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1.
肝纤维化动物模型研究进展 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
肝纤维化是肝损伤后的修复反应,涉及一系列复杂的细胞及分子机制,如何制作和选择与人类肝纤维化相似的动物模型,不仅是深入研究肝纤维化发病机制的重要基础,也是筛选防治肝纤维化药物的有效手段.文章介绍了目前常用的几种肝纤维化动物模型的造模方法,即给实验动物施以不同性质、不同剂量以及不同作用方式的肝毒剂,造成不同类型的肝纤维化模型.通过比较各种方法的致病机理、造模途径、效果、优缺点和各自用途,提出了肝纤维化动物模型的选择依据及研究方向. 相似文献
2.
In human medicine, the defined daily dose is used as a technical measure of drug usage, which is independent of the variations in the potency of the active compound and the formulation of the pharmaceutical product—therefore providing a measure of the relative importance of different drugs. A national system of animal defined daily doses (ADD) for each age-group and species has been defined in VetStat (the Danish national system monitoring veterinary therapeutic drug use). The usage is further standardized according to the number of animals in the target population, acquired from production data on the national level or on herd size by species and age in the Danish central husbandry register (CHR). Statistics based on standardized measures of VetStat data can be used for comparison of drug usage between different herds, veterinary practices, or geographic regions (allowing subdivision by animal species and animal production class, route of administration, disease categories, season and geographic location). Individual statistics are available as interactive reports to the control authorities, farmers and veterinary practitioners by a secure access to the database. The ADD also is used in pharmaco-epidemiogical research and to assist in the interpretation of resistance-surveillance data. 相似文献
3.
Chronic inflammatory liver disease regardless of aetiology leads to failing regeneration and fibrosis, ending in cirrhosis. Both in man and in animals this worldwide health problem has no definitive cure. Chronic liver injury causes hepatic stellate cells to proliferate and differentiate into matrix-producing cells. New therapeutic options will be developed upon detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving liver fibrosis. This may lead to new anti-fibrotic therapies which need to be tested in suitable models before application in the veterinary and human clinic. On the other side, to restore the failing regenerative capacity of the diseased liver cells, adult progenitor cells are of interest, as an alternative to whole organ transplantation. In order to find the most suitable large animal model it is important to recognise that the typical histopathological reaction pattern of the liver can differ between mammalian species. It is therefore imperative that specialists in veterinary internal medicine and pathology, being familiar with the diseases and pathologies of the liver in different animal species, are teaming-up in finding the best models for veterinary and human liver diseases. Several large animal models have been mentioned, like pigs, sheep, and dogs. Based on the observations that man and dog share the same hepatopathies and have identical clinical, pathological and pathogenetic reaction patterns during the development of liver disease, the dog seems to be a properly suited species to test new therapeutic strategies for pets and their best friends. 相似文献
4.
Neurophysiological techniques are widely applied to animals, both in the search as a monitor for adequacy of anaesthesia, and studies to assess the efficacy of analgesic agents. Laboratory animals have been extensively used in models to investigate pain in man. However a substantial number of studies have also used neurophysiological techniques to increase knowledge of pain in specific animal species, with the aim of improving animal welfare. This review provides an overview of neurophysiological techniques involving the brain that have been used in the assessment of pain in animals. An explanation of the methodology of EEG recording, with particular emphasis on veterinary studies, is given. Neurophysiological models developed to assess pain in different species are described, and their relevance to advancements in animal welfare or best clinical practice indicated. 相似文献
5.
Ketloy C Engering A Srichairatanakul U Limsalakpetch A Yongvanitchit K Pichyangkul S Ruxrungtham K 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2008,125(1-2):18-30
Antigen presenting cells (APCs), especially dendritic cells (DCs), play a crucial role in immune responses against infections by sensing microbial invasion through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In this regard, TLR ligands are attractive candidates for use in humans and animal models as vaccine adjuvants. So far, no studies have been performed on TLR expression in non-human primates such as rhesus macaques. Therefore, we studied the TLR expression patterns in different subsets of APC in rhesus macaques and compared them to similar APC subsets in human. Also, expression was compared with corresponding DC subsets from different organs from mice. Here we show by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, that blood DC subsets of rhesus macaque expressed the same sets of TLRs as those of human but substantially differed from mouse DC subsets. Macaque myeloid DCs (MDCs) expressed TLR3, 4, 7 and 8 whereas macaque plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) expressed only TLR7 and 9. Additionally, TLR expression patterns in macaque monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs) (i.e., TLR3, 4, 8 and 9), monocytes (i.e., TLR4, 7, and 8) and B cells (i.e., TLR4, 7, 8, and 9) were also similar to their human counterparts. However, the responsiveness of macaque APCs to certain TLR ligands partially differed from that of human in terms of phenotype differentiation and cytokine production. Strikingly, in contrast to human mo-DCs, no IL-12p70 production was observed when macaque mo-DCs were stimulated with TLR ligands. In addition, CD40 and CD86 phenotypic responses to TLR8 ligand (poly U) in mo-DCs of macaque were higher than that of human. Despite these functional differences, our results provide important information for a rational design of animal models in evaluating TLR ligands as adjuvant in vivo. 相似文献
6.
