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Using plot soil loss distribution for soil conservation design 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soil conservation design is generally based on the estimation of average annual soil loss but it should be developed taking into account storms of a given return period. However, use of frequency analysis in soil erosion studies is relatively limited. In this paper, an investigation on statistical distribution of soil loss measurements was firstly carried out using a relatively high number of simultaneously operating plots of different lengths, λ (11, 22, 33 and 44 m) at the experimental station of Sparacia (southern Italy). Using a simple normalization technique, the analysis showed that the probability distribution of the normalized soil loss is independent of both the scale length λ and the temporal scale, which are completely represented by the mean soil loss calculated for a given event using all replicated data collected in plots having the same length. Then, a comparison between the frequency distribution of soil loss and rainfall erosivity index of the USLE was carried out. An estimating criterion of the annual soil loss of a given return period was also developed. By this criterion, the frequency distribution of the rainfall erosivity factor can be used to design soil conservation practices. 相似文献
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黄土高原不同地貌类型区降雨侵蚀力时空特征研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
通用土壤流失方程USLE是迄今为止较为成熟,应用较广的土壤侵蚀预报模型,区域降雨侵蚀力R及其分布特征是将USLE应用于较大地区的关键.以日降雨量计算侵蚀力模型为基础,建立了黄土高原月降雨量计算降雨侵蚀力模型.用黄土高原235个气象站点1971-2000年30 a的月降雨量数据,计算得各站点的时间序列月降雨侵蚀力和年降雨侵蚀力,通过Kriging空间插值方法生成降雨侵蚀力时空分布栅格图像,并分析了不同地貌类型区降雨侵蚀力的时空特征.黄土高原降雨侵蚀力空间分布从东南到西北呈梯度递减趋势,范围在300～7 500,平均不到3 000,不同地貌类型区从大到小依次为土石山区、丘陵沟壑区(延安)、高塬沟壑区、丘陵沟壑区(榆林)、丘陵区(陇西);降雨侵蚀力年内分布主要集中于7,8两月,年际变化上存在一个2.7 a的波动周期,波动范围在多年平均值的1倍以上,不同地区相差较大. 相似文献
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为了科学定量评价北京市土壤侵蚀状况,通过北京市地面水土流失监测网络,开展水土流失定点观测,研究北京市土壤侵蚀监测的评价方法。结果表明：利用大量实测资料,基于美国通用土壤流失方程建立的北京土壤流失方程,可以作为北京市土壤侵蚀调查的模型工具;基T GIS和降雨侵蚀力模型的年度土壤侵蚀量推算方法,可作为从小区尺度转换到区域尺度的一种方法;由于网格法没有考虑水土保持措施因子,调查得到的土壤侵蚀量结果比采用抽样调查法得到的结果偏大。北京市土壤侵蚀监测方法的研究可为区域水土流失定量评价和动态监测提供借鉴作用。 相似文献
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Erodibility of agricultural soils on the Loess Plateau of China 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Soil erodibility is thought of as the ease with which soil is detached by splash during rainfall or by surface flow. Soil erodibility is an important factor in determining the rate of soil loss. In the universal soil loss equation (USLE) and the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), soil erodibility is represented by an erodibility factor (K). The K factor was defined as the mean rate of soil loss per unit rainfall erosivity index from unit runoff plots. Although high rate of soil loss from the Loess Plateau in China is well known and widely documented, it is remarkable that there is little systematic attempt to develop and validate an erodibility index for soils on the Loess Plateu for erosion prediction. Field experimental data from four sites on the Loess Plateau were analyzed to determine the K factor for USLE/RUSLE and to compare with another erodibility index based on soil loss and runoff commonly used for the region. The data set consists of event erosivity index, runoff, and soil loss for 17 runoff plots with slope ranging from 8.7 to 60.1%. Results indicate that the K factor for USLE/RULSE is more appropriate for agricultural soils on the Loess Plateau than the erodibility index developed locally. Values of the K factor for loessial soils range from 0.0096 to 0.0269 t h/(MJ mm). The spatial distribution of the K value in the study area follows a simple pattern showing high values in areas with low clay content. For the four sites investigated, the K factor was significantly related to the clay content, (K=0.031−0.0013 Cl, r2=0.75), where Cl is the clay content in percent. The measured values of the K factor are systematically lower than the nomograph-based estimates by a factor of 3.3–8.4. This implies that use of the nomograph method to estimate soil erodibility would considerably over-predict the rate of soil loss, and local relationship between soil property and the K factor is required for soil erosion prediction for the region. 相似文献
