevitable approach to save the environment and achieve sufficient tuber yields with less N fertilizer supply. Recently, we have developed an aeroponics system to study NUE in potato using genomics, physiology, and breeding approaches. This study aims on precision phenotyping of plants of two distinct potato varieties(Kufri Gaurav, N efficient; Kufri Jyoti, N inefficient) in the novel aeroponics system. Plants were grown in aeroponics under controlled conditions with low N(0.75 mmol L~(-1) NO_3~-) and high N(7.5 mmol L~(–1) NO_3~-) levels. Plant biomass, root traits, total chlorophyll content, and plant N were increased with increasing N supply, whereas higher NUE parameters namely NUE, agronomic NUE(Ag NUE), N uptake efficiency(NUp E), harvest index(HI), and N harvest index(NHI) were observed at low N. An NUE efficient cv. Kufri Gaurav showed higher tuber dry weight, fresh tuber yield, tuber number per plant, early start of tuber harvesting, root traits, stolon traits, NUE parameters, and higher amino acid(aspartic acid and asparagine) content at low N supply. Higher expression of nitrate reductase(NR), nitrite reductase(NIR), and asparagine synthetase(AS) genes was observed in the leaf tissues of Kufri Gaurav at high N. Thus, aeroponics-based precision phenotyping enables identification of NUE efficient genotypes based on key traits and genes involved in improving NUE in potato. Further, this study suggests that the potential of aeroponics can be utilized to investigate N biology in potato under different N regimes.  相似文献   

3.
不同栽培模式及施氮方式对油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
【目的】在油菜种植主产区,研究不同栽培模式及施氮方式对油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响,为油菜高产高效生产科学施肥提供理论依据。【方法】于2010—2011年度在湖北省和江西省开展移栽油菜和直播油菜氮肥施用田间试验,比较氮肥表施(表面撒施)、翻施(撒施后旋耕)和集中施用(移栽油菜穴施和直播油菜条施覆土)3种不同施氮方式对两种栽培模式(移栽和直播)油菜产量、干物质动态、氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响。【结果】相同条件下,移栽油菜产量水平显著高于直播油菜,两者的产量差达到299.1—544.2 kg·hm~(-2),从干物质动态结果可以看出,各个生育期移栽油菜地上部和地下部生物量显著高于直播油菜,此外,移栽油菜可以获得较高的氮素累积,相比直播油菜提高33.1%—54.8%,移栽油菜氮肥农学利用率和氮肥表观利用率显著高于直播油菜,其中氮肥农学利用率从6.5 kg·kg~(-1)增加到7.8 kg·kg~(-1),平均增幅为20.2%,氮肥表观利用率从27.6%提高到37.5%,平均增幅为37.5%。氮肥施用具有显著的增产效果,直播油菜施氮效果大于移栽油菜。在相同氮肥用量条件下,不同施氮方式对油菜产量、干物质动态、氮素吸收和氮肥利用率产生明显影响,总体表现为氮肥集中施用翻施表施的趋势。与表施处理相比,不同试验点移栽和直播油菜氮肥集中施用处理平均增产分别为18.2%和23.8%,氮素吸收量平均增幅分别为19.0%和37.0%。对于氮肥农学利用率而言,移栽油菜氮肥集中施用处理相比表施处理从6.9 kg·kg~(-1)增加到8.8 kg·kg~(-1),平均增幅为27.7%,直播油菜从5.7 kg·kg~(-1)增加到7.5 kg·kg~(-1),平均增幅为31.7%。而对于氮肥表观利用率而言,移栽油菜氮肥集中施用处理相比表施处理从33.3%提高到42.3%,平均增幅为27.2%;直播油菜从22.0%提高到27.4%,平均增幅为50.7%。相比于表施处理,移栽油菜氮肥集中施用花后地下部干物质增幅占整个生育期干物质增幅的61.8%,地上部为50.5%;直播油菜分别为78.5%和66.7%。【结论】直播油菜对氮肥施用方式的响应比移栽油菜更敏感,氮肥集中施用促进了植株花后地下部和地上部干物质同步累积。结合油菜栽培模式,实际生产中应该采取条施或穴施的氮肥集中施用技术。  相似文献   

4.
Knowledge about crop growth processes in relation to N limitation is necessary to optimize N management in farming system. Plant-based diagnostic method, for instance nitrogen nutrition index （NNI） were used to determine the crop nitrogen status. This study determines the relationship of NNI with agronomic nitrogen use efficiency （AEN）, tuber yield, radiation use efficiency （RUE） and leaf parameters including leaf area index （LAI）, areal leaf N content （NJ and leaf N concentration （N0. Potatoes were grown in field at three N levels： no N （N 1）, 150 kg N ha^-1 （N2）, 300 kg N ha^-1 （N3）. N deficiency was quantified by NNI and RUE was generally calculated by estimating of the light absorbance on leaf area. NNI was used to evaluate the N effect on tuber yield, RUE, LAI, NAL, and NL. The results showed that NNI was negatively correlated with AEN, N deficiencies （NNI〈 1） which occurred for N 1 and N2 significantly reduced LAI, NL and tuber yield; whereas the N deficiencies had a relative small effect on NAL and RUE. To remove any effect other than N on these parameters, the actual ratio to maximum values were calculated for each developmental linear relationships were obtained between NNI and tuber RUE to NNI. stage of potatoes. When the NNI ranged from 0.4 to 1, positive yield, LAI, NL, while a nonlinear regression fitted the response of  相似文献   

