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1.
Gully erosion reduces agricultural productivity by destroying valuable land resources, increases sediment concentrations, reduces water quality, and fills up reservoirs. Gully rehabilitation has proven to be challenging especially in the high‐rainfall areas of the Ethiopian Highlands and has therefore had limited success. This paper describes a successful low‐cost gully rehabilitation effort with community participation in the Birr watershed in the Blue Nile basin that begun in early 2013. Initially, farmers were reluctant to participate for religious reasons, but with the aid of local priests and respected elders, community discussions, and a visit to a rehabilitated gully, a consensus was reached to rehabilitate a 0·71‐ha upland gully. The rehabilitation measures consisted of regrading the gully head at a 45° slope, constructing low‐cost check dams from locally available materials, and planting Pennisetum purpureum grass and Sesbania sesban. At the end of the first post‐implementation rainy season, 2,200 tons of soil was conserved by the constructed check dams and newly planted vegetation, compared with soil losses of 680 and 560 tons in two untreated, nearby gullies. In 2014, an additional 3,100 tons of soil was conserved. In 2013, the marginal rate of return (MRR) on the gully rehabilitation investment was 2·6 based on the value of increased forage production alone. When we include trapped soil nutrient values, the rehabilitation MRR was increased to 10. Although these numbers are impressive, the best proof of the success was that farmers on their own initiative rehabilitated an additional five gullies in 2014. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

2.
Gully erosion often indicates extreme land degradation. In the highlands of Ethiopia, wide and deep gullies are common features, significantly affecting land used for agriculture. However, little action is being taken to address the problem. Where rehabilitation actions in Ethiopia are taking place, they are rarely studied by financially quantifying their costs and benefits. Therefore, this study developed methods of quantifying gully erosion costs and rehabilitation costs and benefits by considering the soil components of four model rehabilitated gullies in Ethiopia. Data were obtained from a physical survey supported by secondary information from relevant agricultural offices. Quantification was achieved by monetizing gully erosion cost through yield loss and gully rehabilitation calculations according to expenditure, while rehabilitation benefits were obtained by monetizing estimated deposited soil nutrients using fertilizer prices. Cost‐benefit values show that investment in gully rehabilitation can be an economically viable proposition in some instances. Stakeholders involved in gully rehabilitation should continue to invest in appropriate techniques of gully rehabilitation and management to ensure continued benefits from rehabilitated gullies and use of surrounding farmlands. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

3.
Reservoir sedimentation is the most serious threat for water harvesting schemes and hydroelectric power dams in Ethiopia. Designing watershed conservation strategies and management is crucial to reduce the rate of sedimentation. Because different landscape types have varying potentials for enhancing erosion processes, site‐ and process‐specific conservation measures are needed to target an appropriate intervention to the most needed locations. In this study, a GIS‐based distributed soil erosion/deposition model was used to simulate the potential of land‐use and cover (LUC) changes and conservation measures for reducing water induced soil erosion and potential sediment yield for two catchments in northern Ethiopia. LUC change and conservation measures targeted gully and stream buffers, protection of steep slopes and protection of areas with soil loss greater than a given threshold. The results show that land management measures targeted at hot‐spot areas of erosion and gully formation could reduce potential annual sediment yield from catchments by approximately 60% compared with the current losses. The study demonstrates the potential of a GIS‐based LUC‐redesign approach as a tool for optimizing land‐use and management strategies to reduce run‐off and erosion rates in the highlands of northern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

4.
元谋干热河谷冲沟活跃沟头具有"跌坎陡立、内凹洞发育、溯源侵蚀剧烈"等特征,土体崩塌是沟头溯源侵蚀的主要过程之一。该文综合考虑沟头形态特征和裂缝发育等因素,基于力矩分析方法,模拟研究了干热河谷冲沟沟头土体稳定性。结果表明,沟头土体稳定性受土壤含水量、内凹洞发育高度、裂缝发育深度及其距沟壁的距离等多个因素影响。沟头土体稳定性系数,随土壤含水量和裂缝发育深度的增大呈显著指数函数降低,随内凹洞发育高度的增大呈显著线性函数降低,随裂缝发育距沟壁距离的增大呈二次多项式增大。以土壤含水量作为标准对模拟结果进行了检验,发现沟头土体失稳崩塌时,崩塌体和崩塌面实测的土壤含水量分别为模拟值的69.8%~87.6%和82.0%~95.5%,评价结果较为可靠。崩塌面土壤含水量与模拟值更为接近,说明裂缝发育对沟头土体稳定性非常重要。研究结果可为元谋干热河谷沟头土体崩塌预测及沟头治理措施制定提供重要的理论参考。  相似文献   

