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1.
Kahn S Geale DW Kitching PR Bouffard A Allard DG Duncan JR 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2002,43(5):349-354
Vaccination of susceptible animals against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a well established strategy for helping to combat the disease. Traditionally, FMD vaccine has been used to control a disease incursion in countries where the disease has been endemic rather than in countries considered free of the disease. In 2001, the use of vaccine was considered but not implemented in the United Kingdom (1), whereas vaccine was used to help to control FMD in The Netherlands (2,3). Canadian contingency plans provide for the use of vaccine; Canada is a member of the North American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Bank, which could supply vaccine if needed. This article explains why Canada might use FMD vaccine to combat an outbreak and the factors that are relevant to the disposal of vaccinated animals and their products. It concludes that vaccination is an important mechanism in Canada's preparedness for an outbreak of FMD and that products from vaccinated animals are safe for human consumption. 相似文献
2.
Factors associated with the early detection of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in the United Kingdom 
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下载免费PDF全文 Melissa McLaws Carl Ribble Wayne Martin John Wilesmith 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2009,50(1):53-60
An essential objective of an effective foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) eradication campaign is to shorten the infectious period by rapidly detecting and destroying cases of disease. The purpose of our investigation was to identify factors associated with the early detection of clinical FMD during the 2001 outbreak in the United Kingdom. We performed a logistic regression analysis, using early versus late detection of disease as the outcome of interest.During the 2001 FMD outbreak in the United Kingdom, infected premises were more likely to be detected early under the following circumstances: 1) cattle (particularly dairy) were infected rather than sheep; 2) a recently confirmed infected premises was within 3 km of the new case; and 3) the case was initially reported by the farmer, rather than a Local Disease Control Centre-initiated surveillance activity (patrol, tracing, pre-emptive cull). Our findings suggest that reporting by farmers and initiatives that increase farmer education and awareness should be encouraged. 相似文献
3.
An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) occurred in Surrey on August 3, 2007. A Great Britain-wide ban on livestock movements was implemented immediately. This coincided with the start of seasonal sheep movements off the hills in Scotland; the majority of these animals are sold via markets. The ban therefore posed severe economic and animal-welfare hardships if it was to last through September and beyond. The Scottish Government commissioned an analysis to assess the risk of re-opening markets given the uncertainty about whether FMD had entered Scotland. Tracing of livestock moved from within the risk zone in England between July 16 and August 3 identified contact chains to 12 Scottish premises; veterinary field inspections found a further three unrecorded movements. No signs of infection were found on these holdings. Under the conservative assumption that a single unknown Scottish holding was infected with FMD, an estimate of the time-dependent probability of Scotland being FMD free given no detection was made. Analyses indicated that if FMD was not detected by early to mid-September then it was highly probable that Scotland was FMD free. Risk maps were produced to visualise the potential spread of FMD across Scotland if it was to spread either locally or via market sales. 相似文献
4.
G. Theodoropoulos E. Theodoropoulou G. Petrakos V. Kantzoura J. Kostopoulos 《Zoonoses and public health》2002,49(6):281-284
The prevalence of parasitic infections responsible for the condemnation of carcasses and viscera during meat inspection, and their economic implication, was estimated in a year long abattoir survey of 10 277 slaughtered farm animals in the region of Trikala, Greece. The organs examined for the presence of parasitic lesions during meat inspection were: liver and lungs of all animals, rumen of cattle, small intestine of lambs and kids, and muscles of cattle and swine. The parasitic lesions observed in the lungs of cattle, sheep and goats were caused only by hydatid cysts. No hydatid cysts were observed in the lungs of swine. The parasitic lesions observed in the liver of cattle, sheep and goats were as a result of hydatid cysts and flukes of Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum, while those of swine were due to milk spots only. Moniezia sp. proglottids were found in the small intestine of lambs only. The prevalence of parasites responsible for the condemnation of marketable organs was low (0.26%). Parasites were responsible for 22% of the total of condemned organs, and their annual cost was 99 500 GDR (～€292). The parasites most contributing to marketable organ condemnation were hydatid cysts (26%) and D. dendriticum flukes (26%). 相似文献
5.