Hart WS Heuzenroeder MW Barton MD 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2006,53(7):333-340
Experiments to demonstrate the transfer of genes within a natural environment are technically difficult because of the unknown numbers and strains of bacteria present, as well as difficulties designing adequate control experiments. The results of such studies should be viewed within the limits of the experimental design. Most experiments to date have been based on artificial models, which only give approximations of the real-life situation. The current study uses more natural models and provides information about tetracycline resistance as it occurs in wild-type bacteria within the environment of the normal intestinal tract of an animal. Tetracycline sensitive, nalidixic acid resistant Escherichia coli isolates of human origin were administered to mice and chicken animal models. They were monitored for acquisition of tetracycline resistance from indigenous or administered donor E. coli. Five sets of in vivo experiments demonstrated unequivocal transfer of tetracycline resistance to tetracycline sensitive recipients. The addition of tetracycline in the drinking water of the animals increased the probability of transfer between E. coli strains originating from the same animal species. The co-transfer of unselected antibiotic resistance in animal models was also demonstrated. 相似文献
7.
畜禽遗传资源的经济价值评估 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
畜禽遗传资源的生物多样性的减少正在成为动物保护和品种改良研究中最受关注的问题。为了提高动物保护和育种方案的决策制定能力,各国的学者提出了许多相关的经济价值评估方法。本文从经济学角度分析了畜禽遗传资源的经济价值及其范畴,对其相关的评估方法进行了回顾。其中包括线性规划与农场模拟模型、估计研究和发展价值的动态模型以及估计育种性状需求的计量经济学模型等内容。农场规划和模拟模型已经发展得很完善,但它们需要大量的数据信息。目前最可取的方法是假设价值评估方法,当目标为获取品种的非市场经济价值时尤其如此。 相似文献
8.
胚胎干细胞的研究与应用 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）是由早期胚胎内细胞团或盈儿原始生殖细胞分离克隆出的具有发育全能性的细胞，是动物多种组织细胞的祖细胞。由于ES细胞与克隆动物、转基因动物、组织工程、临床克隆治疗和发育生物学、遗传学以及昨动物疾病模型等研究与应用的关系密切，引起广大学者的关注和兴趣。尤其是从1999年以来，人类ES细胞研究取得很大进展，人们渴望该技术尽快成熟，应用于临床医学克隆治疗，在世界范围内掀起了ES细胞的研究热潮。海峡两岸应组织多学科、多行业、多单位的科技工作者协同攻关，使该项研究尽快取得突破性进展。 相似文献
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Community animal health services (CAHS) have been promoted since the 1970s by aid organizations in low-income countries to improve the health of animals. They are also thought to improve directly the wealth and health or livelihood of their owners. We have systematically searched for observational studies of basic preventive and curative animal health services provided by a community animal health worker in communities in low-income countries. The objective was to summarize the available research on the effects of CAHS on indicators for household wealth and health. Studies for inclusion were assessed independently according to predefined eligibility criteria, the methodological quality of the studies examined, and data extracted. Fourteen studies of varying methodological quality met the inclusion criteria. The results were unclear in four studies, and in the remaining studies it was difficult to summarize the results because they reported different outcomes. However, the studies report that CAHS has a considerable potential for improving human health and wealth as well as animal health and productivity. Given the amount of money and time invested in this area, these observations need to be confirmed in the context of a well-designed study using standard pragmatic outcomes. 相似文献
11.