5.
Faced with the scarcity of water resources and irrational fertilizer use, it is critical to supply plants with water and fertilizer in a coordinated pattern to improve yield with high water use efficiency (WUE). One such method, alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI), has been practiced worldwide, but there is limited information on the performance of different irrigation regimes and nitrogen (N) rates under APRI. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of varying irrigation regimes and N rates on shoot growth, grain yield and WUE of maize (Zea mays L.) grown under APRI in the Hexi Corridor area of Northwest China in 2014 and 2015. The three N rates were 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha−1, designated N1, N2 and N3, respectively. The three irrigation regimes of 45–50%, 60–65% and 75–80% field capacity (FC) throughout the maize growing season, designated W1, W2 and W3, respectively, were applied in combination with each N rate. The results showed that W2 and W3 significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, crop growth rate, chlorophyll SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), biomass, grain yield, ears per ha, kernels per cob, 1 000-kernel weight, harvest index, evapotranspiration and leaf area index (LAI) compared to W1 at each N rate. The N2 and N3 treatments increased those parameters compared to N1 in each irrigation treatment. Increasing the N rate from the N2 to N3 resulted in increased biomass and grain yield under W3 while it had no impact on those under the W1 and W2 treatments. The W3N3 and W2N2 and W2N3 treatments achieved the greatest and the second-greatest biomass and grain yield, respectively. Increasing the N rate significantly enhanced the maximum LAI (LAI at the silking stage) and Pn under W3, suggesting that the interaction of irrigation and fertilizer N management can effectively improve leaf growth and development, and consequently provide high biomass and grain yield of maize. The W2N2, W2N3 and W3N3 treatments attained the greatest WUE among all the treatments. Thus, either 60–65% FC coupled with 200–300 kg N ha−1 or 75–80% FC coupled with 300 kg N ha−1 is proposed as a better pattern of irrigation and nitrogen application with positive regulative effects on grain yield and WUE of maize under APRI in the Hexi Corridor area of Northwest China and other regions with similar environments. These results can provide a basis for in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of grain yield and WUE to supply levels of water and nitrogen.  相似文献   

6.
《农业科学学报》2012,11(1):134-143
Poor nitrogen use efficiency in rice production is a critical issue in China. Site-specific N managements (SSNM) such as real-time N management (RTNM) and fixed-time adjustable-dose N management (FTNM) improve fertilizer-N use efficiency of irrigated rice. This study was aimed to compare the different nitrogen (N) rates and application methods (FFP, SSNM, and RTNM methods) under with- and without-fungicide application conditions on grain yield, yield components, solar radiation use efficiency (RUE), agronomic-nitrogen use efficiency (AEN), and sheath blight disease intensity. Field experiments were carried out at Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China, during 2006 and 2007. A super hybrid rice Liangyou 293 (LY293) was used as experimental material. The results showed that RTNM and SSNM have great potential for improving agronomic-nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing the grain yield. There were significant differences in light interception rate, sheath blight disease incidence (DI) and the disease index (ShBI), and total dry matter among the different nitrogen management methods. The radiation use efficiency was increased in a certain level of applied N. But, the harvest index (HI) decreased with the increase in applied N. There is a quadratic curve relationship between grain yield and applied N rates. With the same N fertilizer rate, different fertilizer-N application methods affected the RUE and grain yield. The fungicide application not only improved the canopy light interception rate, RUE, grain filling, and harvest index, but also reduced the degree of sheath blight disease. The treatment of RTNM under the SPAD threshold value 40 obtained the highest yield. While the treatment of SSNM led to the highest nitrogen agronomic efficiency and higher rice yield, and decreased the infestation of sheath blight disease dramatically as well. Nitrogen application regimes and diseases control in rice caused obvious effects on light interception rate, RUE, and HI. Optimal N rate is helpful to get higher light interception rate, RUE, and HI. Disease control with fungicide application decreased and delayed the negative effects of the high N on rice yield formation. SSNM and RTNM under the proper SPAD threshold value obtained highyield with high efficiency and could alleviate environmental pollution in rice production.  相似文献   