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北约旦地区降水侵蚀因子的近似估算研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Despite being in arid and semi-arid areas, erosion is largely a result of infrequent but heavy rainfall events; therefore, rainfall erosivity data can be used as an indicator of potential erosion risks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of annual rainfall erosivity in North Jordan. A simplified procedure was used to correlate erosivity factor R values in both the universal soil loss equation (USLE) and the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) with annual rainfall amount or modified Fournier index (Fmod). Pluviometric data recorded at 18 weather stations covering North Jordan were used to predict R values. The annual values of erosivity ranged between 86-779 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 year-1. The northwest regions of Jordan showed the highest annual erosivity values, while the northeastern regions showed the lowest annual erosivity values. 相似文献
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基于GIS信息平台,采用土壤流失评估模型（USLE）对东苕溪典型小流域的土壤侵蚀强度进行估算评价,识别了土壤流失关键源区。结果表明：东苕溪典型小流域土壤侵蚀量在时间上与降雨量有较好的相关性（r=0.730,P〈0.05）,侵蚀方式以水力侵蚀为主;年均土壤侵蚀模数为2347t·km-2,属轻度强度侵蚀,土壤侵蚀强度呈现南北两端高,中部地区低的趋势;不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀强度差异显著,年均侵蚀模数城镇用地〉农村生活用地〉耕地〉林地〉园地;中度及强度侵蚀区主要发生在陡坡带及7°～12°的耕地,极强度及剧烈侵蚀区主要集中在坡度大于12°的耕地、城镇用地及农村用地。 相似文献
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中国降雨侵蚀力的时空分布及重现期研究 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
降雨侵蚀力是土壤侵蚀模型USLE的一个重要因子。基于中国中东部水蚀区18个气象站1961(1971)-2000年逐分钟降水数据和全国范围内774个气象站1961-2016年逐日降水数据,采用克里金插值方法,得到全国多年平均年、多年平均24个半月、不同重现期年和次侵蚀力空间分布特征,可满足USLE模型对侵蚀力因子相关参数输入的要求。交叉验证结果表明:以上所有指标的空间插值模型精度较好,模型有效系数NSE不低于0.74,偏差百分比PBIAS低于1%,均方根误差与观测值标准差的比值RSR小于等于0.51。侵蚀力年内变化曲线具有较好的区域相似性,使用K均值聚类分析方法将中国侵蚀力年内变化特征划分为4个区域,每个区域概化出一条侵蚀力年内变化曲线。 相似文献
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牡丹江市退耕还林前后自然状态下土壤侵蚀敏感性变化研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
根据通用水土流失方程,选取降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性、地形起伏度、植被覆盖4个自然因子,在遥感和GIS技术支持下完成了牡丹江地区退耕还林前后土壤侵蚀敏感性评价。研究结果表明,(1)研究区土壤侵蚀以轻度敏感和中度敏感为主,退耕还林前后二者面积比例分别为39.61%与29.04%和37.79%与34.03%。(2)在空间分布上,南部地区以不敏感和轻度敏感为主,且退耕后,西南部不敏感面积增加;北部地区以中度敏感为主,退耕前中度敏感、高度敏感和极敏感呈相互镶嵌的格局,退耕后三者的分布呈较强的规律性。(3)退耕前,土壤可蚀性对土壤侵蚀的作用很强,降雨侵蚀力作用一般,但退耕后,特别是极敏感区土壤可蚀性作用大大降低,而降雨侵蚀力作用则明显增强。总体而言,退耕还林使区域土壤侵蚀敏感性有所改善,但在高度敏感和极敏感区域加强水土保持工作仍然迫切。 相似文献
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Soil erosion by water is the most pressing environmental problem in Ethiopia, particularly in the Highlands where the topography is highly rugged, population pressure is high, steeplands are cultivated and rainfall is erosive. Soil conservation is critically required in these areas. The objective of this study was to assess soil erosion hazard in a typical highland watershed (the Chemoga watershed) and demonstrate that a simple erosion assessment model, the universal soil loss equation (USLE), integrated with satellite remote sensing and geographical information systems can provide useful tools for conservation decision‐making. Monthly precipitation, soil map, a 30‐m digital elevation model derived from topographic map, land‐cover map produced from supervised classification of a Land Sat image, and land use types and slope steepness were used to determine the USLE factor values. The results show that a larger part of the watershed (>58 per cent of total) suffers from a severe or very severe erosion risk (>80 t ha−1 y−1), mainly in the midstream and