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1.
Pappu S Gunnell Y Akhilesh K Braucher R Taieb M Demory F Thouveny N 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6024):1596-1599
South Asia is rich in Lower Paleolithic Acheulian sites. These have been attributed to the Middle Pleistocene on the basis of a small number of dates, with a few older but disputed age estimates. Here, we report new ages from the excavated site of Attirampakkam, where paleomagnetic measurements and direct (26)Al/(10)Be burial dating of stone artifacts now position the earliest Acheulian levels as no younger than 1.07 million years ago (Ma), with a pooled average age of 1.51 ± 0.07 Ma. These results reveal that, during the Early Pleistocene, India was already occupied by hominins fully conversant with an Acheulian technology including handaxes and cleavers among other artifacts. This implies that a spread of bifacial technologies across Asia occurred earlier than previously accepted. 相似文献
2.
Pressure flaking has been considered to be an Upper Paleolithic innovation dating to ~20,000 years ago (20 ka). Replication experiments show that pressure flaking best explains the morphology of lithic artifacts recovered from the ~75-ka Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. The technique was used during the final shaping of Still Bay bifacial points made on heat-treated silcrete. Application of this innovative technique allowed for a high degree of control during the detachment of individual flakes, resulting in thinner, narrower, and sharper tips on bifacial points. This technology may have been first invented and used sporadically in Africa before its later widespread adoption. 相似文献
3.
Haynes CV 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1980,210(4465):68-71
The Sadat Canal, now under construction, is designed to drain excess water from Lake Nasser to the Western Desert by way of Wadi Tushka, a sand-filled, dry-wash tributary of the Nile 34 kilometers north of Abu Simbel. Core-drilling logs made by the Aswan High Dam Authority prior to excavation of the Sadat Canal and along 48 kilometers of its axis reveal as much as 33 meters of unconsolidated sand and gravel over Mesozoic bedrock and under surficial dune sand and playa muds of Holocene age. Excavation of the canal revealed Acheulean artifacts 6.7 meters below the surface in fluvial sediments capped by a buried, red calcic paleosol. These data are interpreted as evidence for the existence of a major tributary of the Nile during the late middle Pleistocene. The tributary drained the Kiseiba-Dungul Depression and possibly the Kharga Depression as well. Chalcedony-armored mudstones in the depressions are believed to be saline lake deposits possibly related to a lake that drained to the Nile by way of Wadi Tushka, thus entrenching the divide between the depression and the valley. Gross correlations with Pleistocene deposits of the Nile Valley and the Kharga Depression are based upon archeological evidence only until more precise geochronology can be applied to the problem. 相似文献
4.
Kilimanjaro ice core records: evidence of holocene climate change in tropical Africa 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Thompson LG Mosley-Thompson E Davis ME Henderson KA Brecher HH Zagorodnov VS Mashiotta TA Lin PN Mikhalenko VN Hardy DR Beer J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5593):589-593
Six ice cores from Kilimanjaro provide an approximately 11.7-thousand-year record of Holocene climate and environmental variability for eastern equatorial Africa, including three periods of abrupt climate change: approximately 8.3, approximately 5.2, and approximately 4 thousand years ago (ka). The latter is coincident with the "First Dark Age," the period of the greatest historically recorded drought in tropical Africa. Variable deposition of F- and Na+ during the African Humid Period suggests rapidly fluctuating lake levels between approximately 11.7 and 4 ka. Over the 20th century, the areal extent of Kilimanjaro's ice fields has decreased approximately 80%, and if current climatological conditions persist, the remaining ice fields are likely to disappear between 2015 and 2020. 相似文献
5.
