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1.
不同去根处理对夏玉米根系形态及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,研究在7.5万株/hm~2条件下大喇叭口期、吐丝期去根处理对植株根系形态及产量的影响。结果表明,吐丝期去根处理的植株穗粒数、千粒重和产量较不去根处理的植株分别提高8.70%、4.74%和1.98%;大喇叭口期去根处理的植侏分别降低16.53%、10.29%和2.74%。吐丝期去根处理的植株地上部总干物重和分配至果穗中的干物质比例最高,较对照分别增加0.72%和4.96%。两种去根处理显著增加0~10 cm土层内的根系长度,尤其增加0.5~1.0 mm毛细根的数量,利于对耕层水分和营养的吸收。大喇叭口期去根处理增加各土层内的根系表面积和根体积,吐丝期去根处理增加0~10 cm土层内的根系表面积和根体积。密植高产玉米群体存在根系冗余,在玉米吐丝期适当去根处理对玉米产量的提高具有促进作用。 相似文献
2.
长期定位施肥对砂姜黑土小麦根系性状和根冠比的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为了解长期定位施肥下砂姜黑土区小麦根系的生长发育状况,研究了5种长期不同施肥模式对该区小麦根系性状和根冠比的影响。结果表明,长期单施有机肥(M)小麦的总根长、总根表面积、总根体积、总根尖数、总根分叉数、根干重皆高于长期单施化肥(NPK),其中,开花期M处理小麦的总根体积、总根尖数、总根分叉数、根干重显著高于NPK处理,根直径M与NPK处理间差异不显著。长期有机肥与化肥配施传统施氮量(MNPK)与有机肥与化肥配施高施氮量(HMNPK)处理间小麦的总根长、总根表面积、平均根直径、总根体积、总根分叉数差异皆不显著,而MNPK处理小麦的总根尖数和开花期的根干重显著高于HMNPK处理。长期有机肥与化肥配施相对于长期单施化肥和有机肥可以明显改善小麦根系性状,其中,开花期MNPK和HMNPK处理小麦的总根长、总根表面积、总根体积、总根尖数、总根分叉数显著高于NPK和M处理,而MNPK和HMNPK处理小麦的平均根直径与M处理差异不显著。长期不施肥(CK)小麦的根系性状各指标显著低于其他各施肥处理。拔节期CK处理小麦的根冠比最低,其次为HMNPK,NPK、M、MNPK处理间的根冠比差异皆不显著,开花期HMNPK处理小麦的根冠比最低,其次为MNPK。研究认为,在改善根系性状方面,长期有机肥与化肥配施的效果最优,其次为长期单施有机肥、长期单施化肥;有机肥与化肥配施下施氮量偏高并不利于根系的改善,增加施氮量会降低根冠比。 相似文献
3.
《中国油料作物学报》2017,(6)
通过设置盆栽试验,研究不同钙肥梯度与覆膜栽培对湖南低钙红壤花生根系形态发育特征与产量的影响。结果表明:施钙肥对根系生物量影响较小,覆膜显著增加了根系生物量、总根系长度、体积、表面积。露地栽培Ca50处理(折合每公顷施熟石灰750kg)总根系长度、表面积及体积与Ca0(未施用钙肥)相比,提高幅度分别为49.48%、39.07%、27.91%,Ca25(折合每公顷施熟石灰375kg)与Ca50处理0~20cm土层内根长密度分布比例分别比Ca0处理高13.53%和17.22%。同一钙肥处理下,覆膜栽培不同土层根系表面积和体积表现高于露地栽培。露地栽培中不同钙肥处理根系表面积和体积在0~20cm和40cm以下土层大小顺序为Ca50Ca25Ca0,Ca50处理比Ca0提高54.99%、35.97%。总根系长度、0~20cm土层内根系长度和表面积与产量呈极显著正相关,总根系表面积与产量呈显著正相关。钙肥与覆膜有利于湖南低钙红壤花生0~20cm土层内侧根及根毛的生长,增加不同土层根系表面积和体积,有利于获得高植株群体质量、产量和收获指数。 相似文献
4.