5.
Land degradation, mainly due to soil erosion and nutrient losses, is a global problem for sustainable agriculture. Farmlands in the Ethiopian highlands are susceptible to water erosion because of steep slopes and extensive cultivation. A field experiment was conducted in the Gule sub‐watershed in northern Ethiopia to assess the efficacy of in situ water harvesting techniques in reducing soil and nutrient losses. The research was carried out on a sandy clay loam soil under semi‐arid conditions. Soil erosion and nutrient losses were monitored during the rainy season (June to September) in 2013 and 2014. Five treatments with tied ridges, wheat‐straw mulch and effective microorganisms, alone or in combination, and an untreated control were tested. Combined tied ridges and straw mulch, with and without effective microorganisms, significantly reduced average soil loss over the two rainy seasons by 82 and 90% respectively compared with the control. Tied ridges alone reduced average soil loss by 60%. Straw mulch with and without effective microorganisms decreased average soil loss by 81 and 85% respectively. Combined tied ridges and straw mulch significantly decreased average total nitrogen and total phosphorus losses by 82 and 83% respectively. Average nutrient losses were also significantly decreased by tied ridges (59% for nitrogen, 52% for phosphorus) and straw mulch (63% for nitrogen, 68% for phosphorus). Our results indicated that in situ water harvesting techniques can effectively reduce soil and nutrient losses from farmland and were more efficient when the techniques were combined. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

6.
Most regional‐scale soil erosion models are spatially lumped and hence have limited application to practical problems such as the evaluation of the spatial variability of soil erosion and sediment delivery within a catchment. Therefore, the objectives of this study were as follows: (i) to calibrate and assess the performance of a spatially distributed WATEM/SEDEM model in predicting absolute sediment yield and specific sediment yield from 12 catchments in Tigray (Ethiopia) by using two different sediment transport capacity equations (original and modified) and (ii) to assess the performance of WATEM/SEDEM for the identification of critical sediment source areas needed for targeting catchment management. The performance of the two model versions for sediment yield was found promising for the 12 catchments. For both versions, model performance for the nine catchments with limited gully erosion was clearly better than the performance obtained when including the three catchments with significant gully erosion. Moreover, there is no significant difference (alpha 5 per cent) between the performances of the two model versions. Cultivated lands were found to be on average five times more prone to erosion than bush–shrub lands. The predicted soil loss values in most parts of Gindae catchment are generally high as compared with the soil formation rates. This emphasises the importance of implementing appropriate soil and water conservation measures in critical sediment source areas prioritising the steepest part of the catchment (i.e. areas with slope >50 per cent). The applicability of the WATEM/SEDEM model to environments where gully erosion is important requires the incorporation of permanent gully and bank gully erosion in the model structure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

7.
Reservoir siltation because of water erosion is an important environmental issue in Mediterranean countries where storage of clear surface water is crucial for their economic and agricultural development. The high density of gully systems observed in Mediterranean regions raises the question of their contribution to reservoir siltation. In this context, this study quantified the absolute and relative contributions of rill/interrill and gully/channel erosion in sediment accumulation at the outlet of small Tunisian catchments (0·1–10 km2) during the last 15 years (1995–2010). To this end, a fingerprinting method based on measurements of caesium‐137 and total organic carbon combined with long‐term field monitoring of catchment sediment yield was applied to five catchments in order to cover the diversity of environmental conditions found along the Tunisian Ridge and in the Cape Bon region. Results showed the very large variability of erosion processes among the selected catchments, with rill/interrill erosion contributions to sediment accumulated in outlet reservoirs ranging from 20 to 80%. Overall, rill/interrill erosion was the dominant process controlling reservoir siltation in three catchments whereas gully/channel erosion dominated in the other two catchments. We identified the presence of marly gypsum substrates and the proportion of catchment surface covered by soil management/conservation measures as the main drivers of erosion process variability at the catchment scale. These results provided a sound basis to propose guidelines for erosion mitigation in these Mediterranean environments and suggested to apply models simulating both rill/interrill and gully/channel erosion in catchments of the region. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