upstream parts where steeplands are cultivated or overgrazed. In about 25 per cent of the watershed, soil erosion was estimated to exceed 125 t ha−1 y−1. Based on the predicted soil erosion rates, the watershed was divided into six priority categories for conservation intervention and 18 micro‐watersheds were identified that may be used as planning units. Finally, the method used has yielded a fairly reliable estimation of soil loss rates and delineation of erosion‐prone areas. Hence, a similar method can be used in other watersheds to prepare conservation master plans and enable efficient use of limited resources. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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基于USLE的甘南川西北土壤侵蚀研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
甘南川西北位于黄河和长江上游源区,量化研究该区土壤侵蚀对河源区生态安全保障和地方经济可持续发展具重要意义。论文采用多种数据方法,基于USLE就甘南川西北2000—2015年间土壤侵蚀的时空分布特征及变化规律进行量化评估。结果表明:(1)降雨侵蚀力因子R值介于65~411(MJ·mm)/(hm2·h·a),高值区主要分布在东南部,空间分布与该区降雨格局基本一致;(2)土壤可蚀性因子K值介于0.19~0.41(t·hm2·h)/(hm2·MJ·mm),高值呈斑块状零星分布,与地带性土壤物化性状有关;(3)坡长坡度因子LS值介于0~8.24,高值主要分布在中北部高山地带,低值分布在东北部和西南部地形较平缓区域;(4)植被覆盖管理因子C值介于0~1,高值集中分布在研究区的西北部与西南部,与该区植被覆盖稀疏有关;(5)基于USLE的甘南川西北年侵蚀量为3.3×108 t/a,总体表现为轻度侵蚀;(6)2000—2015年间,研究区土壤侵蚀呈减弱态势,与增温背景下植被活动增强有关。 相似文献
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基于GIS与RS的杨凌区土壤侵蚀时空变异性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤侵蚀是破坏黄土高原地区土地资源的重要因素,为深入了解黄土高原杨凌区水土流失现状,分析其土壤侵蚀空间分布规律及其时空变异性,基于GIS和RS技术,运用通用土壤流失方程(USLE)评估杨凌区侵蚀强度以及杨凌区土壤侵蚀的时空变异性。结果表明:杨凌区土壤侵蚀主要以微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀为主,从2010—2014年间,土壤各级侵蚀强度所占比例基本稳定。分析土壤侵蚀与坡度和高程之间的关系表明,杨凌区15°的缓坡地以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,随着坡度的增加轻微度侵蚀减少,强烈、极强烈和剧烈侵蚀所占比例有所增加。各土壤侵蚀强度面积随着高程的增加呈先增大后减少的趋势,其峰值多分布在500～550m高程带。 相似文献
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A. M. Gobin P. Campling J. A. Deckers J. Poesen J. Feyen 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》1999,10(2):141-160
Biophysical and participatory research methods were combined to examine factors contributing to soil erosion at field plot, village and regional scale on the sandstone dominated Udi-Nsukka Cuesta in southeastern Nigeria. At field plot scale, the properties of seven pedons were related to soil erodibility. Very high infiltration rates measured with a double ring infiltrometer and permeameter, were not in accordance to reported runoff and soil loss. The effect of groundcover and canopy height was incorporated into rainfall erosivity for plots under cashew, oil palm dominated forest and secondary natural vegetation. Cropping systems and field management practices were compared for different positions along a toposequence traversing the plateau and escarpment of the Udi-Nsukka Cuesta. Soil loss, calculated by a modified version of the universal soil loss equation, was 10 to 100 times higher on escarpment than on plateau plots. Farmers are adapting to the problems of interrill and rill erosion through careful crop selection and rotation, and contour ridging. At the village and regional scale, terrain observations were compared to archival research, historical accounts by villagers and geographic analysis of 1962 aerial photographs (1:40 000). Ravine and gully formations seemed influenced by a combination of infrastructure, geohydrology, topography, vegetation and land use. Both community efforts and state measures to combat erosion tend to be crisis managed, and are concentrated on repairing damage to economically important infrastructures. A conceptual diagram has been developed to show the complex interaction between various geophysical, agroecological, socio-economic and political components influencing soil erosion at farm, village and regional scale. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Giuseppe Bombino Pietro Denisi José Alfonso Gómez Demetrio Antonio Zema Santo Marcello Zimbone 《Soil Use and Management》2023,39(1):571-587
