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胚芽米的营养价值及其加工 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
唐小俊 《农产品加工．学刊》2010,(5):15-15
胚芽米最早出现于日本。日本对胚芽米的要求是胚保留率为80％以上，并且每100g大米中胚的含量为2g以上，以米胚的完好率为测定依据。米胚保留率是指100g大米中含有的全胚粒、平胚粒和半胚粒的量。胚芽米的食味与普通大米相同，且易被消化吸收。煮成的米饭有黏性，饭粒整齐，颜色、口味和质地都较好。 相似文献
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随着植物分子生物学的发展，植物分子试验对于大规模样品DNA提取的需求越来越大。本研究旨在开发快速、简便、高通量的DNA提取技术。以西红柿叶片为试验材料，用96孔盒对西红柿叶片进行冷冻干燥及粉碎，基于改良的SDS提取DNA方法，采取排枪“两步加样一步抽提”，简化提取步骤，实现DNA的高通量提取。该方法提取DNA样品的平均浓度在138.6 ng/μL左右，满足一般性的PCR扩增要求；琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示绝大部分样品泳道可见清晰完整的DNA条带，无明显降解，并伴有少量的RNA污染。利用3个等位基因特异的定量PCR基因分型系统(AQP)分子标记对192个样本进行检测，结果显示3个标记的整体检测结果良好，均能有效区分样品间的不同等位基因位点。样品的有效荧光值占比在97%～99%之间，可以用于分子标记检测或遗传群体的基因分型。本研究在前人基础上探讨了一种简便、快速、高通量的西红柿基因组DNA提取方法，对于提取其他植物叶片组织DNA同样适用，并且该方法能够成功应用于AQP等其他类似的荧光分子标记检测，为大规模分子标记检测等实验DNA样品准备提供了借鉴。 相似文献
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《分子植物育种》2016,(6)
高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)是决定小麦食品加工品质的重要因素。为了快速而全面地鉴定小麦品种或杂交后代的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS),本研究以宁春4号、扬麦19号和宁春4号×扬麦19号F2分离群体种子为研究对象,采用半粒法进行综合鉴定。即先从小麦胚端1/3~1/2处切除种子胚乳提取DNA,用分子标记快速筛选出含5+10亚基的籽粒,再从这些籽粒提取的DNA残留物中提取蛋白质,采用SDS-PAGE电泳法从总体上确定其HMW-GS的组合,从中筛选出含1,17+18,5+10亚基的籽粒。结果表明,在96粒F2分离群体种子中,有31粒种子被PCR鉴定为5+10纯合亚基,再经SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定,确定有14粒含1,17+18,5+10优质亚基,其中4粒种子的亚基组合为1,17+18,5+10。与之前的研究相比,半粒法能充分利用实验样品,快速筛选到含有优质亚基组合的籽粒,有助于优质小麦育种。 相似文献
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将组成型表达的玉米泛素启动子与苏云金杆菌杀虫蛋白基因Bt连接，插入根瘤农杆菌双T-DNA质粒，构建一个T-DNA结构域含有抗潮霉素选择标记基因hyg，另一个T-DNA结构域含有抗虫基因的双T-DNA单子叶植物表达载体，用以转化农杆菌菌株，再通过共培养转化玉米胚性愈伤组织。通过潮霉素培养基抗性筛选，用特异PCR扩增和Southern杂交检测，从分化再生的T0代植株中，鉴定出4个转化Bt基因的阳性植株。目前，正结合进行田间分离纯合和DNA分子鉴定，培育去除选择标记基因的转基因抗虫玉米自交系。 相似文献
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本文从DNA、RNA、蛋白质和类脂等大分子物质的含量变化以及凝集素类物质的存在等方面,探讨了杉木种子和胚胎发育的生化变化。1.种胚在7～8月正处于分化发育旺期,干重显著增加,胚的大小增长迅速,平均长度此时增长最快,从7月至8月平均增长7.4倍。2.种子的核酸总量也以7～8月增加最快(增加2倍)。DNA的含量也在7～8月增加最快(增加3倍多),而后趋平缓。RNA含量的变化与DNA的变化大致相似,在7～8月增加近2倍,较显著。3.在DNA、RNA含量增加的同时,种子内蛋白质、类脂的含量均相应增加。7～8月间,蛋白质含量从108.19微克/粒增至662.30微克/粒(增加5倍多),种子成熟时为1760.45微克/粒。类脂含量一直持续增加,到种子成熟时达2.04毫克/粒种子。4.种胚干重从7月的分化期到成熟期持续增加,8月为0.33毫克/胚,到成熟时为1.00毫克/胚(增加2倍)。核酸总量随胚发育而增加,成熟时达12.58微克/胚。DNA和RNA含量也随胚发育而逐渐增加,到胚分化完全后的10月下旬,含量达到高峰,DNA为3.48微克/胚,RNA为9.10微克/胚。蛋白质和类脂也如此,达高峰时蛋白质为455.57微克/胚,类脂为0.47毫克/胚。但以种子中每毫克粒干重和胚干重为单位的DNA和RNA的含量却随种子的发育和胚的分化而减少,蛋白质含量仍增加,至成熟后才下降。这可能由于细胞内含物和结构物质的增加所致。从胚珠提取液的凝血活性测定的结果表明,杉木在授粉前的胚珠中就存在凝集素类物质,且活性相当高。同样在胚胎发育过程中,胚和雌配子体(胚乳)中都发现凝集素类物质的存在,其凝血活性随胚发育而增加,但胚乳中则仅在前期存在凝集素类物质。 相似文献
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萝卜-甘蓝型油菜中萝卜基因组的RAPD与dpRAPD分析效率研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