Theodoropoulos G Theodoropoulou E Petrakos G Kantzoura V Kostopoulos J 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2002,49(6):281-284
The prevalence of parasitic infections responsible for the condemnation of carcasses and viscera during meat inspection, and their economic implication, was estimated in a year long abattoir survey of 10 277 slaughtered farm animals in the region of Trikala, Greece. The organs examined for the presence of parasitic lesions during meat inspection were: liver and lungs of all animals, rumen of cattle, small intestine of lambs and kids, and muscles of cattle and swine. The parasitic lesions observed in the lungs of cattle, sheep and goats were caused only by hydatid cysts. No hydatid cysts were observed in the lungs of swine. The parasitic lesions observed in the liver of cattle, sheep and goats were as a result of hydatid cysts and flukes of Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum, while those of swine were due to milk spots only. Moniezia sp. proglottids were found in the small intestine of lambs only. The prevalence of parasites responsible for the condemnation of marketable organs was low (0.26%). Parasites were responsible for 22% of the total of condemned organs, and their annual cost was 99, 00 GDR (approximately 292 Euros). The parasites most contributing to marketable organ condemnation were hydatid cysts (26%) and D. dendriticum flukes (26%). 相似文献
6.
Transmission of foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus by infected animals may already occur before clinical signs are evident. Quantitative data for FMD transmission rates during this so-called high-risk period are currently lacking and would provide useful information to develop surveillance systems in which the number of new outbreaks is an outcome variable. In order to address this, we used experimental data to quantify transmission in cattle, swine and sheep during the non-clinical phase of the disease. Groups consisted of vaccinated or non-vaccinated animals of one species; half of each group was inoculated with FMDV, the other half was contact-exposed. We estimated the reproduction ratio R(nonclin) using a mathematical SIR model. R(nonclin) was defined as the average number of secondary infections caused by one infectious individual in its non-clinical phase. Animals not showing clinical signs shed lower amounts of virus than clinically affected ones. Therefore, we estimated transmission proportionally to the virus excretion. Low estimates for R(nonclin) in groups with non-vaccinated and vaccinated calves; 0.30 [0.03; 3.43] and 1.03x10(-8) [0; infinity] respectively and 0.21 [0.02; 2.48] for the non-vaccinated and 0.16 [0.009; 2.96] for the vaccinated lambs, were observed. These results indicate that only few secondary infections are to be expected from infected calves and lambs when they are not clinically affected. In groups of non-vaccinated piglets estimates were R(nonclin)=13.20 [4.08; 42.68], and in vaccinated piglets R(nonclin)=1.26 [0.18; 8.96]. The estimate for R(nonclin) for non-vaccinated dairy cows was R(nonclin)=176.65 [80.38; 388.24], whereas R(nonclin) in the vaccinated groups could not be estimated. Our findings suggest that a large number of individuals might have been infected before clinical signs are noticed, especially in non-vaccinated swine and dairy herds. These findings suggest that after clinical recognition of FMD, priority should be given to trace back contacts with swine and dairy farms, as they may already have been infectious in the herd's incubation period. 相似文献
7.
Nicholas A Lyons Neal Alexander Katharina DC St?rk Thomas D Dulu Jonathan Rushton Paul EM Fine 《Veterinary research》2015,46(1)
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly transmissible viral infection of cloven hooved animals associated with severe economic losses when introduced into FMD-free countries. Information on the impact of the disease in FMDV-endemic countries is poorly characterised yet essential for the prioritisation of scarce resources for disease control programmes. A FMD (virus serotype SAT2) outbreak on a large-scale dairy farm in Nakuru County, Kenya provided an opportunity to evaluate the impact of FMD on clinical mastitis and culling rate. A cohort approach followed animals over a 12-month period after the commencement of the outbreak. For culling, all animals were included; for mastitis, those over 18 months of age. FMD was recorded in 400/644 cattle over a 29-day period. During the follow-up period 76 animals were culled or died whilst in the over 18 month old cohort 63 developed clinical mastitis. Hazard ratios (HR) were generated using Cox regression accounting for non-proportional hazards by inclusion of time-varying effects. Univariable analysis showed FMD cases were culled sooner but there was no effect on clinical mastitis. After adjusting for possible confounders and inclusion of time-varying effects there was weak evidence to support an effect of FMD on culling (HR = 1.7, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.88-3.1, P = 0.12). For mastitis, there was stronger evidence of an increased rate in the first month after the onset of the outbreak (HR = 2.9, 95%CI 0.97-8.9, P = 0.057).