The SCS-CN, Horton and USLE-family models are used worldwide, but few examples are available for olive groves on steep and clayey soils under mulching of pruning residues. We evaluate the accuracy in predicting runoff and soil loss of a steep (20%) and clayey olive grove subject to three soil conservation practices: mechanical tillage (MT), mulching with pruning residues (NTR) and standard protection (SP), measured at plot scale in Southern Italy during 30 months under natural rainfall. The models were calibrated by adjusting the Curve Numbers (for the SCS-CN model) and the C-factors (MUSLE and USLE-M); the Horton model was not calibrated. The model performance was assessed by qualitative and quantitative procedures. In all practices, the SCS-CN was more accurate for runoff predictions (mean difference of 7% compared with corresponding observations) compared with the Horton (mean difference of 30%). For soil erosion, the MUSLE showed better performance in soils subject to MT or total protection (differences lower than 10%), while the USLE-M was more reliable to simulate soil loss in mulched plots (differences of 8%). A set of Curve Numbers (95 for MT, 70 for SP and 85 for NTR) and C-factors (0.4 for MT, 0.2 for SP and 0.1 for NTR) are proposed for applications in steep slope and clayey soil olive orchards using the SCS-CN and USLE proposed models, respectively. Validation exercises in other environmental experimental conditions would enhance the export these models for runoff and erosion control in agricultural soils treated with mulching. 相似文献
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基于USLE和GIS/RS的滇池流域土壤侵蚀研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
人类不合理的土地利用方式是水土流失发生的主要原因之一。研究滇池流域的土壤侵蚀现状,对于控制流域内生态环境恶化,建立良好的生态环境具有十分重要的意义。采用USLE模型并结合RS,GIS技术对滇池流域土壤侵蚀进行估算,分析不同坡度和不同植被类型对侵蚀的影响,同时提出了基于植被覆盖度的植被覆盖与作物管理因子计算方法。结果表明:滇池流域土壤侵蚀量为233.96万t,土壤侵蚀以中、轻度侵蚀为主,强烈以上侵蚀较弱。侵蚀主要发生在8°～35°的区域,灌木林地的侵蚀模数最大。在GIS支持下,通过土壤侵蚀模型进行定量评价,可高效、客观地反映土壤侵蚀情况,对减少流域内新增土壤侵蚀风险,控制非点源污染有着重要的参考价值。 相似文献
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《国际水土保持研究(英文)》2020,8(4):373-382
Rainfall erosivity, one of the factors in the Universal Soil Loss Equation, quantifies the effect of rainfall and runoff on soil erosion. High-resolution data are required to compute rainfall erosivity, but are not widely available in many parts of the world. As the temporal resolution of rainfall measurement decreases, computed rainfall erosivity decreases. The objective of the paper is to derive a series of conversion factors as a function of the time interval to compute rainfall erosivity so that the R factor computed using data at different time intervals could be converted to that computed using 1-min data. Rainfall data at 1-min intervals from 62 stations over China were collected to first compute the ‘true’ R factor values. Underestimation of the R factor was systematically evaluated using data aggregated at 5, 6, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 60-min to develop conversion factors for the R factor and the 1-in-10-year storm EI30 values. Compared with true values, the relative error in R factor using data at fixed intervals of ≤10min was <10% for at least 44 out of 62 stations. Errors increased rapidly when the time interval of the rainfall data exceeded 15 min. Relative errors were >10% using 15-min data for 66.1% of stations and >20% using 30-min data for 61.3% of stations. The conversion factors for the R factor, ranging from 1.051 to 1.871 for 5 to 60-min data, are higher than those for the 1-in-10-years storm EI30, ranging from 1.034 to 1.489 for the 62 stations. 相似文献
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遂宁组母质封禁后的土壤侵蚀规律分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过遂宁市水土保持试验站母质侵蚀观测场长期连续观测试验,收集1991—2000年资料,采用数据分析方法,对遂宁组紫色土母质侵蚀规律进行了研究。结果表明:(1)母质侵蚀区在封禁10 a内的年际地表径流模数与年际降雨量变化趋势一致,而土壤侵蚀模数总体呈现逐年下降趋势;(2)径流深与降雨量呈正相关,与降雨时间呈负相关。(3)降雨量和平均降雨强度两因子对土壤侵蚀量影响不显著,土壤侵蚀量与地表径流深在封禁期前4 a内能建立回归方程。由此认为,采用封禁管理来防治紫色土母质侵蚀可行,封禁至少8 a以上土壤侵蚀强度类型才由剧烈侵蚀逐渐转化为轻度侵蚀。 相似文献