应用RAPD与dpRAPD方法鉴定萝卜-甘蓝型油莱中萝卜基因组,筛选了140条随机引物。结果表明,平均每条引物(组合)能产生的萝b基因组特异标记数dpRAPD高于RAPD,分别为1．69和1．33;在dpRAPD扩增产物中有77．6％谱带清晰易辨,略高于RAPD(75．4％)。两者所检测到的萝卜基因组标记大部分为各自特异的扩增产物。由于结合了荧光标记引物,dpRAPD反应产物可在Genetic Analyzer上分离检测,因此能检测到100bp以下的小片段DNA。 相似文献
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植物特异DNA序列是指在某些植物属、种、基因组或染色体上单独具有的特异存在的DNA序列。几乎所有的高等生物基因组中都有一些物种或基因组特异(有)的DNA序列。研究这些特定序列,对研究物种间在进化过程中的关系及现有物种间的亲缘关系、特异性状表达等方面有着重要的意义。本文简述了植物特异DNA序列的种类,总结了利用特异DNA序列作为与某一性状基因连锁的分子标记的应用情况,以及特异DNA序列在鉴定外源染色体的来源、某一染色体组或基因组、某一物种或属植物等方面的应用情况,提出了存在的问题与应用前景。 相似文献
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SSR 分子标记荧光毛细管电泳在农作物种子质量检测中常用于种子真实性检测、种子纯度鉴定和指纹数据库的构建。试验过程中模板 DNA 浓度、特异峰型的统计分析以及仪器设备运行和维护、试验结果与指纹数据库的比对等关键环节都直接影响待测样品的结果判定。就检测中遇到的问题进行分析，并提出相应的解决方法，以期为农作物种子质量检测荧光毛细管电泳技术平台提供参考。 相似文献
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Embryo rescue is an important step in the wheat x maize system of induced haploidy in wheat. On average, only one-third of the seeds carry embryos, but they all have to be dissected because no morphological distinction is available to distinguish between seeds with and without embryos. We here report a simple technique in which immature seeds from wheat × maize crosses are placed on a transparent surface and illuminated from above. The free-floating embryo, settled at the bottom of the seed, can be seen from below or in an image reflected on a plane mirror. Using this technique 97.8% of the embryo-containing seeds could be detected prior to dissection. The technique will be useful in reducing the time and labour involved in embryo culture, thereby scaling up haploid production. 相似文献
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为研究假色槭种子透水性及种子不同部位甲醇浸提液生物活性,初步探讨假色槭种子休眠原因,比较了假色槭完整种子和剪裂种皮种子的吸水率,测定了种子各部位浸提液对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制强度。结果表明,种皮透水性良好,对假色槭种子休眠影响较小。假色槭种子的果皮、种皮、胚浸提液处理后,对小麦种子发芽率影响较小,但却严重影响了小麦苗高、苗鲜重、根长、根鲜重的生长,降低了叶绿素含量、淀粉酶活性,抑制了小麦种子对自身淀粉和可溶性糖的吸收利用,而且随着各部位浸提液浓度比例的不断提升,其抑制活性也表现得愈加强烈。在各部位浸提液浓度比例相同的情况下,胚浸提液对小麦种子发芽率、苗高、苗鲜重、根长、根鲜重的生长以及各项生理指标的抑制影响强于种皮和果皮。说明假色槭种子果皮透水性不是其休眠的主要原因,种子各部位存在发芽抑制成分,尤其是胚的抑制活性最强可能是其休眠期较长、不易发芽的主要原因。 相似文献
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A. Sirkka T. Immonen George Varughese Wolfgang H. Pfeiffer Abdul Mujeeb-Kazi 《Euphytica》1992,65(3):203-210
Summary Crossability of wheat and rye was investigated during thirteen crop cycles in two contrasting locations to 1) evaluate tetraploid and hexaploid wheat parents in crosses with rye, 2) identify genotypes with high crossability and 3) assess the impact of environment on seed development. The majority of the tetraploid wheats crossed with rye had seed set around 20%, but very low embryo viability. Several wheat genotypes with seed set above 50% were identified. The hexaploid wheats crossed with rye showed poor seed set, but plant recovery was relatively high. The majority of the hexaploid wheats with highest seed set (20–30%) were from China. The results suggest differences in crossability between the rye populations, and wheat species by rye interactions. The crossability of the tetraploid and hexaploid wheats was affected by climate in the two locations. 相似文献