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-015-0173-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献8.
Pharo HJ 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2002,50(2):46-55
Although New Zealand has never had a case of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), the threat that this disease poses to the economy of this country has long been recognised. The unprecedented global spread of FMD caused by the type-O PanAsia strain, culminating in the outbreak that occurred in the United Kingdom in early 2001, has refocussed the concerns of biosecurity agencies worldwide. The 3 lines of defence against exotic disease incursions in this country are border controls, surveillance and incursion response capability. This article reviews the pathogenesis, virus survival, routes of infection and methods of spread of FMD virus, and in the light of recent international developments, presents a summary of the major risks of introduction and dissemination of FMD virus and the risk-management measures in place for this country. 相似文献
9.
为探讨全株玉米青贮(WCS)和谷草干草(MH)日粮粗饲料不同比例组合对杜×湖杂交肉羊生长、屠宰性能以及经济效益的影响。挑选体况相近的60日龄杜泊羊和湖羊杂交F1代公羔羊60只,分为A组(WCS:MH=100:0)、B组(WCS:MH=60:40)、C组(WCS:MH=20:80)、D组(WCS:MH=0:100),每组设置5个隔栏,按每个隔栏3只羊单独投料测定采食量,每隔14 d对羊只进行称重,饲养84 d出栏进行屠宰。结果表明:随着谷草替换比例升高,B、C、D组与A组相比干物质采食量线性降低(P<0.05),平均日增重分别下降2.2%、6.6%、15.0%(P<0.05),耗料增重比先降低再升高(P<0.05);随着谷草添加量增加,A至D组的屠宰率未呈显著性差异,但胴体净肉率依次升高;B、C、D组胴体脂肪含量(GR值)较A组分别升高8%、26%、3%;从活羊收益分析,C组的饲料报酬最高;从屠宰收益分析,D组的饲料报酬最高。综上所述,谷草替代全株玉米青贮比例在40%~80%时,对生长性能无显著影响,但可提高胴体净肉率,C组活羊饲料报酬最高,D组获得的屠宰收益最高。 相似文献
10.
A serological survey was carried out on French cattle to establish a reference pattern of residual vaccine antibodies and non-specific reactions against the foot-and-mouth disease virus 6 years after the ban on vaccination and in the absence of any foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. Most of the multi-vaccinated cattle still displayed high titres of antibodies and up to 50% of those which had received a single injection still had antibodies. Non-specific reactors were also recorded among animals born during and after 1991. Most of them displayed low titres close to the threshold. Sheep were also tested and, as for cattle, 4.6% of non-specific reactors were recorded, with titres close to the threshold for two-thirds of them. As part of these animals have been resampled and retested, sera revealed negative confirming that these animals are true non-specific reactors. Serological testing as a mean of FMD control should take these facts into account. 相似文献
11.
Ehud Elnekave Boris Even-Tov Boris Gelman Beni Sharir Eyal Klement 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2015,16(1):87-92
Routine and emergency vaccination of small ruminants against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is mandatory in many endemic countries, yet data on the field effectiveness of the vaccines used is scarce. We conducted an investigation of a serotype O FMD outbreak that took place in a sheep and goat pen, and estimated the effectiveness of various routine vaccination statuses. We also evaluated the protection provided by colostrum administration and emergency vaccination. Animals which were routinely vaccinated twice were not clinically affected while disease incidence was observed among animals routinely vaccinated only once (p = 0.004 according to a two-sided Fisher''s exact test). In groups vaccinated only once, there was a significant association between the average time that elapsed since last vaccination and the disease incidence (n = 5; Spearman correlation coefficient: rs = 1.0, p < 0.01). In addition, non-vaccinated lambs fed colostrum from dams vaccinated more than 2 months before parturition had a mortality rate of 33%. Administration of emergency vaccination 2 days after the occurrence of the index case was the probable reason for the rapid blocking of the FMD spread within 6 days from its onset in the pen. 相似文献
12.