Economics seeks to understand and explain the allocation of resources within society and to suggest appropriate policy to achieve goals such as optimal efficiency. Relating antimicrobial use and antibiotic resistance is a complex task and requires very clear and careful analyses of many relationships. To address these relationships, antibiotic use data must be linked with other basic data. Ideally, a complex relational database needs to be developed. These must include data on: antimicrobial usage, farm-level animal productivity, basic disease, basic farm management, consumer response, and antimicrobial resistance at multiple levels (farm, during process, on a variety of both animal, vegetable and grain-derived food products, from humans, from other animal species, and from the environment) among other data. Such a complex relational database can help with the attribution and risk assessment process. Also these linked data are needed in order to develop the economic production models and other economic models, as well as control for confounding so that there is both adequate and appropriate statistical control. Antimicrobial usage data may become economically important for reasons unrelated to animal productivity and animal health. With expanding global trade of animals and animal products, there have been changes in restrictions and regulations associated with the movement of products. Future trade opportunities may be linked to antimicrobial usage. The European Union banned the use of antimicrobials for growth-promoting purposes based on perceived risk and on public opinion. Monitoring antimicrobial use, disease occurrence, and resistance patterns following changes in usage that are a result of either policy changes or response to new information will help in the understanding of the complex relationships in microbial and disease ecology. There is a lot of evidence substantiating the productivity and profitability gains to producers from the use of antimicrobials. There is also evidence for the potential gains to consumers, both from an economic perspective as well as from a health perspective. Economists can help identify the implications of these relationships both at a micro- and macro-economic level; both relative to producer and to consumer welfare. We are at a pivotal time in history with sufficient analytical expertise and tools to address this complex issue from a scientific perspective. Linking various agencies so there can be coordination of data collection and data sharing is needed to successfully address this topic. 相似文献
12.
Albuquerque C Morinha F Requicha J Martins T Dias I Guedes-Pinto H Bastos E Viegas C 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2012,191(3):299-305
Periodontal disease (PD) refers to a group of inflammatory diseases caused by bacterial plaque in the periodontium and ranges from an early stage (gingivitis) to an advanced stage (periodontitis). It is a multifactorial disease that results from the interaction of the host defence mechanisms with the plaque microorganisms. Early detection, diagnosis and treatment are essential in the control of this disease. PD has an enormous impact on human and veterinary medicine due to its high prevalence. The most common animal PD models use dogs and non-human primates, although other animals (rats, mice, hamsters, rabbits, miniature pigs, ferrets, and sheep) have also been employed. Dog models have contributed significantly to the current understanding of periodontology. The most important clinical aspects of canine PD are considered in this review and the various animal models are examined with an emphasis on the role of the dog as the most useful approach for understanding human PD and in the development of new therapeutic and preventive measures. 相似文献
13.
Finnie J 《Australian veterinary journal》2001,79(9):628-633
OBJECTIVE: To review the main types of animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), their desirable characteristics and limitations, the major structural changes in the brain modelled, and special features of paediatric TBI modelling. CONCLUSION: Animal models have contributed substantially to our understanding of the mechanisms of TBI in humans, but many aspects of closed head injury remain to be elucidated and effective neuroprotective agents are few. Many of the advances in the pathogenesis of human TBI also have application in veterinary medicine and there is ample opportunity for veterinarians to contribute to the selection, development and characterisation of potential animal models of neurotrauma and other disorders and ensure that animal welfare standards are maintained. 相似文献
14.
Cockbill 《Veterinary dermatology》1998,9(2):87-98
Over the last 35 years there has been extensive research into human wounds and consequent evolutionary changes in their management. Products such as vapour-permeable films, alginates, hydro-colloids, hydrogels and foams have been developed, all of which contribute in different ways to the enhance-ment of the healing cascade. The first part of this study assessed the influence on animal wound healing of some of these contemporary wound-management products
With animal wounds the major problem is their isolation from the aggression of both the patient and the environment. The second part of this paper is directed at the development of an occlusive chamber to enable topically applied medicaments to remain in contact with the wound surface and presents the initial results of a programme of investigation directed at producing a 'ring' adhesive to overcome the adherence problems presented by lipid concentration and hirsutism. This adhesive also allows successive applications of contemporary dressings. 相似文献
With animal wounds the major problem is their isolation from the aggression of both the patient and the environment. The second part of this paper is directed at the development of an occlusive chamber to enable topically applied medicaments to remain in contact with the wound surface and presents the initial results of a programme of investigation directed at producing a 'ring' adhesive to overcome the adherence problems presented by lipid concentration and hirsutism. This adhesive also allows successive applications of contemporary dressings. 相似文献
15.