探讨玉米-大豆轮作条件下，降低生产成本、减少环境污染的大豆施肥模式，是目前东北大豆生产需要解决的技术问题。本研究基于建立的玉米-大豆轮作体系设置了5种施肥处理，分别为：T1：玉米施用化肥，大豆不施肥；T2：玉米施用化肥，大豆施用有机肥；T3：玉米施用化肥，大豆施用1/2量的化肥；T4：玉米施用化肥，大豆施用化肥；T5：玉米与大豆所需化肥总量一次性全部施入到玉米种植年份，大豆不施肥。分析了不同施肥模式对大豆不同生育期0~10、10~20、20~30cm土层深度内大豆根系干物质积累、根系形态特征时空变化以及与产量的关系。结果表明，经两个轮作周期，T2处理大豆产量最高为 2959kg·hm-2，比T4处理显著高出7.3%，产量提高主要体现在大豆的株高、主茎节数、单株荚数和单株粒数等性状的改善，而T1、T3、T5处理的大豆产量比T4处理显著低出15.4%，8.5%和5.0%。T2处理显著增加了大豆R6期0~10cm土层的根重密度，比T4处理显著高出42.3%，且与产量呈显著正相关，相关系数为0.655(p < 0.01)；T2处理也明显增加了大豆R1期0~10、10~20cm土层以及R6期20~30cm土层的根长密度，分别比T4处理显著高出25.3%、71.3%和27.6%，且与产量呈显著正相关，相关系数为0.692 (p < 0.01)。与T4处理相比，尽管T3处理显著增加了大豆R1期10~20、20~30cm土层的根重密度和R6期10~20cm土层的根长密度及根表面积密度，但均与产量呈显著负相关。T4处理只显著增加R1期单位体积的根表面积，而对大豆根平均直径和其它时期单位体积的根表面积的影响不大。因此，不同施肥措施影响大豆根系特征及其产量的关系问题比较复杂。施用有机肥可通过增加表土层根的重量以及深土层根的长度从而提高大豆的产量。因此在有机肥源供应充足的地区，玉米、大豆两区轮作基础上，玉米收获后秋施15t·hm-2有机肥，是提高大豆产量，降低生产成本，减轻化肥应用负面环境影响的替代措施。 相似文献
5.
生物炭对玉米根系特性及产量的影响 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
采用大田试验研究生物炭对郑单958产量和不同生育时期根系生长、形态特征及生理特性的影响,明确生物炭对玉米根系与产量的效应,探明生物炭在玉米生产上应用的潜力与价值。结果表明,土壤中施入生物炭能增加玉米根系的总根长、根体积和根干重,提高玉米根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积。在玉米生育后期,生物炭在一定程度上延缓了根系衰老,成熟期施生物炭处理根系活力分别比对照高48.12%和42.71%;同时维持了较为适宜的根冠比,根系生理功能增强;添加生物炭后郑单958最高产量达12 076.35 kg/hm2,比对照增产10.23%,具体表现为穗长、穗行数、行粒数和百粒重的提高。 相似文献
6.
不同形态氮肥对大豆根系形态及磷效率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用框栽试验方法,研究生物固氮(CK),NO-3-N,NH+4-N,Glycin-N,Protein-N和Urea-N 6种不同形态氮素对大豆各生育时期根系生物量、根冠比、根系形态及磷效率的影响.结果表明:不同形态N处理对大豆根系生物量、根系形态特征(根长、根体积、根表面积及根尖数等)及磷吸收、利用效率影响不同,随着生育期的推进,NO-3-N和Protein-N均显著高于其它处理,但二者之间差异不显著;Glycin-N,Urea-N和NH+4-N均高于CK(生物固氮),但Glycin-N、Urea-N和NH+4-N处理间差异不显著.不同形态N处理的根干重、根长、根体积、根表面积均高于CK,而根冠比、平均直径以及磷利用效率则低于CK. 相似文献
7.