7.
土壤肥力对红壤性水稻土水稻产量和氮肥利用效率的影响   总被引：13，自引：4，他引：9  
【目的】土壤肥力是红壤性稻田水稻丰产的基础。明确不同肥力对红壤性水稻土作物产量和氮肥利用效率的影响,为红壤性稻田土壤培肥和合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】选取质地相似的不同肥力水平的红壤性水稻土进行盆栽试验(以土壤有机质的高低代表土壤肥力的高低),利用~(15)N同位素示踪技术研究不同肥力水平(F_L、F_M和F_H分别代表低肥力、中肥力和高肥力,其低、中、高肥力土壤的有机质含量分别为19.9、29.6、38.9 g·kg~(-1))和氮肥水平(N_0、N_(150)和N_(225)分别代表施氮量为0、150和225 kg·hm~(-2),共9个试验处理,分别为F_LN_0、F_LN_(150)、F_LN_(225)、F_MN_0、F_MN_(150)、F_MN_(225)、F_HN_0、F_HN_(150)和F_HN_(225))对水稻产量及其构成、氮肥吸收及其去向的影响。【结果】提升土壤肥力和施氮均能显著提高水稻的有效穗数、产量和总吸氮量。与N_0相比,F_L、F_M和F_H在N_(150)处理下的增产率分别为63%、40%、17%,而在N_(225)处理下的增产率分别为89%、55%和23%。在中、低肥力土壤上,增施氮肥能显著提高水稻产量,而F_HN_(150)和F_HN_(225)处理之间产量无显著差异。~(15)N示踪结果表明,相同施氮量条件下,水稻植株对肥料氮素和土壤氮素的吸收量均随土壤肥力的提高而增加。但是,水稻植株总吸氮量中来自土壤氮素的比例随土壤肥力的提高而增加,而来自肥料氮素的比例则随之降低。增施氮肥会增加水稻吸收肥料氮素的比例,降低其吸收土壤氮素的比例。F_L、F_M和F_H土壤水稻的平均氮肥回收率分别为42%、48%和52%,平均氮肥残留率分别为20%、23%和28%,平均氮肥损失率分别为38%、29%和20%。F_LN_(225)氮肥回收率显著高于F_LN_(150),F_M两个施氮量氮肥回收率无显著差异,而F_HN_(225)的氮肥回收率显著低于F_HN_(150)。提升土壤肥力能显著提高土壤微生物量氮、铵态氮和固定态铵的含量。【结论】提升土壤肥力能显著提高红壤性水稻土的水稻产量以及化肥氮的回收率和残留率,而降低氮肥损失率。在低肥力土壤上适当增加施氮量有利于增加产量和氮肥回收率;而在高肥力土壤上适当降低施氮量在保证较高水稻产量的同时,能够提高氮肥回收率、降低氮肥损失。  相似文献   

8.
Improving radiation use efficiency(RUE) of the canopy is necessary to increase wheat(Triticum aestivum) production. Tridimensional uniform sowing(U) technology has previously been used to construct a uniformly distributed population structure that increases RUE. In this study, we used tridimensional uniform sowing to create a wheat canopy within which light was spread evenly to increase RUE. This study was done during 2014–2016 in the Shunyi District, Beijing, China. The soil type was sandy loam. Wheat was grown in two sowing patterns:(1) tridimensional uniform sowing(U);(2) conventional drilling(D). Four planting densities were used: 1.8, 2.7, 3.6, and 4.5 million plants ha–1. Several indices were measured to compare the wheat canopies: photosynthetic active radiation intercepted by the canopy(IPAR), leaf area index(LAI), leaf mass per unit area(LMA), canopy extinction coefficient(K), and RUE. In two sowing patterns, the K values decreased with increasing planting density, but the K values of U were lower than that of D. LMA and IPAR were higher for U than for D, whereas LAI was nearly the same for both sowing patterns. IPAR and LAI increased with increasing density under the same sowing pattern. However, the difference in IPAR and LAI between the 3.6 and 4.5 million plants ha–1 treatments was not significant for both sowing patterns. Therefore, LAI within the same planting density was not affected by sowing pattern. RUE was the largest for the U mode with a planting density of 3.6 million plants ha–1 treatment. For the D sowing pattern, the lowest planting density(1.8 million plants ha–1) resulted in the highest yield. Light radiation interception was minimal for the D mode with a planting density of 1.8 million plants ha–1 treatment, but the highest RUE and highest yield were observed under this condition. For the U sowing pattern, IPAR increased with increasing planting density, but yield and RUE were the highest with a planting density of 3.6 million plants ha–1. These results indicated that the optimal planting density for improving the canopy light environment differed between the sowing patterns. The effect of sowing pattern×planting density interaction on grain yield, yield components, RUE, IPAR, and LMA was significant(P0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that there is a positive significant correlation between grain yield and RUE(r=0.880, P0.01), LMA(r=0.613, P0.05), and spike number(r=0.624, P0.05). These results demonstrated that the tridimensional uniform sowing technique, particularly at a planting density of 3.6 million plants ha–1, can effectively increase light interception and utilization and unit leaf area. This leads to the production of more photosynthetic products that in turn lead to significantly increased spike number(P0.05), kernel number, grain weight, and an overall increase in yield.  相似文献   

