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1.
Gross Anatomy of the Canine Portal Vein   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The gross anatomy of the portal vein of 21 dogs was studied by venous portography, corrosion casting, and gross dissection. The portal vein in all specimens originated by confluence of the cranial and caudal mesenteric veins. Its large tributaries were the splenic and gastroduodenal veins, which entered the portal vein between its origin and the hepatic porta. At the hepatic porta, the portal vein divided into a short right branch and a larger left branch. The right branch ramified in the caudate process of the caudate lobe and in the right lateral lobe of the liver. The left branch was essentially the continuation of the portal vein from which successive branches passed to each of the remaining lobes of the liver and the papillary process of the caudate lobe.  相似文献   

2.
Detailed knowledge of the vascular anatomy is important for improving surgical approaches to the liver. Twelve canine livers were skeletonized to describe the anatomy of their portal and hepatic veins in details. Our data suggest that the liver can be divided into two sections, three divisions, seven lobes and two to four sub‐lobes. This differs from the classic division into four lobes, four sub‐lobes and two processes. The right section was perfused by the right portal branch and drained by independent hepatic veins, while most of the left section, perfused by the left portal branch, was drained by the main hepatic vein deriving from the middle and the left hepatic vein confluence. Part of the right medial lobe, and in some cases the papillary process of the caudate lobe, drained directly into the caudal vena cava. A proper right hepatic vein draining blood from more than one lobe was never observed. Portal connections between the quadrate and the left medial lobe were frequently recorded. Two sub‐lobes with different portal blood supply and venous drainage could be identified in the right lateral (33.3% of cases) and the left lateral (100% of cases) lobes. From our results, the classic nomenclature of the liver lobes does not reflect their vascularization. Based on similarities between canine lobes and human segments, a new nomenclature is possible and may be less confounding in surgical settings.  相似文献   

3.
以铸型方法观察了家禽肝门静脉的分支。其中，鸡有左、右肝门静脉各１支，左叶有左外叶颅侧支、左外叶尾侧支和左内叶支，右叶有右叶颅侧支及右叶尾侧支；鹅、鸭则有左肝门静脉２支，右肝门静脉１支。左叶有左外叶颅侧支和左外叶尾侧支，右叶有右叶颅侧支和尾侧支。左、右肝门静脉于横部汇集，并向颅侧及尾侧发出许多分支。此外，还强调和讨论了家禽肝门静脉系统在分布上的一些特点  相似文献   

4.
Liver anatomy, particularly its vascularization, has been investigated in many studies in dogs. Knowledge of blood flow from the main tributaries of the portal vein (PV) is necessary to explain the preferential sites of secondary lesions within the liver based on the site of the initial malignant lesion. How these flows come together was established in an earlier ex vivo study. Here, we highlight in vivo the blood flows from the main PV tributaries and their distribution in the liver of normal dogs. Portographs of the main PV tributaries were obtained in seven dogs after injection of an angiographic contrast medium. After euthanasia, the livers and their portal vascularization (PV and tributaries) were extracted for a comparative corrosion cast study. Flows were demonstrated in the cranial mesenteric vein, caudal mesenteric vein and splenic vein. However, no proper flow could be distinguished for the gastroduodenal and ileocolic veins. All these tributaries primarily supply the lateral liver lobes (right or left). Most of our observations indicate that the cranial mesenteric, caudal mesenteric and splenic veins primarily supply the right lateral lobe and the caudate process of the caudate lobe and secondarily the left lateral lobe, left medial lobe and the quadrate lobe. The two other tributaries (gastroduodenal and ileocolic veins) primarily supply the right lateral lobe and the caudate process of the caudate lobe.  相似文献   

5.
Anatomical features of the ductus venosus in 84 neonatal dogs are described. The ductus venosus was a straight conduit 1–3 mm wide and 4–12 mm long in pups with a crown-rump length of 80–200 mm. It arose from the left main portal vein branch opposite the umbilical vein, passed between the left lateral liver lobe and the papillary process of the caudate lobe, and terminated in the dorsal aspect of the proximal part of the left hepatic vein. The left hepatic vein was dilated at this point. There was no variation in the location of the ductus venosus in the animals studied.  相似文献   