[目的]从群体的角度,初步探讨细胞色素b（Cytb）基因标记绵羊种内亲缘关系。[方法]用PCR方法扩增出滩羊和洼地绵羊2个地方绵羊品种共112个个体的线粒体DNA（m tDNA）Cytb基因,用限制性内切酶EcoRΙ对其进行限制性长度多态性（RFLP）分析。[结果]在56个滩羊样品中,有51个个体检测到1个酶切位点,5个个体没有检测到切点,呈现出2种限制性态型。在56个洼地绵羊样品中均能检测到酶切位点,表现为1种限制性态型。[结论]受试绵羊品种线粒体DNA多态性较贫乏,且m tDNA Cytb基因在绵羊品种内、品种间都有很强的保守性。因此,Cytb基因标记绵羊种内亲缘关系有一定的局限性。 相似文献
6.
Fluvial sediments in paleovaileys cut in the Ashburton surface of the Davenport province of central Australia form terrace remnants that appear to retain their original depositional tops and have probably existed as subaerial landforms since their inception. Marine fossils in sediments conformable with the fluvial sediments near the southeast margin of the province give a Cambrian age for the terraces; the Ashburton surface forming the ridgetops between the paleovalleys is Cambrian or older. 相似文献
7.
Varying the calcium, phosphorus, carbonate, and lactate content of the diet was shown to affect the deposition in bone of Sr(89) to a degree quite different from concurrent effects on Ca(45) deposition. The influence of these findings on the evaluation of the Sr(90) fallout hazard is discussed. 相似文献
8.
Ludwig KR Simmons KR Szabo BJ Winograd IJ Landwehr JM Riggs AC Hoffman RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1992,258(5080):284-287
The Devils Hole calcite vein contains a long-term climatic record, but requires accurate chronologic control for its interpretation. Mass-spectrometric U-series ages for samples from core DH-11 yielded (230)Th ages with precisions ranging from less than 1,000 years (2sigma) for samples younger than approximately 140 ka (thousands of years ago) to less than 50,000 years for the oldest samples ( approximately 566 ka). The (234)U/(238)U ages could be determined to a precision of approximately 20,000 years for all ages. Calcite accumulated continuously from 566 ka until approximately 60 ka at an average rate of 0.7 millimeter per 10(3) years. The precise agreement between replicte analyses and the concordance of the (230)Th/(238)U (234)U/(238)U ages for the oldest samples indicate that the DH-11 samples were closed systems and validate the dating technique in general. 相似文献
9.
Phillips FM Zreda MG Smith SS Elmore D Kubik PW Sharma P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,248(4962):1529-1532
Deposits from mountain glaciers provide an important record of Quaternary climatic fluctuations but have proved difficult to date directly. A chronology has been obtained for glacial deposits at Bloody Canyon, California, by measurement ofthe accumulation of chlorine-36 produced by cosmic rays in boulders exposed on moraine crests. The accumulation ofchlorine-36 indicates that episodes of glaciation occurred at about 21, 24, 65, 115, 145, and 200 ka (thousand years ago). Although the timing of the glaciations correlates well with peaks of global ice volume inferred from the marine oxygen isotope record, the relative magnitudes differ markedly. The lengths of the moraines dating from 115 ka and 65 ka show that the early glacial episodes were more extensive than those during the later Wisconsin and indicate that the transition from interglacial to full glacial conditions was rapid. 相似文献
10.
[目的]分析利比亚Wadi Bay干谷地区地下水水化学特征的形成原因,为地下水资源合理开发利用以及地下水环境保护提供科学依据。[方法]以利比亚Wadi Bay干谷地区为例,运用Piper三线图示法、描述性统计、离子比例系数法、同位素证据,系统研究了利比亚Wadi Bay地区干旱气候条件下浅层地下水特殊的水化学特征。[结果]区域地下水含盐量很高,矿化度(TDS)在3.2～8.4 g/L,地下水类型主要为Cl.SO4-Na.Ca,其次为Cl.SO4-Na.Ca.Mg;地下水中Cl-、Na+、SO42-等在距海70 km处浓度产生突变,而Mn2+、Ba2+、Si2+、NH4+与NO3-并无同样突变现象。[结论]利比亚Wadi Bay干谷地区浅层地下水水化学特征与溶虑作用、蒸发浓缩作用以及人类活动关系不大,主要成因为海水入侵过程中的咸、淡水混合作用。 相似文献
11.