9.
Improving both grain yield and resource use efficiencies simultaneously is a major challenge in rice production. However, few studies have focused on integrating dense planting with delayed and reduced nitrogen application to enhance grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the double rice cropping system in South China. A high-yielding indica hybrid rice cultivar (Yliangyou 143) was grown in field experiments in Guangxi, South China, with three cultivation managements: farmers’ practice (FP), dense planting with equal N input and delayed N application (DPEN) and dense planting with reduced N input and delayed N application (DPRN). The grain yields of DPRN reached 10.6 and 9.78 t ha–1 in the early and late cropping seasons, respectively, which were significantly higher than the corresponding yields of FP by 23.9–29.9%. The grain yields in DPEN and DPRN were comparable. NUE in DPRN reached 65.2–72.9 kg kg–1, which was 61.2–74.1% higher than that in FP and 24.6–30.2% higher than that in DPEN. RUE in DPRN achieved 1.60–1.80 g MJ–1, which was 28.6–37.9% higher than that in FP. The productive tiller percentage in DPRN was 7.9–36.2% higher than that in DPEN. Increases in crop growth rate, leaf area duration, N uptake from panicle initiation to heading and enhancement of the apparent transformation ratio of dry weight from stems and leaf sheaths to panicles all contributed to higher grain yield and higher resource use efficiencies in DPRN. Correlation analysis revealed that the agronomic and physiological traits mentioned above were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield. Comparison trials carried out in Guangdong in 2018 and 2019 also showed that DPRN performed better than DPEN. We conclude that DPRN is a feasible approach for simultaneously increasing grain yield, NUE and RUE in the double rice cropping system in South China.  相似文献   

10.
Fruit yield, yield components, fruit mineral content, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of summer squash responses to different irrigation quantities were evaluated with a field study. Irrigations were done when the total evaporated water from a Class A pan was about 30 mm. Different irrigation quantities were adjusted using three different plant-pan coefficients (Kcp, 100% (Kcp1), 85% (Kcp2) and 70% (Kcp3)). Results indicated that lower irrigation quantities provided statistically lower yield and yield components. The highest seasonal fruit yield (80.0 t ha−1) was determined in the Kcp1 treatment, which applied the highest volume of irrigation water (452.9 mm). The highest early fruit yield, average fruit weight and fruit diameter, length and number per plant were also determined in the Kcp1 treatment, with values of 7.25 t ha−1, 264.1 g, 5.49 cm, 19.95 cm and 10.92, respectively. Although the IWUE value was the highest in the Kcp1 treatment (176.6 kg ha−1 mm−1), it was statistically similar to the value for Kcp3 treatment (157.1 kg ha−1 mm−1). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fruits was higher in the Kcp1 (44.27 μg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) mg−1 fresh sample) and in the Kcp2 (84.75%) treatments, respectively. Major (Na, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and trace (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and B) mineral contents of squash fruits were the highest in the Kcp2 treatment, with the exception of P, Ca and Cu. Mineral contents and total phenolic content were significantly affected by irrigation quantities, but antioxidant activity was not affected. It can be concluded that the Kcp1 treatment was the most suitable for achieving higher yield and IWUE. However, the Kcp2 treatment will be the most suitable due to the high fruit quality and relatively high yield in water shortage conditions.  相似文献   

11.
【目的】测墒补灌是近年来研究的一种小麦节水灌溉新技术。论文旨在探索测墒补灌与施氮对冬小麦生长的影响,为该区节水、节氮提供依据。【方法】采用漫灌的方式设置测墒补灌和施氮两因素田间试验,补灌设置4个处理,于冬小麦拔节期、开花期依据0-40 cm土层土壤质量含水量进行测墒补灌,补灌至土壤田间持水量的50%（W1）、60%（W2）、70%（W3）、80%（W4）。施氮设置4个处理,不施氮（N0）、施纯氮180 kg·hm-2（N180）、240 kg·hm-2（N240）和300 kg·hm-2（N300）。在此处理下研究了测墒补灌和施氮对冬小麦产量及水分、氮素利用效率的影响。【结果】(1)各施氮处理下,补灌量的增加可增加冬小麦籽粒产量,当补灌量至土壤田间持水量的60%-80%范围内时,冬小麦籽粒的增产效应差异不显著。各补灌处理下,当施氮量超过240 kg·hm-2时籽粒产量无显著性变化。本试验条件下当补灌至土壤田间持水量的60%,施氮量为240 kg·hm-2时冬小麦籽粒产量达到最高,为8 104.6 kg·hm-2。(2)增加施氮量和补灌量均可显著增加麦田总耗水量,但当施氮量超过240 kg·hm-2时,施氮的提高效果不显著。补灌量的增加会显著增加麦田总耗水量,但当补灌至土壤田间持水量60%（W2）、70%（W3）时较补灌至80%（W4）处理显著降低耗水量,说明有利于节约灌水而获得较高产量。(3)相同施氮处理下,补灌量的增加可显著提高冬小麦水分利用效率,当补灌量增至土壤田间持水量的60%时,冬小麦水分利用效率达到最大值,为14.7 kg·hm-2·mm-1。相同补灌处理下,增施氮肥可显著提高冬小麦水分利用效率,但施氮量不宜超过240 kg·hm-2,否则将导致水分利用效率降低。(4)相同施氮处理下,应控制补灌量至土壤田间持水量的60%时冬小麦氮素干物质生产效率及氮素利用效率最高,为60.1 kg·kg-1、22.4 kg·kg-1。相同补灌处理下,施氮量应控制在240 kg·hm-2时可获得较高的氮素干物质利用效率及冬小麦氮素利用效率最高,为63.9 kg·kg-1、23.5 kg·kg-1。【结论】本试验条件下当施氮量为240 kg·hm-2、冬小麦拔节期、开花期补灌至土壤田间持水量的60%时冬小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率、氮素干物质利用效率、氮素利用效率均最高,为最优的节水、节氮、高产组合,推荐其作为该区域适宜水、氮用量。  相似文献   