Antimicrobial agent usage data are essential for focusing efforts to reduce misuse and overuse of antimicrobial agents in food producing animals because these practices may select for resistance in bacteria of animals. Transfer of resistant bacteria from animals to humans can lead to human infection caused by resistant pathogens. Resistant infections can lead to treatment failures, resulting in prolonged or more severe illness. Multiple World Health Organization (WHO) reports have concluded that both antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial usage should be monitored on the national level. The system for collecting antimicrobial usage data should be clear and transparent to facilitate trend analysis and comparison within and among countries. Therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promotion use should be recorded, along with route of administration and animal species and/or production class treated. The usage data should be compared to resistance data, and the comparison should be made available in a timely manner. In the United States, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne bacteria is performed by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for enteric bacteria, however, the United States still lacks a mechanism for collecting antimicrobial usage data. Combined with antimicrobial resistance information from NARMS, antimicrobial usage data will help to direct education efforts and policy decisions, minimizing the risk that people will develop antimicrobial resistant infections as a result of eating food of animal origin. Ultimately mitigation strategies guided by usage data will be more effective in maintaining antimicrobial drugs for appropriate veterinary use and in protecting human health. 相似文献
16.
Wallinga D 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2006,73(2-3):221-228
With antimicrobial resistance mounting, an important public health goal is to preserve therapeutic effectiveness of remaining antimicrobials. To that end, fewer antimicrobials should be used in human medicine and in agriculture. Public health initiatives to reduce antimicrobial overuse could benefit from concurrent collection of agricultural usage data; they could aid scientific understanding of the resistance problem and confirm the efficacy of interventions. Data collection in this context should be a priority. However, usage data are nonessential to achieving the public health goal. U.S. regulation of agricultural antimicrobials today is very reliant on risk assessment. While more data can be useful for use in risk assessment, microbial risk assessment itself may not be well suited to the purpose of reducing antimicrobial overuse. Among other recognized shortcomings, current microbial risk assessment models typically fail to account for the essential ecological nature of antimicrobial resistance. This makes it inadequate for fully characterizing the human health or ecological risks of animal antimicrobials. European success at phasing out unnecessary antimicrobial usage in agriculture, on the other hand, has derived from decisions based on public health concerns and political will, and not on the collection of usage data or on the successful completion of a risk assessment. 相似文献
17.
The sheep as a model for osteoporosis in humans 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Turner AS 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2002,163(3):190-239
There is great interest in large animal models for studying different aspects of osteoporosis. Several laboratories around the world have used ovariectomized sheep as a model because of their ease of housing and handling, low expense compared to other large animals, availability and acceptance in society as a research animal. They have been used to study the response to new therapies for post-menopausal osteoporosis, low-magnitude mechanical stimulation, orthopedic implants in osteoporotic bone and bioactive ceramics to strengthen vertebral bodies. To produce severely osteopenic bone comparable to that seen in humans, a combination of estrogen deficiency following ovariectomy plus a calcium-wasting diet is currently being investigated. 相似文献
18.
Miho INOUE-MURAYAMA 《Animal Science Journal》2009,80(2):113-120
Various studies have shown the associations between differences in human behavioral traits and genetic polymorphism of neurotransmitter-related proteins such as receptors, transporters and monoamine oxidase. To clarify the genetic background of animal behavior, corresponding regions in animals have been analyzed. The study has been especially focused on primates, as the evolutionally closest animal to humans, and on dogs, as the socially closest animal to humans. In primates, polymorphisms were discovered between or within species, and the functional effects on neural transmission were found to be different by alleles. Even in apes, the closest species to humans, function was different from that in humans. In dogs, allele distributions of several genes were different among breeds showing different behavioral traits, and genes associated with individual differences in aggressiveness and aptitude of working dogs were surveyed. The survey of behavior-related genes has also been carried out in other mammals such as horses and cetaceans. Genes controlling various behaviors in birds have also been reported. The marker genes for behavior will provide useful information for human evolution, welfare of zoo animals and effective selection of working dogs and industry animals. 相似文献
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Although pulmonary function tests have been used to evaluate horses with clinically normal lungs and those with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), comprehensive studies of equine respiratory function, considering factors such as sex, age and usage are not available. Studies on the influence of these factors on pulmonary function in healthy horses are required for interpretation of measurements made in those with respiratory disease. The study was performed with 63 warmblood horses and the status of their pulmonary health was evaluated by clinical examination. The functional aspect of pulmonary health was assessed by indices derived from the single-breath diagram for CO2 (SBD-CO2). Differences in pulmonary functional indices between the sexes, age groups and usage groups adjusted for pulmonary health were analysed with hierarchical linear models. It was shown that the effects on pulmonary function of age, sex and usage of a horse were significant and have to be considered when establishing the true pulmonary functional status of a horse suffering from RAO. The multivariate statistical model used included the covariates age, sex and sporting discipline of the horses and accounted for the complex, non-linear interactions between the different covariates. 相似文献