The evolutionary success of planktic calcifiers during the Phanerozoic stabilized the climate system by introducing a new mechanism that acts to buffer ocean carbonate-ion concentration: the saturation-dependent preservation of carbonate in sea-floor sediments. Before this, buffering was primarily accomplished by adjustment of shallow-water carbonate deposition to balance oceanic inputs from weathering on land. Neoproterozoic ice ages of near-global extent and multimillion-year duration and the formation of distinctive sedimentary (cap) carbonates can thus be understood in terms of the greater sensitivity of the Precambrian carbon cycle to the loss of shallow-water environments and CO2-climate feedback on ice-sheet growth. 相似文献
12.
采用离子溶液原位反应法,研究了不同反应温度下碳酸钙在竹纤维上的沉积情况及其对单根竹纤维拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:温度对附着在竹纤维表面的碳酸钙晶粒尺寸及形貌有明显影响,随着温度的升高,碳酸钙由分散性较好的不规则四面体单晶逐渐团聚生长为球形或椭球形;25℃下碳酸钙粒径较均匀,附着量最高,纳米碳酸钙颗粒填充了纤维上的微孔。所有附着碳酸钙的单根竹纤维拉伸性能均有所改善,这可能与填充的碳酸钙颗粒承受纤维孔隙传递的应力有关。CaCO3沉积情况对竹单根纤维力学性能的影响显著,25℃条件下改性慈竹纤维的拉伸强度和弹性模量最高,与未改性纤维相比,分别提高了30.50%和32.71%。 相似文献
13.
[目的]分析利比亚WadiBay干谷地区地下水水化学特征的形成原因,为地下水资源合理开发利用以及地下水环境保护提供科学依据。[方法]以利比亚Wadi 8Bay（Bay干谷）地区为例,运用Piper三线图示法、描述性统计、离子比例系数法、同位素证据,系统研究了利比亚WadiBay地区干旱气候条件下浅层地下水特殊的水化学特征。[结果]区域地下水含盐量很高,矿化度（TDS）在3.2～8.4g/L,地下水类型主要为Cl、SO4--Na、Ca,其次为Cl.SO4-Na、Ca、Mg;地下水中Cl-、Na＋、SO42-等在距海70km处浓度产生突变,而Mn2＋、Ba2＋、Si2＋、NH4＋与NO3-并无同样突变现象。[结论]比亚WadiBay干谷地区浅层地下水水化学特征与溶虑作用、蒸发浓缩作用以及人类活动关系不大,主要成因为海水入侵过程中的咸淡水混合作用。 相似文献
14.
Climate and vegetation history of the midcontinent from 75 to 25 ka: A speleothem record from crevice cave, missouri, USA 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Four Missouri stalagmites yield consistent overlapping records of oxygen and carbon isotopic changes and provide a climate and vegetation history with submillennial resolution from 75 to 25 thousand years ago (ka). The thorium-230-dated records reveal that between 75 and 55 ka, the midcontinental climate oscillated on millennial time scales between cold and warm, and vegetation alternated among forest, savanna, and prairie. Temperatures were highest and prairie vegetation peaked between 59 and 55 ka. Climate cooled and forest replaced grassland at 55 ka, when global ice sheets began to build during the early part of Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 3. 相似文献
15.
Dating by accelerator mass spectrometry of wooden artifacts, cord, and charcoal samples from Guitarrero Cave, Peru, supports the antiquity of South America's earliest textiles and other perishable remains. The new dates are consistent with those obtained from disintegration counters and leave little doubt about the integrity of the lower Preceramic layers and their early cultivars. Re-evaluation of the mode of deposition suggests that most of the remains resulted from short-term use of the cave in the eighth millennium B.C., with a possible brief human visit as early as 12,560 years ago. 相似文献
16.