8.
This paper reports on a field study conducted in Kilie catchment, East Shoa Zone, Ethiopia to assess the rate of soil erosion by employing a soil loss prediction model (Universal Soil Loss Equation) integrated with in remote sensing and geographical information systems (RS/GIS), environment and gully measurement techniques. The final soil erosion risk map was produced after multiplication of the six factors involved in the USLE and RS/GIS. Gully measurement showed that the erosion rate is higher for the upland areas than the lowlands due to inappropriate soil and water conservation measures, free grazing by animals and conversion of hillside areas into farmlands. About 97·04 per cent of the study catchment falls within a range of 0–10 t ha−1 yr−1 sheet/rill erosion rate. We found that 2·17 per cent of the study area in the uplands has a soil erosion rate falling between 10 and 20 t ha−1 yr−1. About 0·8 per cent of the study area in the uplands is hit by severe sheet/rill erosion rate within the range of 20–60 t ha−1 yr−1. Gully erosion extent in the study area was evaluated through gully measurement and quantification methods. Gully density of 67 m ha−1 was recorded in the catchment. The gully to plot area ratio was found to be 0·14 on average. Hence, in the upland areas, sustainable land management practices are required in order to reduce the rate of soil erosion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

9.
沟头溯源侵蚀是黄土高原主要的侵蚀方式之一。为研究细沟沟头高度和土壤质地对侵蚀产沙、沟头溯源侵蚀过程及沟道形态发育的影响,该研究采用不同沟头高度的沟头,在室内进行了一系列冲刷试验(流量为2、4和6 L/min)。结果表明:1)随着沟头高度的增加,产沙率增加,土壤流失过程的波动程度也增加,且越易被侵蚀;2)对比不同土壤质地,总体上,壤质砂土的产沙率和溯源侵蚀速率大于粉砂质壤土。当沟头高度为15 cm、流量为6 L/min时,壤质砂土的沟头溯源侵蚀速率最大,为19.45 cm/min;3)粉砂质壤土土壤下切深度较深,更易发生下切侵蚀,壤质砂土土壤沟道横截面宽深比最大值是粉砂质壤土土壤的3倍多,且沟头溯源侵蚀累积距离为75cm时沟道横截面宽深比值较小,更易发生侧向侵蚀;4)4个细沟形态地形子参数(起伏度、粗糙度、切割深度和坡度)与产沙量有较好的线性线相关关系(R2≥0.48),沟头侵蚀下的微地形可以在一定程度上反映产沙量的大小,进而估算产沙量。研究结果可为黄土高原细沟侵蚀下的水土保持措施提供参考依据。  相似文献   

10.
Soil loss has become one severe problem in black soil areas of Northeast China after several decades of cultivation. Gully erosion is one of its main components. In this study, short-term gully retreat was monitored from 5 active gullies selected in representative black soil area during April 2002 to June 2004, using differential global positioning system (GPS). With the support of geographic information system (GIS), multitemporal digital elevation models (DEM) were constructed from the data collected by GPS and then used for further analysis. This presents a new method to compute the retreat rate of gully heads and the rate of soil losses caused by gully erosion. The results indicate that the average volumetric retreat rate was 729.1 m3 year− 1, corresponding with an average linear retreat rate of 6.2 m year− 1 in gully head and planimetric changes of 323.6 m2 year− 1 during the two monitored years, but more erosion took place during the second and third monitored period compared to the first. The erosion by freeze thawing and snowmelt accounts for a large percent. And this will be emphasized when rainfall is added in spring. If only considering the third monitored period, the conservatively estimated retreat rate by freeze thawing and snowmelt (i.e. before rainy season) may even reach 8.6 m year− 1 in gully head, with a volumetric rate of 120.9 m3 year− 1 and planimetric changes of 173.6 m2 year− 1. These results reveal that gully erosion is a great threat in the study area and conservation measures are urgently needed. Based on the analysis of multi-temporal DEM, one conceptual model for gully developing in black soil of Northeast China is proposed, which is supported by the data.  相似文献   