12.
不同基因型高粱的氮效率及对低氮胁迫的生理响应   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
【目的】探讨不同基因型高粱氮素吸收效率和利用效率及其差异机制,研究低氮胁迫对不同基因型高粱叶片无机氮含量和氮同化酶活性的影响,为耐低氮型高粱品种的选育提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验,选取2个低氮敏感型高粱(冀蚜2号和TX7000B)和2个耐低氮型高粱(SX44B和TX378)为试验材料,设置高氮(0.24g·kg-1风干土)和低氮(0.04 g·kg-1风干土)2个处理,分别在挑旗期和灌浆期测定高粱叶片NO3--N、NO2--N及NH4+-N含量和硝酸还原酶(NR)、亚硝酸还原酶(Ni R)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性,分析不同基因型高粱在2个氮处理下的氮效率相关指标及其差异。【结果】(1)不同基因型高粱籽粒产量对低氮的响应不同,低氮处理显著降低了冀蚜2号和TX7000B的籽粒产量,与高氮处理比较分别降低13.87%和19.25%,但没有降低SX44B和TX378的籽粒产量。(2)与高氮处理比较,低氮处理的相对籽粒氮累积量、相对植株氮累积量和相对氮收获指数不能表征各基因型高粱是否具有耐低氮特性;但相对低氮敏感型高粱,耐低氮型高粱在低氮处理下有着较高的相对氮肥偏生产力和相对氮素利用效率。低氮处理下SX44B和TX378的氮肥偏生产力是高氮处理的6.19和7.49倍,而冀蚜2号和TX7000B则分别为5.17和4.85倍;低氮处理下SX44B和TX378的氮素利用效率是高氮处理的1.84和1.85倍,而冀蚜2号和TX7000B则分别为1.67和1.35倍。(3)通径分析表明,高氮处理下,植株氮累积量和氮素利用效率对籽粒产量贡献相同;而在低氮处理下,氮素利用效率对籽粒产量关联作用更大。(4)高粱的叶片无机氮含量不能表征高粱是否具有耐低氮特性,灌浆期叶片无机氮含量较挑旗期显著降低。(5)与高氮处理比较,低氮处理时冀蚜2号和TX7000B叶片中NR、GS和GOGAT活性显著降低,SX44B酶活性变化不显著,而TX378叶片中GS活性增加。【结论】耐低氮型高粱在低氮胁迫时有着较高的相对籽粒产量和相对氮素利用效率。低氮胁迫时叶片较高的氮同化酶活性是高粱耐低氮的生理基础。发掘和利用低氮条件下具有较高的叶片氮同化酶活性和氮素利用效率的高粱种质资源,有助于提高耐低氮高粱品种的培育效率。  相似文献   

13.
The sustainability of the wheat-maize rotation is important to China＇s food security. Intensive cropping without recycling crop residues or other organic inputs results in the loss of soil organic matter （SOM） and nutrients, and is assumed to be non- sustainable. We evaluated the effects of nine different treatments on yields, nitrogen use efficiency, P and K balances, and soil fertility in a wheat-maize rotation system （1991-2010） on silt clay loam in Shaanxi, China. The treatments involved the application of recommended dose of nitrogen （N）, nitrogen and phosphorus （NP）, nitrogen and potassium （NK）, phosphorus and potassium （PK）, combined NPK, wheat or maize straw （S） with NPK （SNPK）, or dairy manure （M） with NPK （M1NPK and M2NPK）, along with an un-treated control treatment （CK）. The mean yields of wheat and maize ranged from 992 and 2 235 kg ha-1 under CK to 5 962 and 6 894 kg ha-1 under M2NPK treatment, respectively. Treatments in which either N or P was omitted （N, NK and PK） gave significantly lower crop yields than those in which both were applied. The crop yields obtained under NP, NPK and SNPK treatments were statistically identical, as were those obtained under SNPK and MNPK. However, M2NPK gave a significant higher wheat yield than NP, and MNPK gave significant higher maize yield than both NP and NPK. Wheat yields increased significantly （by 86 to 155 kg ha-1 yr-1） in treatments where NP was applied, but maize yields did not. In general, the nitrogen use efficiency of wheat was the highest under the NP and NPK treatments; for maize, it was the highest under MNPK treatment. The P balance was highly positive under MNPK treatment, increasing by 136 to 213 kg ha-1 annually. While the K balance was negative in most treatments, ranging from 31 to 217 kg ha^-1 yr^-1, levels of soil available K remained unchanged or increased over the 20 yr. SOM levels increased significantly in all treatments. Overall, the results indicated that combinations of organic manure and inorganic nitrogen, or retuming straw with NP is likely to improve soil fertility, increasing the yields achievable with wheat-maize system in a way which is environmentally and agronomically beneficial on the tested soil.  相似文献   