不同农业利用条件对黄土胶结物质组成与团聚特征的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以陕西安塞自然植被土壤和农田土壤(包括施有机肥、施无机肥、不施肥对照)为研究对象,通过分析各粒级团粒中有机质和碳酸钙的分布特征及去除胶结物质前后的粒度组成,探讨不同农业利用条件对黄土团聚特征的影响。结果表明:不同利用方式下的土壤均以粒径0.05 mm(45%~65%)和粒径0.002~0.05 mm(30%~45%)的团粒为主;相对于自然土壤,农业活动对粗粒级团粒中碳酸钙的溶解再沉淀过程具有促进作用,增加粒径0.002mm次生碳酸钙含量;不施肥和施用无机肥显著降低粒径0.002 mm团粒的有机质含量,而施用有机肥显著增加粒径0.05mm和粒径0.002mm团粒的有机质含量,有利于大团聚体(250~1 000μm)的形成;逐步去除胶结物质过程中,不同利用方式的土壤团粒逐渐破碎,粒度分布曲线和累计曲线均向左不同程度推移。不同利用方式的土壤中碳酸钙和有机质均对土壤颗粒产生胶结作用,且施用有机肥的土壤中碳酸盐和有机质的胶结团聚作用最强。 相似文献
17.
U-Pb ages from the neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
U-Pb zircon dates from volcanic ash beds within the Doushantuo Formation (China) indicate that its deposition occurred between 635 and 551 million years ago. The base records termination of the global-scale Marinoan glaciation and is coeval with similar dated rocks from Namibia, indicating synchronous deglaciation. Carbon isotopic and sequence-stratigraphic data imply that the spectacular animal fossils of the Doushantuo Formation are for the most part younger than 580 million years old. The uppermost Doushantuo Formation contains a pronounced negative carbonate carbon isotopic excursion, which we interpret as a global event at circa 551 million years ago. 相似文献
18.
Magnetostratigraphic studies are widely used in conjunction with the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) to date events in the range 0 to 5 million years ago. A critical tie point on the GPTS is the potassium-argon age of the most recent (Brunhes-Matuyama) geomagnetic field reversal. Astronomical values for the forcing frequencies observed in the oxygen isotope record in Ocean Drilling Project site 677 suggest that the age of this last reversal is 780 ka (thousand years ago), whereas the potassium-argon-based estimate is 730 ka. Results from 4039; Ar incremental heating studies on a series of lavas from Maui that straddle the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal give an age of 783 + 11 ka, in agreement with the astronomically derived value. The astronomically based technique appears to be a viable tool for dating young sedimentary sequences. 相似文献
19.
Henry DO 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,265(5170):336-341
Research in the mountains of southern Jordan resulted in the discovery of 109 archaeological sites that are from the Lower Paleolithic to the Chalcolithic period [150 to 6 thousand years ago (ka)]. Beginning with the Middle Paleolithic (70 ka) two site types (long-term and ephemeral camps) are recognized. Long-term sites have larger areas, thicker deposits, higher artifact densities, and more abundant archaeological features than ephemeral sites. Their natural settings (elevation and exposure) and associated seasonal evidence (phytolith and cementum increment data) indicate that long-term sites were occupied during the winter, wet season and ephemeral sites during the warm, dry season. These differences in site use and seasonality likely reflect an adaptive strategy of transhumance that persisted to modern Bedouin times. At the end of the Pleistocene, the onset of warmer, drier conditions induced a shift of the long-term winter camps from relatively low (800 to 1000 meters above sea level) to high (1000 to 1250 meters above sea level) elevations and largely reversed the earlier transhumant pattern. 相似文献
20.
Wendorf F Schild R El Hadidi N Close AE Kobusiewicz M Wieckowska H Issawi B Haas H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1979,205(4413):1341-1347
Several grains of barley have been recovered from archeological sites at Wadi Kubbaniya, near Aswan in Egypt. The sites are typical Late Paleolithic and are firmly dated between 18,300 and 17,000 years ago. They seem to represent a very early use of ground grain in the Nile Valley, and evidence is presented for its continued use over the subsequent 6000 years. The Egyptian findings possibly record an initial stage of food production, and if they indeed do, then they suggest that food production may not have been brought about by environmental stress and may not have led inevitably to radical social changes. 相似文献