The South African Dorper is an important terminal meat sire breed in Africa that was recently imported into the United States. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Dorper as a terminal meat sire breed for U.S. production. Semen from purebred Dorper sires was used to artificially inseminate Columbia ewes to produce F1 crossbred lambs. Growth and carcass characteristics of F1 Dorper-Columbia lambs (n = 165), F1 Suffolk-Columbia (n = 89), and purebred Columbia lambs (n = 207) were compared based on subsets of the total number of animals. The F1 Dorper lambs grew significantly slower (313 g x d(-1)) and weighed less (29.8 kg) than F1 Suffolk- (357 g x d(-1), 33.5 kg) and Columbia-sired lambs (328 g x d(-1), 31 kg) at 77 d of age. However, at a weaning age of 118 d weaning weight and ADG did not differ (P > 0.20) among sire breed groups. Postweaning growth of F1 Dorper(239 g xd(-1)) wether lambs did not differ from that of purebred Columbia wethers (230 g x d(-1)) but was less than that of F1 Suffolk lambs (259 g x d(-1); P= 0.09). Feed efficiency did not differ among breed types. Breed types had similar dressing percentages (53%), shoulder fat depth (2.8 mm), body wall thickness (3 cm), leg conformation score (Choice), Yield grade (2.4), and Quality grade (Choice). Weight of wholesale shoulders and racks made up approximately 38% of the carcass weight in the Columbia and F1 Suffolk-Columbia type but only 33% in the F1 Dorper-Columbia lambs. However, the more expensive wholesale loins from F1 Dorpers were heavier (P < 0.01) than the other breed types. Total weights of wholesale legs were similar among F1 Dorpers and F1 Suffolks but were heavier than those for the purebred Columbia (P < 0.05). Percentages of total wholesale primal cuts were similar among breed types (P > 0.10). Chemical composition of the carcass did not differ significantly between breed types with a mean composition of 52% moisture, 30% lipid (ether extract), 17% protein, and 0.76% ash. Warner-Bratzler shear force values were less (P < 0.05) and sensory panel ratings for tenderness were significantly more favorable for lamb chops from Dorper sired lambs. Dorper rams can be used as terminal meat sires to produce lambs whose growth rate to 118 d of weaning age, postweaning ADG and feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics are similar to that of Suffolk crossbred lambs and purebred Columbia lambs but with a slight improvement in tenderness. 相似文献
13.
Pmila Carolini Gonalves da Silva Camila Celeste Brando Ferreira Ítavo Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo Marina de Nadai Bonin Gomes Gelson Luís Dias Feij Kedma Leonora Silva Monteiro Ferelli Natlia da Silva Heimbach Jonilson Araújo da Silva Gleice Kelli Ayardes de Melo Marília Williani Filgueira Pereira 《Animal Science Journal》2020,91(1)
Our hypothesis suggests an improvement in carcass and meat quality of pasture‐finished animals by introducing concentrate feed into diets. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of protein‐energy supplementation on carcass and meat characteristics of Texel lambs raised on Brachiaria pastures, and compare the results with those obtained from confined animals. Thirty 2‐month‐old intact lambs were divided into five treatments: pasture with mineral supplementation, pasture containing daily supplies of 0.8, 1.6, and 2.4% BW protein‐energy supplementation, and confinement (reference treatment). All animals were slaughtered 104 days after the beginning of the experiment. Lambs submitted to 1.6% and 2.4% BW supplementation presented similar characteristics to animals kept in confinement and were superior to animals treated with 0 or 0.8% of BW supplementation levels (p < .05). Increases of subcutaneous fat thickness were verified for 0.0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4% BW, and confinement treatments, being respectively of 0.25, 0.74, 1.61, 1.69, and 1.98. Conversely, treatments had no influence on meat physical‐chemical characteristics, being all considered moderately soft, juicy (tender), and with mild tastes and odors. Lambs raised on Brachiaria pastures have high‐quality meat, but more protein‐energy supplementation is needed to be an alternative for the feedlots for young animals. 相似文献
14.