14.
水氮供应对滴灌施肥条件下黄瓜生长及水分利用的影响   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7  
【目的】针对西北半干旱地区温室蔬菜灌水施肥不合理等问题,通过研究不同水氮供应对温室黄瓜生长、产量、产量构成因素、灌溉水利用效率及水分利用效率的影响,以期科学地对水肥进行调控,为实际生产提供参考依据。【方法】利用温室小区试验,以‘博耐9-1’黄瓜为试材,设置3个灌水水平：低水W1（60%ET0）、中水W2（80% ET0）和高水W3（100% ET0）,全生育期灌水量分别为126、152和177 mm;4个施氮水平：无氮N0（0）、低氮N1（180 kg·hm-2）、中氮N2（360 kg·hm-2）和高氮N3（540 kg·hm-2）,共12个处理。在生育期内对黄瓜的各生长指标进行观测,并统计产量及产量构成因素。【结果】除茎粗外,灌水量与施氮量对黄瓜株高、叶面积指数、干物质量、产量、产量构成因素、灌溉水利用效率（irrigation water use efficiency,IWUE）及水分利用效率（Water use efficiency,WUE）都有显著影响。灌水量与黄瓜株高、叶面积指数、瓜条数、单果重及产量有显著正相关作用,而施氮量对黄瓜生长及产量的影响则因施氮量的不同表现出不同变化趋势。其株高、叶面积指数随施氮量的增加表现为先增大后降低,并在N2处理中获得最大值。干物质量变化趋势略有不同,表现为在W1水平下,干物质量在N2处理中获得最大值,而在N3水平下略有下降,且N2与N3之间差异不显著,其余灌水水平下则随着施氮量的增加表现为不同程度的增加。黄瓜产量随施氮量的增加而增加,当施氮量增加到N2水平时,继续增加施氮量,其增产效果在不同灌水水平下表现为不同趋势,即在W1、W2水平下,施氮量增加至N2水平后继续增加时,产量之间无显著性差异;而在W3处理下,N3比N2水平增产8.4%,差异显著。灌水量对IWUE有显著负相关作用,在W1水平下获得最大值,为41.33 kg·m-2,而灌水量对WUE的影响则表现为先增加后减少的趋势,在W2水平下获得最大值,为55.82 kg·m-2。施氮量对IWUE表现为正相关作用,而对于WUE则因施氮量不同表现出不同的变化趋势,在W1和W2水平下,WUE随施氮量增加表现为先增加后降低的趋势,并在N2水平获得最大值,分别为52.34 kg·m-2、55.82 kg·m-2;W3水平下,WUE则随施氮量的增加显著增加。其中,在W3N3处理下获得最大产量,但其水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率明显低于W2水平,且W2N2相比于W3N3灌水量减少16.7%,施氮量减少33%,而产量仅减少11.3%,且IWUE提高6.5%,WUE提高11.1%。通过产量与生长指标（株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、干物质量）间的通径分析可知,干物质量和叶面积指数对黄瓜产量的增加具有重要作用,可分别作为黄瓜高产的第一指标和第二指标。【结论】合理的减少灌水量与施氮量不仅能维持黄瓜较好的生长特性,而且能获得较大的经济效益。综合产量与节水节肥因素,W2N2处理（80% ET0,360 kg N·hm-2）可作为较适宜的水氮组合。  相似文献   

15.
《农业科学学报》2019,18(8):1882-1892
Stay green(SG) maize was found to have higher grain yield and post-silking nitrogen(N) uptake(PostN) compared with a non-stay green(NSG) hybrid. To understand the effects of plant density on grain yield(GY) and N efficiency in modern maize hybrids, we compared two modern hybrids(SG hybrid DY508 and NSG hybrid NH101) with similar maturity ratings at three plant densities(45 000, 60 000, and 75 000 pl ha~(–1)) in 2014 and 2015. GY, leaf senescence, dry matter(DM) accumulation,N accumulation, PostN, and post-silking N remobilization(RemN) were analyzed. DY508 and NH101 had similar GY, but DY508 had higher thousand kernel weight(TKW) and lower kernel number(KN) than NH101. Plant density significantly increased GY in the two hybrids. On average, over the two years, plant density improved GY in DY508 and NH101 by 18.5 and 11.1%, respectively, but there were no differences in total dry matter(TDM) and post-silking DM(PostDM) between the two hybrids. Plant density improved leaf N, stem N, and grain N at the silking and maturity stages in 2014 and 2015. DY508 was lower in harvest index(HI), nitrogen harvest index(NHI), and grain N concentration(GNC) than NH101. Grain N in DY508 was 2.61 kg ha~(–1) less than in NH101, and this was caused by lower GNC and leaf RemN. On the average, DY508 was 1.62 kg ha~(–1) less in leaf remobilized N(leaf RemN) than NH101, but was similar in stem remobilized N(stem RemN;2.47 kg ha~(–1) vs. 3.41 kg ha~(–1)). Maize hybrid DY508 shows delayed leaf senescence in the upper and bottom canopy layers in the later stages of growth. The present study provides evidence that the NH101, which has rapid leaf senescence at the late grain-filling stage, has gained equivalent GY and higher leaf RemN, and was more efficient in N utilization.  相似文献   