6.
The objective of this study was to define, in detail, the anatomy of the portal and hepatic veins in the dog in order to establish a procedure for the systematic evaluation of the liver by ultrasonography. Anatomical details were obtained from the formalin fixed livers of ten dogs. The hepatic and portal veins were removed intact from these livers so that a detailed pattern of distribution could be established and the numbers of branches could be counted. Silastic casts were also made of the hepatic and portal veins of two livers, one in situ and one in which it had been removed. The former was to enable the relationship of the portal to the hepatic veins to be established as closely as possible within the animal and the other to provide a model of the distribution of each venous system within the liver. Contrast medium was infused into two other livers and radiographs taken to establish the relationship of each branch to each lobe. It was found that there was a consistent pattern of venous branching to each lobe of the liver in the dog with little variation between individual specimens. All liver lobes contained definite venous branches so that the left lateral and medial, quadrate, right medial and lateral, caudate and papillary veins could be distinguished in each venous system. We believe that an appreciation of this venous distribution will aid in the systematic evaluation of the liver during ultrasonography by enabling identification of each liver lobe. It should be of value for differentiating portal from hepatic veins and veins from dilated bile ducts.  相似文献   

7.
In 117 livers with fascioliasis, this study was focused on the number of Fasciola, the number and intrahepatic localization of affected hepatic ducts and bile ducts, and the degree of fibrosis in the hepatic segments and bile ducts. The degree of pathological changes in bile ducts caused by fascioliasis was classified into five levels. The site of Fasciola habitation was most often the hepatic ducts of the porta hepatis: it was the left hepatic duct in 101 livers and the right hepatic duct in 88 livers. Casts were prepared by infusing synthetic resin into the hepatic arterial, portal, hepatic venous and biliary systems of 15 bovine livers with fascioliasis and then examined. In the left lobe, quadrate lobe, and caudate process where atrophic fibrosis was noted, the bile ducts became rod-shaped by losing branches, and the samples resembled dead branches of liver. Portal branches were thinned or completely terminated with marked fibrosis. Fine and irregular newly formed bile ducts not parallel with portal branches were observed in livers with markedly chronic fascioliasis. Distal portal branches in the right lobe, caudate lobe, and papillary process showed hypertrophic proliferative changes. The arterial system was generally well developed in thickened walls of bile ducts and formed vascular beds, and surrounded the bile ducts as tubes. In livers with severe fibrosis, capillaries were markedly developed and resembled glass cotton.  相似文献   

8.
A method for systematic examination of the livers was developed, based on identification of the hepatic and portal veins in sixteen dogs. The right medial, quadrate, left medial and lateral hepatic veins and the hepatic branches of the portal veins were easily located with the dog in dorsal recumbency. The right lateral and caudate hepatic veins were identified more easily from the right side with the transducer positioned between the ninth to the eleventh intercostal spaces. Visibility was affected by the fullness of the stomach but this effect could be minimized by changing the position of the transducer to select a more suitable anatomical approach. Identification of the two systems depended on their echogenicity, the anatomical position of the main branches and their pattern of distribution. As in humans, the portal veins were in general, more echogenic than the hepatic veins and the hepatic veins could be traced from their junctions with the caudal vena cava. Identification of the branches of the hepatic and portal veins was complicated by the anatomical shape, the nutritional status and respiratory stage of the animal. A systemic approach based on a knowledge of the distribution patterns produced by the hepatic and portal veins ensures that all liver lobes are identified and all important structures are assessed.  相似文献   