11.
In southern African countries soil erosion and the related problems, such as water quality issues or decreasing soil productivity, are the main topics affecting the inhabitants of both rural and urban areas. Therefore, the attention has been recently placed on those problems related to soil erosion. This can also be documented by an increasing number of studies carried out on erosion and by the development and application of erosion models. Nevertheless, gully erosion phenomena have been widely neglected in erosion modelling. This is because the development of erosion models was focused on those regions with an intense agriculture typical of developed countries on the one hand, and because of the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of gully erosion processes on the other hand. This study regards the identification of gully erosion forms and processes in the Mbuluzi River catchment (Kingdom of Swaziland) by using the Erosion Response Units (ERU) concept. The following modelling of gully erosion was done through the stable gully model [Catena 37 (1999) 401]. The input data were obtained through the application of remote sensing techniques (API method) and GIS-analyses. The example from Swaziland shows that the applied methods are able to identify areas affected by gully erosion. Furthermore, it is possible to estimate the amount of soil loss due to gully erosion, which, for example, is not taken into consideration by the USLE-type models.  相似文献   

12.
为研究董志塬沟头溯源侵蚀过程及孔隙水压力变化规律,采用模拟降雨+放水冲刷的方法,研究集水区坡度(1°、3°、5°、7°)和放水流量(3.0、3.6、4.8、6.0、7.2m3/h)对董志塬沟头溯源侵蚀过程和孔隙水压力特征值的影响。结果表明:1)崩塌发生频率由试验初期0～30 min时的6.29%增加到150～180 min时的27.48%。2)放水流量为3.0～7.2 m3/h时,产沙率随试验时间呈对数函数减小。产沙量随坡度和放水流量的增加而加大,建立了产沙量与二者间的多元线性回归方程。3)坡度为1°～7°时,崩塌会增加22.75%～324.59%的产沙率,产沙率突变点出现时间相较于崩塌而言存在"滞后"现象。4)孔隙水压力随试验时间呈显著线性或对数函数关系,孔隙水压力的上升是影响溯源侵蚀崩塌发生的关键因素。研究结果可为黄土高塬沟壑区生态治理提供参考。  相似文献   

13.
Land degradation due to soil erosion is the major problem facing Ethiopia today. In the Lake Alemaya catchment soil erosion is caused by the intense rainfall, steep topography, and poor vegetation cover coupled with cultivation of steep lands, and inadequate conservation practices. Sediment from the catchment has affected the storage capacity of Lake Alemaya. This study has integrated the Agricultural Non‐point Source Pollution Model (AGNPS) and the technique of the Gographic Information System (GIS) to quantify soil erosion in the Lake Alemaya catchment. After application of the AGNPS, it appears that 66 per cent of the catchment has a soil erosion rate of 10 to more than 80 t ha−1 y−1. The annual soil loss is estimated at 31 t ha−1, which is more than the permissible value of 1–16 t ha−1 for different agro‐ecological zones of Ethiopia. The sediment yield of the catchment is about 10 148 ton with a delivery ratio of 6·82 per cent. Therefore, an effective management plan is needed for the conservation and rehabilitation of the catchment and to maintain the storage capacity of Lake Alemaya. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
为掌握黄土高原切沟对其上方集水区内土壤水分的影响,选取晋西黄土区典型切沟上方的集水区为研究对象,采用土钻法定期测量0—10 m土层的土壤水分,探讨集水区内不同地貌部位的土壤水分状况。结果表明:(1)集水区内土壤水分状况受距离切沟远近和地貌部位的共同影响。(2)集水区内距离切沟1 m处的蓄水量显著低于距离切沟3,6 m处的蓄水量(P＜0.05),集水区内洼地的蓄水量大于坡面。(3)集水区内6个采样点浅层含水量随时间变化剧烈,深层含水量随时间变化小。(4)切沟对其上方集水区内土壤水分的水平影响距离为1~3 m,距切沟1 m处,影响深度最深可达7 m,距切沟3 m处,影响深度为2 m。在未来开展切沟治理中,建议在距离切沟1 m范围内密植低耗水的耐旱灌木或草本,利用密植的植物增加地面糙率,降低水流流速,并利用植物根系网络土体,增加抗冲性,从而起到防治切沟溯源侵蚀。  相似文献   