Protection of cattle and swine against foot-and-mouth disease, using biosynthetic peptide vaccines 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
A single dose of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus protein 1 (VP1) peptide, expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with 190 amino acids (AA) of the LE' protein of the tryptophan operon of E coli, elicited an immune response in steers sufficient to withstand the challenge of exposure to animals with acute FMD. The 58-micrograms dose of viral peptide, composed of a segment of the VP1 from the A12 strain (A12) of FMD virus (FMDV; A12-32dimer) in a tandem repeat configuration of AA137 through 168 and emulsified with oil adjuvant, elicited a serologic response in cattle equivalent to that obtained using conventional whole virus vaccines. Two groups of swine were vaccinated, 1 with the A12-32dimer as used in cattle and 1 with AA131 through 157 from VP1 of the A24 strain (A24) of FMDV (A24-peptide), expressed in the same system as A12-32dimer, but as a single copy per molecule. In swine, the 58-micrograms dose of the A12-32dimer repeated at 28 days was an effective immunogen; all swine were protected against A12 and, in addition, the vaccine protected 50% of the swine against A24. The 29-micrograms dose of A24-peptide, administered according to the same schedule, elicited protection against A24 in 50% of the vaccinates and, in addition, protected 25% of those vaccinates against A12. The serologic response elicited by A12-32dimer against A24 virus was considerably greater than the response elicited by A24-peptide against A12 virus. The evidence of multiple immunogenic epitopes between AA131 and AA168 was evaluated. 相似文献
15.
G Mitev P Tekerlekov M Dilovsky D Ognianov E Nikolova 《Archiv fuer experimentelle veterinaermedizin》1978,32(1):29-33
Tests for associated immunization of swine against Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and Vesicular Disease (SVD) of swine were carried out. As a result of this investigation, it was established that the prepared and tested inactivated oil vaccine is harmless and immunogenic in sensitive animals. In investigating the course of immunity, the presence of antibody against both antigens was demonstrated in vaccinated animals. All once-vaccinated animals were defended against the virus of SVD during challenge, and 75% of them were defended against FMD. After revaccination, all immunized swine were defended against infection with both viruses. The question of the quality of the associated vaccine and the possibilities of its massive use in industrial swine rearing was discussed. 相似文献
16.
本试验旨在研究磷酸脲添加量对羔羊生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响,并对磷酸脲在肉羊生产中的安全使用剂量进行评价。试验选用80只杜寒杂交F1代平均体重(25.86±1.06)kg的公羔羊,随机分为5组,每组8个重复,每个重复2只,在精粗比为1∶1的饲粮中分别以0(对照)、0.5%、1%、2%、4%的磷酸脲替代部分豆粕类饲料。预试期为12 d,正试期为60 d。结果表明:1%组的羔羊在各时期平均日增重、宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率均达到最高值;4%组的羔羊在各时期平均日增重、宰前活重、胴体重均极显著低于其他各组(P0.01);与对照组相比,磷酸脲添加量对肉色红度值、p H、滴水损失无显著影响(P0.05);2%组的黄度值显著高于其他各组(P0.05);在剪切力方面,1%组(5.16 kg/cm2)显著高于0.5%组(4.47 kg/cm2)、4%组(3.69 kg/cm2)和对照组(4.21 kg/cm2)(P0.05)。结果提示:磷酸脲可以作为氮磷添加剂用于肉羊饲粮中。羔羊饲粮中的磷酸脲添加量为1%时,羔羊达到最佳生长性能和屠宰性能;当磷酸脲替代比例达到4%时,极显著降低羔羊的平均日增重、胴体重,增加肌肉的亮度值;当磷酸脲替代比例为2%时,为有效安全水平,对羔羊生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质除肌肉黄度值外无显著影响。因此,饲粮中磷酸脲适宜添加量为1%。 相似文献
17.
Developments in diagnostic techniques for differentiating infection from vaccination in foot-and-mouth disease 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically significant disease of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and wild ruminant species. The FMD virus genome encodes a unique polyprotein from which the different viral polypeptides are cleaved by viral proteases, including eight different non-structural proteins (NSPs). Both structural and non-structural antigens induce the production of antibodies in infected animals. In contrast, vaccinated animals which have not been exposed to replicating virus will develop antibodies only to the viral antigens in the inactivated material. Vaccination against FMD is a key element in the control of the disease in addition to slaughter and movement restrictions. However, countries that vaccinate in the event of an outbreak will have to re-establish their FMD free status to the satisfaction of their trading partners.Because currently available vaccines stimulate the production of antibodies indistinguishable from those produced by infected animals in response to live virus and because vaccinated animals can be infected and become carriers of FMD virus, efforts have been made to develop diagnostic test that can differentiate vaccinated animals from those that are convalescent and from those that have been vaccinated and become carriers following subsequent contact with live virus. Currently the detection of antibodies to non-structural protein's (NSPs) is the preferred diagnostic method to distinguish virus infected, carrier, animals from vaccinated animals. However this is currently only possible at the herd level because of the great variability in the initiation, specificity and duration of the immune response in individual animals to the NSPs shown in many studies. Considerable effort and attention is now being directed toward the development of new methods and techniques for the rapid and accurate detection of anti-NSP antibodies, harmonization and standardization of current diagnostic techniques, as well as the production of defined reagents. 相似文献
18.