9.
Objective— To describe hepatic vasculobiliary anatomy important to hilar liver lobe resection in the dog.
Study Design— Experimental study.
Animals— Canine cadavers (n=7).
Methods— The vasculobiliary system of 7 fresh canine livers was injected with a polymer. The parenchyma was dissected at the level of the hilus to determine the vascular and biliary supply to each liver lobe, and then macerated with a corrosion preparation. The information gathered was used to describe a surgical approach for hilar liver lobe resection.
Results— Each liver lobe had a single hepatic artery and biliary duct. The location of these structures was consistent, although minor variations existed (dorsal versus ventral to the lobar portal vein) in the left lateral lobe and papillary process in 2 specimens. Most liver lobes (34/49) were supplied by 1 lobar portal vein and drained by 1 lobar hepatic vein (39/49). The location of the portal and hepatic veins was consistent among specimens.
Conclusions— The left division is the most mobile of the liver lobes and each lobe can be removed separately or en bloc. Because of the location of the hepatic veins, the central division is best removed as a single unit. The right lateral lobe can be removed individually or together with the caudate process. The papillary process is removed by itself.
Clinical Relevance— A hilar liver lobectomy technique can provide an alternative approach to conventional procedures for tumors that encroach upon the hilus of the liver.  相似文献   

10.
A dilated, tortuous blood vessel was identified sonographically in the right medial liver lobe in a puppy with severe ascites. This vessel was thought to represent the dilated right medial portal vein branch. Using pulsed wave Doppler ultrasonography, retrograde, abnormally pulsatile flow was detected in both the dilated right medial portal vein branch and the main portal vein. The right medial liver lobe was surgically resected then fixed in formalin. Silicon rubber was injected and outlined the connection between the portal vein and hepatic artery.  相似文献   

11.
The purpose of this study was to describe the anatomy of the lungs of wild boars for comparison with those of domestic swine. It was found that the right lung of the wild boar is divided into four lobes: cranial, median, caudal and accessory, whereas the left lung is divided into two lobes: cranial and caudal. In 93.4% of the cases, right pulmonary artery separates into the ascendant, descendant, median, accessory and caudal branches. In 73.3% of the cases, left pulmonary artery separates most frequently to form three branches to the cranial lobe, whereas the median lobe is generally supplied by only one arterial branch. There is a single pattern of bronchial distribution: in the right lung a tracheal bronchus leads to the cranial lobe, where it separates into the cranial and caudal bronchi and there are also bronchi to the median, caudal and accessory lobes. In the left lung, the large bronchus separates to form two branches, one of which further separates to form two branches to the cranial lobe whereas the other forms a single branch to the caudal lobe.  相似文献   

12.
猪的肝静脉系统   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
猪的肝静脉系统包括肝大静脉和肝小静脉。肝大静脉主要汇集左内叶、左外叶、右内叶和右外叶的血液，尾状叶的血液主要由肝小静脉回流。左外叶、左内叶和右内叶的血液常有专支汇集，它们是左外叶肝静脉、左内叶肝静脉和右内叶肝静脉；汇集右外叶的静脉有３～４支，可总称为右外叶肝静脉。此外，在相邻２叶之间常有叶间静脉，它们是左叶间肝静脉、肝中静脉和右叶间肝静脉。由于猪的叶间切迹深，左、右叶间肝静脉主要汇集左外叶及右外叶的血液，故可分别归属于左外叶肝静脉和右外叶肝静脉；肝中静脉发达，且恒定存在于中裂内，汇集左内叶和右内叶内侧部的血液。  相似文献   

13.
A scanning protocol for the systematic ultrasonographic examination of the portal system in dogs was developed. Seven planes were used to image the portal system. With the dogs in left lateral recumbency, 3 transverse planes obtained via the right intercostal spaces were used to visualize the portal vein and right portal branch, and a longitudinal plane obtained with the transducer caudal to the last right rib was used to visualize the portal bifurcation. With the dogs in dorsal recumbency, a longitudinal plane was used as an alternative method of visualizing the portal vein and its bifurcation. Finally, with the dogs in right lateral recumbency, longitudinal planes obtained with the transducer in the left flank were used to visualize the hepatic artery, the left renal vein, and the left testicular or ovarian vein. To diagnose or rule out portosystemic shunting, the right portal branch, the left testicular or ovarian vein, the portal vein immediately caudal to the portal bifurcation, and the portal vein at the level of the celiac artery should be examined with this scanning protocol.  相似文献   