15.
For a case study area in the Okhombe catchment in the province of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, a multi‐scale analysis of soil erosion dynamics was performed. At sub‐catchment level, the dynamics of erosional features were investigated by means of aerial photographs. At site level, the changes in soil physical and chemical properties were investigated by means of a fence‐line contrast study. Attention was paid to both surface and subsurface erosion phenomena. The number of erosional features in the study area in 2000 was not substantially different from the number of features in 1945. At sub‐catchment level, an increase in the number of gullies was observed from 1975 to 2000 but this followed a substantial inactivation of most erosional features from 1962 to 1975. Increases in erosional activity in 1962 compared to 1945 were mainly related to abandoned cultivated fields. At site level, a significant decrease in soil C/N ratio was observed within the fenced site within three years. For the same site, total carbon, saturated hydraulic conductivity and bulk density were not significantly different for the topsoil inside the fenced area compared with outside. Subsurface erosion phenomena mainly occur in the communal grazing areas and are mostly related to transitions between permeable and less permeable layers. The complex relationships between soil erosion, land use change and climate might further be understood by involving local people in the development, monitoring and evaluation of alternative types of land use, which is also likely to facilitate future steps in controlled grazing management. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

16.
In southern Ethiopia wide and deep gullies are common features, significantly affecting farmers' livelihoods. Little action is being taken to address the problem despite farmers being knowledgeable about erosion and its control measures. A study was conduced to investigate the nature and rate of gully development in Umbulo catchment, southern Ethiopia, based on interviews with farmers and field measurements. The results indicated a rapid, down slope development of gullies over the last 30 years with average rate of soil loss from 11 to 30 t ha−1 y−1. The critical period of development of the gully system was estimated to be between 1974 and 1985, but since then the gully system has enlarged both in depth and width. Wide channels with deep, nearly vertical walls are typical. The trigger for gully initiation is believed to have been human, but the soil properties may have played an important role. Under the current situation agricultural production is unsustainable unless the gullies are controlled using integrated measures at the catchment scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

17.
三峡库区小流域修正通用土壤流失方程适用性分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
土壤侵蚀量的定量研究可为国家生态环境建设和水土保持宏观决策的制定提供重要的依据。修正通用土壤流失方程(revised universal soil loss equation,RUSLE)是开展土壤侵蚀定量评价的主要手段。该文在地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)的支持下,依据中国土壤流失方程各因子的算法确定RUSLE模型各因子值,估算了三峡库区黄冲子小流域不同时期的土壤侵蚀量,并与基于泥沙平衡原理计算的土壤侵蚀量比较后分析RUSLE模型在库区小流域的适用性。结果表明,基于RUSLE模型估算的小流域1963-2000年(农地小流域)和2001-2014年(林地小流域)的年均土壤侵蚀模数分别为2246.09和868.3 t/(km2·a),其结果与采用137Cs和210Pb技术的塘库沉积物定年结果基本吻合,表明210Pb定年结果可靠。依据泥沙平衡原理计算的小流域1963-2000年和2001-2014年的年均土壤侵蚀模数分别为942.48和811.47t/(km2·a)。RUSLE模型估算小流域1963-2000年和2001-2014年的土壤侵蚀模数相对误差分别为138.32%和7.00%。因此RUSLE模型适用于库区林地小流域,而不适用于库区农地小流域;但是基于地形因子(LS因子)修正的RUSLE模型估算结果相对误差减少至8.14%,其适用于库区农地小流域。  相似文献   