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Summary In the synthesis of primary hexaploid triticale, a cross-incompatibility barrier exists when tetraploid wheat (4X) is crossed with diploid (2X) rye. Fertilization may occur, however, abnormal endosperm development usually leads to premature embryo death. Four selected tetraploid wheat lines were crossed as females with seven open-pollinated rye lines and the resulting embryos were rescued in vitro 13–16 days after pollination. The wheat genotypes showed a major influence on crossability (seed set), embryo development and plant recovery. The highest efficiency of amphihaploid plant recovery (18.3 plants per 100 pollinated florets) was obtained from one 4X wheat line originally selected from the cross T. carthlicum × T. dicoccoides. Some of the 3X amphihaploid plants (ABR) derived from two wheat lines showed relatively high level of partial fertility presumably as a result of meiotic restitution. Correlation analysis showed that crossability (seed set), normal hybrid embryo development in vivo and embryo culturability were independent of each other. 相似文献
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The interactive influence of winter and/or spring wheat genetic background on haploid induction parameters and trait correlation
was studied by hybridizing five elite and diverse genotypes each of winter and spring wheat and their F1s (winter × winter, spring × spring, and winter × spring, generated in a diallel design excluding reciprocals) with a single
genotype of maize. Data were recorded with respect to per cent seed formation, embryo formation, and regeneration. High genetic
variability was present among the wheat genotypes (parents + F1s) for the three haploid induction parameters. Significant differences were obtained within and between different groups viz.,
spring wheats, winter wheats, spring × spring wheats, winter × winter wheats, and winter × spring wheats with respect to the
three haploid induction parameters based on ANOVA. The winter genotypes (winter parents and winter × winter wheat hybrids)
responded better than the spring groups (spring wheat parents, spring × spring and winter × spring wheat hybrids) with respect
to embryo formation and winter × spring wheat hybrids yielded significantly the highest numbers of regenerants. Correlation
studies amongst the haploid induction parameters indicated that the genes controlling seed formation and haploid plantlet
regeneration are negatively correlated when the genetic backgrounds of both ecotypes are combined in winter × spring hybrids.