14.
The afferent veins to the liver of 325 adult fowls belonging to ten breeds were investigated by celluloid and neoprene latex casts, and venography. The author elucidates macroscopically the basic pattern of the hepatic portal vein. The right and left portal veins ramify the main branches to the liver, therefore, the intrahepatic distribution is divided into the two portal territories varying in relative size, but this change relates to the development of the medial branch from the right portal vein and the presence of the hepatic fissure.  相似文献   

15.
The external shape of the liver is varied and determines specific vascular arrangements. This morphological relationship is important to establish hepatic segmentation in different species submitted to surgeries that aim to preserve a larger area of liver parenchyma. After observing 60 livers injected with Neoprene Latex and three plastic moulds obtained by corrosion, eight hepatic venous segments were identified, drained by six hepatic veins agrouped into segmental veins, which drained one sector (segments I, VI, VII and VIII) and intersegmental veins, which drained more than one sector (segments II/III and IV/V). They were described as follows: left intersegmental vein, formed by a segmental vein from the papillary process (segment I), two to three lateral left segmental veins that drained the segment II, and one to five left paramedian segmental veins that drained the segment III; sagittal intersegmental vein, formed by the confluence between segmental vein of the quadrate lobe (segment IV) and the medial right paramedian segmental vein, which derived from the segment V; lateral right paramedian vein drained the dorsocranial sector of the segment VI; the lateral right segmental vein, formed by one to four vessels that drained segment VII, and the segmental vein of the caudate process, which drained the segment VIII. Understanding the number and disposition of the hepatic veins in lobate livers is essential to reduce bleeding risks in surgeries. The nomenclature based on segmentation analogy of non-lobate liver could be less confusing and, therefore, be more useful in the surgical approaches of lobate livers.  相似文献   

16.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the circulus arteriosus cerebri in mole-rats (Spalax leucodon). Six adult mole-rats were used for this purpose. Coloured latex was injected into the left ventriculus of the hearts of all the animals. After careful dissection, the circulus arteriosus cerebri (the circle of Willis) was investigated. The cerebrum and the cerebellum were supplied by the internal carotid- and the basilar arteries respectively forming the circulus arteriosus cerebri in mole-rats. In the investigated objects, the internal carotid- and the basilar arteries were not united directly and for this reason the circulus arteriosus cerebri was not formed completely in mole-rat. The branches supplying the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum originate from the basilar artery formed by union of the left and right vertebral arteries and the internal ophthalmic, the caudal cerebral, the choroid, the median cerebral, the rostral cerebral arteries originated from the internal carotid artery. After giving off the medial cerebral artery, the right and left rostral cerebral arteries on every two sides divided into the lateral and medial twin branches and by union of the lateral branches the internal ethmoidal artery, and by union of the medial branches, the ramus extending to facies medialis cerebri were formed. The ramus extending to the facies medialis cerebri was anastomosed with the branch of the caudal cerebral artery on the back of the corpus callosum. The last part of the basilar artery gave the two branches running toward the right and left side on the pontocrural groove (sulcus pontocruralis) and every one of these branches ramified into two rami. One of these rami formed into the rostral cerebellar artery and the other one extended to the tectum mesencephali. In conclusion, the arterial circle of the cerebrum and cerebellum was supplied by the internal carotid artery and the basilar artery respectively in mole-rats.  相似文献   