16.
不同种植模式下施肥对马铃薯产量和水肥利用效率的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
在覆膜栽培方式下,如何优化养分管理措施是目前旱作区马铃薯生产急需突破的瓶颈。为了实施水肥的高效管理,通过大田试验研究不同集雨种植模式(F0:露地垄作;F1:全膜覆盖双垄垄播;F2:全膜覆盖双垄沟播)下施肥(N0:不施肥;N1:配方施肥;N2:农民习惯施肥)对马铃薯干物质积累、块茎产量和水肥利用效率的影响,以期明确马铃薯增产增效的最佳种植模式及与之配套的施肥水平。结果表明:全膜覆盖双垄种植和施肥处理可以明显提高马铃薯全生育期的干物质积累量,其中F2N1处理对块茎膨大期的块茎干物质积累量影响最大,而在淀粉积累期和成熟期以F1N1处理的块茎干物质积累量最大,比F2N1处理增加了5.59%和2.88%,差异显著(P0.05)。可见,相比沟播种植而言,马铃薯垄上种植更有利于根系的生长和块茎的膨大。不同覆膜栽培方式下施肥处理的马铃薯块茎产量和水分利用效率均以F1N1处理的最高,F2N1处理的次之,分别比F0N1处理显著增加了40.26%和34.10%、16.33%和14.77%,但F1N1与F2N1处理之间差异不显著(P0.05)。不同处理的马铃薯肥料利用效率表现为氮素农学效率和氮素偏生产力以F1N2最高,而与其他处理相比,F1N1处理的磷、钾素农学效率显著增加了0.21~6.68倍和0.21~3.47倍,且磷、钾素偏生产力的增幅达0.05~0.91倍和0.05~0.40倍。这表明F1N1不仅可以协同增加马铃薯的块茎产量和水肥利用效率,还促进了磷、钾素农学效率和偏生产力的提高。综上所述,F1N1处理更有利于实现马铃薯增产和水肥高效利用,是半干旱区马铃薯增产增效的最佳覆膜种植模式和施肥水平。  相似文献   

17.
The Loess Plateau is one of the main regions for growing apple trees in China, but a shortage of water resources and low utilization of nitrogen have restricted its agricultural development. A 2-year field experiment was conducted which included three levels of soil water content(SWC), 90–75%, 75–60%, and 60–45% of field capacity, and five levels of nitrogen application(N_(app)), 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4 and 0.3 kg/plant. The treatments were arranged in a strip-plot design with complete randomized blocks with three replications. For both years, the water and N_(app) had significant(P0.05) effects on leaf area index(LAI), yield, water use efficiency(WUE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity(NPFP) while the interaction effect of water and N_(app) on yield, WUE and NPFP was significant(P0.05) in 2018, and not in 2017. For the same SWC level, WUE first increased, then decreased as N_(app) increased, while NPFP tended to decrease, but the trend of LAI with different N_(app) was closely related to SWC. At the same N_(app), the LAI increased as SWC increased, while the WUE and NPFP first increased, then decreased, but the yield showed different trends as the SWC increased. The dualistic and quadric regression equations of water and N_(app) indicate that the yield, WUE and NPFP cannot reach the maximum at the same time. Considering the coupling effects of water and N_(app) on yield, WUE and NPFP in 2017 and 2018, the SWC level shall be controlled in 75–60% of field capacity and the N_(app) is 0.45 kg/plant, which can be as the suitable strategy of water and N_(app) management for the maximum comprehensive benefits of yield, WUE and NPFP for apple trees in the Loess Plateau and other regions with similar environments.  相似文献   