Haploid embryo formation had no association with seed formation and regeneration in all genetic backgrounds, suggesting independent
inheritance. 相似文献
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切割种子对二穗短柄草种子休眠及萌发的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为打破二穗短柄草种子的休眠,对二穗短柄草种子进行了6种类型的处理:(1)不切割;(2)切掉胚乳1/4;(3)切掉胚乳1/2;(4)在背对胚的一面划一不伤及胚的裂缝;5)切掉胚乳3/4;6)全部切掉胚乳,只剩下胚,以探索各处理对种子休眠的影响。切割种子是打破二穗短柄草种子休眠的有效方法。方差分析显示,不同切割处理对打破种子休眠有着显著的差异,其萌发率的高低顺序为(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)。种子休眠被打破的难易,与种子切割点到胚的相对距离以及切割后剩下部分的百分比皆成负相关关系。分析表明,在自然条件下部分地损伤种子的胚乳,可以增加种子萌发的几率。作为模式植物,二穗短柄草的休眠特性对进一步研究植物种子的休眠机理很有意义。 相似文献
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Ca/GA对渗透胁迫下小麦种子萌发中蛋白质变化的调节 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
小麦萌发时,种子胚乳总蛋白含量逐渐下降,其中由于提供萌发所需氮化物球蛋白,醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白逐渐减少,合成数种启动种子萌发所需酶蛋白等的清蛋白逐渐增加,胚中蛋白质各组分随种子萌发过程垃逐渐增加,渗透胁迫下,萌发种子胚乳清蛋白和胚中蛋白质中组分的增加,以及胚乳中球蛋白,醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的降解均受抑制,因此,种子萌发与其基因蛋白质密切相关,Ｃａ处理在萌发后期才对种子蛋白质变化起促进作用,ＧＡ和Ｃａ＋ＧＡ 相似文献
19.
以PCR为目的的大豆叶片DNA提取方法的比较研究 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
模板DNA的质量直接影响PCR扩增的结果,而不同提取方法及其缓冲液的成份与浓度对提取DNA的质量有重要影响。本文以5个栽培大豆品种的叶片为材料,比较分析了SDS与CTAB两种提取方法以及不同浓度CTAB提取缓冲液对所提取的DNA质量的影响,并通过PCR进行检验。实验结果表明：用1％(W/V)、2％(W/V)浓度的CTAB提取缓冲液和1．25％(WV)SDS提取缓冲液所提取的大豆叶片DNA的质量较好,均能满足PCR扩增模板的需求,其中以1．25％(W／V)SDS提取得到的大豆叶片DNA质量最好,以其为模板扩增的效果最佳,而4％浓度的CTAB不适宜提取大豆叶片DNA。 相似文献
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Parental effects on crossability,embryo differentiation and plantlet recovery in wheat x rye hybrids
Gitta Oettler 《Euphytica》1984,33(1):233-239
Summary One hexaploid wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivem) and two tetraploid wheat lines (T. durum) were crossed with seventeen inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale). Seed set, degree of hybrid embryo differentiation at the time of excision for in vitro culture and recovery of amphihaploid plantlets from various embryo categories were studied. Degree of embryo differentiation was predominantly determined by maternal wheats, paternal rye genotypes appearing to be of minor importance. T. aestivum x rye hybrid embryos were superior to those produced from T. durum for degree of differentiation. The proportion of plantlets developing from differentiated embryos was high for all wheat parents, whereas undifferentiated embryos were mostly unsuitable for plantlet production. The results revealed that cross-incompatibility in hexaploid wheat x rye crosses was due to failure of fertilization, while in tetraploid wheat x rye crosses it was caused by lack of embryo differentiation. Correlation analyses showed that seed set provided a criterion to predict the amphihaploid plantlets to be expected from a particular wheat x rye combination. 相似文献