17.
The blood vasculature of the bovine jejunum and proximal part of the ileum was studied in 20 mature dairy cows at slaughter. The cranial mesenteric artery and vein supplied the jejunum and ileum, and their major branches were present in all specimens and supplied similar regions of the intestinal tract. Proximal branches of the cranial mesenteric artery were pancreatic arteries, caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery, middle colic artery, and ileocolic artery. A large collateral branch arose from the proximal segment of the cranial mesenteric artery, anastomosing with the continuation of the cranial mesenteric artery distally along the jejunum. Jejunal arteries arose from the continuation of the cranial mesenteric artery, forming a series of anastomosing arches. Straight vessels arising from these arches did not branch or anastomose before entering the serosal layer of the intestine. The proximal part of the ileum was supplied by branches from the continuation of the cranial mesenteric artery; these branches anastomosed with the mesenteric ileal (ilei mesenterialis) artery, a branch of the ileocolic artery. The venous supply paralleled the arterial supply in all specimens.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE : To determine the feasibility of indirect suture passage around the right portal vein for attenuation of right-sided intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (IHPSS). STUDY DESIGN : Anatomic study of cadavers and prospective evaluation of clinical cases. ANIMALS : Nine canine cadavers (median weight, 20.5 kg) and 6 client-owned dogs suspected of having right-sided IHPSS. METHODS : Silicone casts of the caudal vena cava and pre- and intrahepatic portal veins were made in fresh canine cadavers. A suture was passed dorsal to the portal vein above and below its bifurcation and pulled laterally so that it surrounded the right portal vein. The number and size of portal and caudal vena cava branches that interfered with the suture passage were recorded. Intra- and postoperative complications were evaluated in 3 dogs with right-sided IHPSS and 3 dogs suspected of having right-sided IHPSS that had right portal vein dissection and occlusion using this technique. RESULTS : Suture passage and placement around the right portal vein were easily accomplished in all 9 specimens. A 1 mm branch from the dorsal surface of the right portal vein was included in the encircling ligature in 4 specimens. The dissection technique was used successfully in 3 dogs with right-sided IHPSS and 2 other clinical cases. The portal branch to the papillary process of the caudate lobe interfered with suture placement in 1 dog with a central IHPSS. CONCLUSIONS : Indirect suture passage for ligation of the right portal vein can be successfully performed in normal dogs and dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. CLINICAL RELEVANCE : Hemorrhage, vascular trauma, and surgery time may be reduced using this technique for attenuation of right-sided IHPSS.  相似文献   

19.
The arterial supply of the ovary and oviduct is provided by the ovarian artery, cranial oviductal artery, accessory cranial oviductal artery, middle oviductal artery, caudal oviductal artery and the medial and lateral vaginal arteries. These arteries supply various regions of the oviduct and are branches of either the left cranial renal artery, left external iliac artery, left middle renal artery, left lateral caudal artery or the left pudendal artery. The veins that drain the reproductive tract are satellite vessels to each artery that supplied the tract.  相似文献   

20.
Throughout its life, a 1-year-old Doberman Pinscher dog had had gastrointestinal disorders and episodes of circling. It was less active than its littermates, and it usually seemed lethargic. When 3 months old, the pup had been anesthetized for ear cropping and it had remained anesthetized for 32 hours. Behavioral problems were apparent when the dog was 11 months old. Two weeks later the behavioral problems accentuated to the point that the dog developed "temper tantrums" and became aggressive toward its owner. On the basis of clinicopathologic and contrast radiographic findings, hepatoencephalopathy due to persistent patent ductus venosus was diagnosed and the dog was euthanatized. Situs inversus abdominalis and multiple vascular anomalies were found at necropsy. Gross and microscopic studies of the viscera were correlated with corrosion casts of the vasculature. In addition to changes in organ position, 3 spleens and malformation of the pancreas were observed. Vascular anomalies were: (1) The portal vein was contiguous with the common hepatic vein by way of a patent ductus venosus; branches of the portal vein were not given off to the liver; (2) the caudal vena cava was continued by the azygos vein, and a cranial segment of the caudal vena cava was absent; (3) the hepatic artery was larger than normal; (4) the left gastric artery arose anomalously from the cranial mesenteric artery; and (5) histologic and radiographic study of the liver did not reveal any interlobular branches of the portal vein; however, hypoplastic branches of the gastroduodenal vein did enter the liver and were demonstrated on a corrosion cast.  相似文献   

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