The effect of defaunating the rumen on growth performance and carcass composition of lambs fed a molasses-urea diet was investigated. Before the growth trial, all the animals were defaunated. Based on live weight and daily gain during a preliminar period, the animals were divided in two groups whereafter one group was refaunated. Defaunation caused a decrease in propionic acid percentage in the rumen. Daily gain and food conversion efficiency were better in the defaunated group, but only during the first five weeks. The response over the whole trial (0-9 weeks) remained positive however. There was a trend towards more meat and less fat in the carcass of defaunated lambs. The fact that two animals died during the defaunation procedure indicates the need for a completely harmless and effective defaunating agent. 相似文献
19.
不同饲喂水平对肉用绵羊生长性能、屠宰性能及器官指数的影响 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
本文旨在研究不同饲喂水平对20～35 kg杜寒杂交公羔的生长性能、屠宰性能和器官指数的影响.采用单因素完全随机区组试验设计,将21只平均体重为(19.14±2.37)kg公羔随机分为3组,按照自由采食(AL组)、自由采食量的70％(IR70组)和自由采食量的40％(IR40组)3个水平饲喂,每组7只羊,每只羊为1个重复.当AL组的试验羊体重达到35 kg时进行屠宰试验,测定生长性能、屠宰性能及重要内脏器官的重量和发育情况.试验期66 d.结果表明:不同的饲喂水平对净增重、平均日增重和干物质采食量有显著的影响(P＜0.05),生长性能和部分屠宰指标表现为相同的变化规律,即AL组＞IR70组＞IR40组,3组之间差异显著(P＜0.05);屠宰率、净肉率和胴体净肉率组间无显著性差异(P＞0.05);AL组瘤胃重占复胃总重比例最高,为67.08％,与IR70组差异不显著(P＞0.05);肝脏重占宰前活重比例以AL组最高,显著高于IR70和IR40组(P＜0.05).结果提示,饲喂水平对肉用绵羊生长性能、复胃的重量与发育、主要生理器官的发育具有不同程度的影响;本试验结果与NRC( 2007)肉羊的饲养标准有一定的差距. 相似文献
20.
Jay-Russell MT Bates A Harden L Miller WG Mandrell RE 《Zoonoses and public health》2012,59(5):314-319
We report the isolation of Campylobacter species from the same population of feral swine that was investigated in San Benito County, California, during the 2006 spinach-related Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak. This is the first survey of Campylobacter in a free-ranging feral swine population in the United States. Campylobacter species were cultured from buccal and rectal-anal swabs, colonic faeces and tonsils using a combination of selective enrichment and antibiotic-free membrane filtration methods. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS, Bruker Daltonics, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA) was used to identify species followed by confirmatory multiplex PCR or 16S rRNA sequencing. Genetic relatedness of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains was determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and porA allele sequencing. Altogether, 12 (40%) of 30 feral swine gastrointestinal and oral cavity specimens were positive, and six species were isolated: Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter hyointestinalsis, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lanienae and Campylobacter sputorum. Campylobacter jejuni subtypes were closely related to MLST sequence type 21 (ST-21) and had identical porA sequences. Campylobacter coli subtypes were unrelated to isolates in the pubMLST/porA database. This feral swine population lived in close association with a 'grassfed' beef cattle herd adjacent to spinach and other leafy green row crop fields. The findings underscore the importance of protecting raw vegetable crops from faecal contamination by wild or feral animals. The study also illustrates a potential risk of Campylobacter exposure for hunters during handling and processing of wild swine meat. 相似文献