碱胁迫对花生幼苗根系形态及干物质累积的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国油料作物学报》2017,(2)
探讨花生对碱胁迫的响应机制及耐碱阈值,可为盐碱地花生合理种植提供依据。采用盆栽试验,研究了不同碱性土壤(pH值为8.5、9.0和10.0)对两个不同类型花生品种(大花生花育22和小花生花育20)幼苗根系形态、农艺性状及植株干物质累积的影响。结果表明:(1)pH8.5处理对花生植株的抑制作用相对较小,两个花生品种仅根长及植株干重略低于对照(pH6.0处理)。(2)随土壤pH值升高,花生根系受抑制程度增加。pH9.0条件下,花育20的总根长、根体积及根表面积较对照分别降低73.3%、61.3%和65.5%,花育22分别降低69.6%、55.1%和63.9%。pH10.0条件下,花育20上述三个指标较对照分别降低98.9%、81.1%和96.6%,花育22分别降低98.8%、85.1%和96.8%。花生直径0~1mm根系长度、体积及表面积所占比例随pH值升高呈降低趋势,直径2mm以上根系所占比例增加,pH10.0处理更为明显。(3)高pH碱胁迫(pH9.0和10.0)抑制了花生地上部生长,表现为叶面积下降、各器官干物质重及根冠比降低。pH9.0条件下,花育20和花育22的整株干重分别比对照降低43.0%和29.4%;pH10.0条件下,干重分别降低74.8%和69.7%。综合各性状,花生种植土壤pH不宜超过8.5,花育22耐碱性好于花育20。 相似文献
8.
为研究规模化稻鸭共生对水稻根系特性与产量及其构成因素的影响,于2019年4~7月在湖南省浏阳市开展了田间大区比较试验.结果表明,相比对照(常规生产模式),稻鸭共生水稻分蘖盛期根长、根干重和根冠比提高,根体积与单茎伤流强度显著提高,分别提高了200.00%和77.58%;齐穗期根干重和单茎伤流强度降低,根长、白根数、根体积和根冠比显著降低,分别降低了38.13%、47.24%、30.76%和36.84%.稻鸭共生提高了水稻产量,较对照提高9.53%;相比对照,稻鸭共生显著提高了单株有效穗数、每穗总粒数和结实率,分别提高了17.37%、19.59%、3.19%,但显著降低了千粒重,较对照降低9.40%.因此,规模化稻鸭共生可以促进水稻生长,提高水稻产量. 相似文献
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为寻求能够用于鉴定与评价不同类型氮素营养效率稻种资源苗期的特征性状，以88个不同类型氮素利用效率（NUE）、氮素吸收效率（NAE）和氮素利用效率响应度（NUER）的稻种资源为研究对象，系统分析了苗期15个性状的差异性。结果表明：（1）不同类型氮素营养效率稻种资源苗期15个性状在低、中、高3种类型间差异性不尽相同，在低、中、高效NUE间存在显著或极显著差异的性状有6个（占比40.0%），在低、中、高效NAE间和低、中、高响应NUER间均为10个（占比66.7%），即获得高效NUE、高效NAE和高响应NUER的途径是不同的；（2）差异显著或极显著的性状对不同类型氮素营养效率影响程度大小亦不完全相同，对NUE的影响为植株含氮量>倒3叶SPAD值>单株根表面积>单株地上部干重>单株总干重>单株总根长，对NAE的影响为单株总干重>单株根干重>单株总根长>单株地上部干重>植株含氮量>单株根数>单株根表面积>倒3叶SPAD值>单株根体积>单株黄叶数，对NUER的影响为单株总根长>单株根表面积>单株地上部干... 相似文献
11.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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13.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
17.
Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
18.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
19.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
20.
Résumé
Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences
d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les
champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents
en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.
Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.
Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.相似文献