18.
A field experiment was conducted to study the impact of tillage, crop residue management and nitrogen (N) splitting on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield over 2 yr (2010-2012) in a rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat system in northwestern Pakistan. The experiment was conducted as split plot arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments comprised six tillage and residue managements: zero tillage straw retained (ZTsr), zero tillage straw burnt (ZTsb), reduced tillage straw incorporated (RTsi), reduced tillage straw burnt (RTsb), conventional tillage straw incorporated (CTsi), and conventional tillage straw burnt (CTsb) as main plots and N (200 kg ha−1) was applied as split form viz., control (no nitrogen & no splitting, N0S0); 2 splits of total N, half at sowing and half at the 1st irrigation (i.e., 20 d after sowing (DAS)) (NS1); 3 splits of total N, 1/3 at sowing, 1/3 at the 1st irrigation, and 1/3 at the 2nd irrigation (NS2); 4 splits of total N, 1/4 at sowing, 1/4 at the 1st irrigation, 1/4 at the 2nd irrigation (45 DAS), and 1/4 at the 3rd irrigation (70 DAS) (NS3); and 4 splits of total N, 1/4 at the 1st irrigation, 1/4 at the 2nd irrigation, 1/4 at the 3rd irrigation, and 1/4 at the 4th irrigation (95DAS) (NS4) as sub plots. The results showed that the most pikes m−2, grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and N use efficiency (NUE) were obtained at zero tillage, straw retained and 4 splits application of total N (i.e., at sowing 20, 45 and 70 d after sowing). The results indicated that ZTsr with application of 200 kg N ha−1 in 4 equal splits viz. at sowing 20, 45 and 70 d after sowing is an appropriate strategy that enhanced wheat yield (7436-7634 kg ha−1) and N efficiency (28.6-29.5 kg kg−1) in rice-wheat system.  相似文献   

19.
《农业科学学报》2019,18(10):2242-2254
This study was conducted with two soybean cultivars, Liaodou 13(L13, phosphorus(P)-efficient) and Tiefeng 3(T3, P-inefficient), to investigate the effects of biochar on soybean yield and photosynthetic physiological parameters, at four biochar application rates(0, 1, 5, and 10%, w/w), and two fertilization treatments(0 and 150 kg ha~(–1)). Grain yield, plant biomass, P accumulation, leaf net photosynthetic rate(P_n), chlorophyll index(Chl), nitrogen balance index(NBI), sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS), and sucrose synthase(SS) activities, soluble sugar, sucrose and starch contents, and leaf area duration(LAD) were measured. Biochar had positive effects on P_n, Chl, NBI, SPS, and SS activities, and leaf soluble sugar, sucrose, and starch contents of both genotypes, these effects increased with biochar application rate. L13 benefited more efficiently from biochar than T3 did, as the grain yield of L13 significantly increased by 31.0 and 51.0%, at 5 and 10% biochar, respectively, while that of T3 increased by 40.4 at 10% biochar application rate, as compared with controls. The combined application of biochar and fertilizer boosted the positive effects described, but no difference was found for grain yield in L13 among biochar application rates, while grain yield of T3 continually increased with biochar rate, among which, 1% biochar combined with 150 kg ha~(–1) fertilizer resulted in T3 yield increment of more than 23%, compared with the application of 150 kg ha~(–1) fertilizer alone. Altogether, our results indicated that the application of biochar enhanced carbon assimilation in soybean, resulting in increased biomass accumulation and yield. Differences in genotypic responses to biochar highlight the need to consider specific cultivars and biochar rate, when evaluating the potential responses of crops to biochar.  相似文献   

20.
Northeast China (NEC) is one of the major maize production areas in China.Agro-climatic resources have obviously changed,which will seriously affect crop growth and development in this region.It is important to investigate the contribution of climate change adaptation measures to the yield and resource use efficiency to improve our understanding of how we can effectively ensure high yield and high efficiency in the future.In this study,we divided the study area into five accumulated temperature zones (ATZs) based on growing degree days (GDD).Based on the meteorological data,maize data (from agrometeorological stations) and the validated APSIM-Maize Model,we first investigated the spatial distributions and temporal trends of maize potential yield of actual planted cultivars,and revealed the radiation use efficiency (RUE) and heat resource use efficiency (HUE) from 1981 to 2017.Then according to the potential growing seasons and actual growing seasons,we identified the utilization percentages of radiation (P_R) resource and heat resource (P_H) for each ATZ under potential production from 1981 to 2017.Finally,we quantified the contributions of cultivar changings to yield,P_R and P_H of maize.The results showed that during the past 37 years,the estimated mean potential yield of actual planted cultivars was 13 649 kg ha~(–1),ranged from 11 205 to 15 257 kg ha~(–1),and increased by 140 kg ha~(–1) per decade.For potential production,the mean values of RUE and HUE for the actual planted maize cultivars were 1.22 g MJ~(–1) and 8.58 kg (℃ d)~(–1) ha~(–1).RUE showed an increasing tendency,while HUE showed a decreasing tendency.The lengths of the potential growing season and actual growing season were 158 and 123 d,and increased by 2 and 1 d per decade.P_R and P_H under potential production were 82 and 86%,respectively and showed a decreasing tendency during the past 37 years.This indicates that actual planted cultivars failed to make full use of climate resources.However,results from the adaptation assessments indicate that,adoption of cultivars with growing season increased by 2–11 d among ATZs caused increase in yield,P_R and P_H of 0.6–1.7%,1.1–7.6% and 1.5–8.9%,respectively.Therefore,introduction of cultivars with longer growing season can effectively increase the radiation and heat utilization percentages and potential yield.  相似文献   

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