18.
Abandonment of agricultural land is one of the main changes in Mediterranean land use. To mitigate runoff and erosion from abandoned land, it is necessary to identify locations that are vulnerable to erosion as a result of land abandonment. The objective of our study was to identify vulnerable areas for gully erosion using different scenarios of land abandonment in Southeast Spain. The study area was the Carcavo basin, a semi-arid catchment in the province of Murcia (Southeast Spain). A preliminary field survey confirmed the assumption that abandoned fields have more gully erosion compared to cultivated fields. This can be explained by the quicker concentration of runoff on abandoned land due to crust formation and reduced surface storage capacity. Next we simulated the spatial dynamics of land abandonment with a spatially explicit land use change model for the period 2004 to 2015 for four different land use change scenarios. The results of the simulation were used to identify vulnerable areas for gully erosion by a simple GIS-model based on the controlling factors of gully erosion. The potentially vulnerable areas for gully erosion increased for the different scenarios ranging from 18 ha to 176 ha. Most of the vulnerable areas are located around channel heads or along channel walls. The combination of more gully erosion on abandoned fields and an expected increase of land abandonment are potentially a big problem in relation to land degradation and reservoir sedimentation. The identification of vulnerable areas enables soil conservationists and engineers to mitigate gully erosion by applying preventive conservation practices.  相似文献   

19.
土壤侵蚀严重破坏土地资源，是全球性的环境问题，切沟侵蚀是土壤侵蚀的重要表现形式，近年来极端暴雨频发加剧了切沟侵蚀的发生和发展。为了研究气候变化条件下新成切沟的形成与发育规律，该研究以陕北子洲岔巴沟流域王武沟小流域为研究区，基于无人机航摄影像，以2017年陕北"7·26"暴雨新成切沟为研究对象，分析新成切沟发生规律，并探讨在之后的3 a中其发育特征、与原有切沟发育的差异性及其与地形参数的关系。结果表明：1）在"7·26"暴雨中，王武沟发育新成切沟45条，约101条/km2，可分为坡面切沟、梯田切沟、道路切沟和底部切沟四类，以坡面切沟最多，底部切沟和梯田切沟总体更宽、面积更大；生产道路、淤地坝和坡耕地在暴雨条件下是最容易发生切沟的地块；2） 新成切沟在形成之后的3 a内沟头发育较原有切沟更为迅速。34.48%的新成切沟沟头进一步前进，这一数值为原有切沟的1.32倍；新成切沟前进距离均值是原有切沟的3倍，达0.58 m/a；3）汇水面积增加可显著促进切沟沟头发育，是模拟切沟沟头前进速率的重要地形指标。可见，极端降雨条件下研究区土壤侵蚀严重，新成切沟发生之后的3 a内溯源尤为迅速，应给予特别关注，加强对这类切沟的预防与治理。  相似文献   

20.
赣南稀土尾矿堆积区水土流失规律初探   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  
卢慧中  梁音  曹龙熹  陈玲 《土壤》2015,47(2):387-393
赣南是我国重要的离子型稀土矿生产基地,但在其开采的同时也对矿区周围的土壤与环境造成影响,特别是稀土尾矿的水土流失问题尤为严重。本文选择典型的尾矿水土流失区,采用野外测量等方法对矿堆的主要水土流失类型及其强烈程度进行研究,同时对典型水土流失路径进行实地监测。结果表明:尾矿水土流失区沟道平均侵蚀模数约为3.73×104 t/(km2?a),坡面细沟平均侵蚀模数为1 651.2 t/(km2?a),水土流失情况极其严重。在降雨过程中,侵蚀沟内路径为侵蚀状态,侵蚀深度不断增加,在距沟头66 m处侵蚀深度开始减小,径流流出冲沟后到距离侵蚀沟出口处大约60 m的地方侵蚀深度为0 cm,之后随着距离的增加,泥沙开始逐渐沉积,水土流失状态转为堆积。  相似文献   

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