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1.
桂林地区海拔800米以下宜林地灭荒达标后,1993年开始人工造林的主攻方向将转至海拔800米以上的宜林地。桂林地区海拔800米以上地带有宜林荒山15.7万公顷,要限期改变其生态环境,在这些山地上实现灭荒达标,任务十分艰巨,必须科学地、有计划地去组织开发实施。高海拔的林种类型,800米至1200米地带,常以木兰科、樟科、茶科及壳斗科中常绿树种占优势,形成天然常绿落叶阔叶混交林,间有常绿针阔叶人工林。1200米以上区域,常以壳斗科、木兰科、杜鹃花科阔叶树种占优势,形成中亚热带中山山地落叶 相似文献
2.
研究森林群落种类组成的数量综合特征,以期为揭示森林群落结构规律、营建以及保护或利用多功能的森林生态系统提供依据.用3个特征指标数值综合为重要值的定量方法,分层测定亚热带常绿阔叶林各物种在群落组成中的地位和作用.结果表明:经过顺向演替,中亚热带常绿阔叶林的种类组成比较丰富,在1000m2左右的3个样地内有乔木22～30种.乔木层的优势种主要由壳斗科、樟科、木兰科、槭树科等常绿树种所组成,大多为珍贵的用材树种和庭园绿化树种.乔木层中含有常绿、半常绿、落叶3个层片,攀援或附生多种层间植物,已形成多层的立体群落结构,表现出向更高阶段演替的外貌特征. 相似文献
3.
【目的】探究城市典型观赏树种养分限制沿城乡环境梯度的响应差异,以期为城市化下的城市森林观赏树种养分管理提供科学依据。【方法】分别于夏季和秋季沿北京城区–近郊–远郊梯度上采集典型观赏树种元宝槭和紫丁香的成熟叶和凋落叶,测定其6种叶片功能性状（叶鲜质量、叶干质量、叶面积、比叶面积、比叶质量、叶片含水率）和6种营养元素含量[（碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）],计算元素的化学计量比值和养分重吸收效率,比较元宝槭和紫丁香在叶片功能性状、生态化学计量特征以及养分重吸收效率上的差异;分析年均温度、年降水量、年均太阳辐射量等环境因子与元宝槭和紫丁香叶片功能性状、生态化学计量特征以及养分重吸收效率的相关性。【结果】叶片功能性状、营养元素含量及其化学计量比值对城市化有显著响应,且存在种间差异。沿城区到远郊梯度,元宝槭和紫丁香成熟期叶鲜质量、叶干质量、叶面积、比叶面积、叶片含水率整体呈上升趋势,而比叶质量降低。凋落期元宝槭叶片的叶鲜质量和叶干质量沿城乡梯度逐渐降低;紫丁香凋落叶的叶干质量和比叶质量在城乡梯度上呈先升高后降低的趋势,叶面积则逐渐变小。2个树种凋落叶的比叶面积均沿... 相似文献
4.
【目的】分析江西武夷山南方铁杉林主要树种叶片养分含量,阐明不同生活型(落叶树种和常绿树种)树种新鲜叶和凋落叶养分化学计量特征与养分再吸收效率,为揭示南方铁杉林主要树种叶片养分含量及再吸收效率对植物生活型的响应机制提供理论依据。【方法】采集南方铁杉天然林内主要树种的新鲜叶和凋落叶,测定叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,计算其化学计量比和养分再吸收效率,采用标准化主轴回归估计方法对南方铁杉林主要树种新鲜叶与凋落叶中N、P含量的异速生长关系进行研究,分析生活型对叶片N、P含量之间关系的影响。【结果】1)南方铁杉天然混交林中,落叶和常绿两生活型树种间的新鲜叶C含量无显著差异,但落叶树种N和P含量均显著高于常绿树种(P<0.05);但两生活型树种间的凋落叶C、N、P含量均无显著差异。2)新鲜叶C∶N和C∶P均表现为落叶树种显著低于常绿树种(P<0.05),但N∶P在两生活型树种间差异不明显;凋落叶C∶N、N∶P和C∶P均显著大于新鲜叶,但其在两生活型树种间差异不明显。3)常绿树种新鲜叶N与P含量间存在显著正相关关系;常绿树种与落叶树种凋落叶N与P含量显著正相关(P<0.05... 相似文献
5.
《福建林业科技》2021,(3)
于2019年9月—2020年4月,对日本南九州大学都城校区的木本植物资源进行实地调查和统计分析。结果表明:该校区木本植物共有60科136属236种,其中裸子植物7科14属25种,被子植物53科122属211种;常绿树种135种,落叶树种101种,观花树种102种,观果树种68种,观形树种192种,观叶色树种44种,绿篱树种44种;应用较多的是蔷薇科(Rosaceae, 11属29种)、木兰科(Magnoliaceae, 2属10种)、芸香科(Rutaceae, 1属10种)、槭树科(Aceraceae, 1属9种)、壳斗科(Fagaceae, 5属9种)、杜鹃花科(Eriaceae, 4属8种)、樟科(Lauraceae, 4属8种)。说明该校区木本植物资源物种多样,色彩丰富,可为广大师生提供良好的学习和生活环境。 相似文献
6.
以上海市佘山国家森林公园主要森林植被类型的群落学调查资料为基础,通过应用群落相似性和物种多样性测度方法进行计算分析,对该区域的主要森林群落类型、植物多样性特征及其演替趋势进行了分析研究。结果表明:佘山国家森林公园主要由白栎林、毛竹林、香樟林、朴树-榉树林、朴树-刺槐林、梧桐林和枫香-刺槐林等7种森林类型组成; 现有森林植被的植物多样性明显低于邻近的浙江地区,其树种组成也明显偏重于落叶树种,以榆科植物、壳斗科栎类树种为主,而常绿树种则只有香樟、苦槠、毛竹、女贞等少数几个建群种;从森林演替趋势看,未来上海佘山地区的森林主要为三大类:以白栎为主的地带性森林群落,毛竹林和以樟科、榆科、木犀科等科树种组成的常绿、落叶混交林。 相似文献
7.
【目的】分析构树不同种源叶表型性状遗传变异规律,为构树遗传多样性研究和优良种源的筛选等提供参考。【方法】以30个构树种源的叶为材料,通过测量叶面积、叶长、叶宽、叶周长等8个叶的表型性状,进行综合分析。【结果】1)构树不同种源间8个叶表型性状的差异均达到极显著水平,且性状间具有显著的相关性,叶面积与叶长、叶宽、叶周长、叶柄长和绒毛密度均呈极显著正相关。2)不同叶片性状间变异系数幅度为12.72%~64.50%,该结果初步表明不同种源间叶片性状的遗传变异幅度较大,叶面积、叶长、叶宽和叶周长的种源重复力均在55%以上,表明构树的叶性状差异在一定程度上是受遗传控制的。3)对不同种源建立叶面积拟合方程,除四川大邑外,其他种源的叶面积拟合方程的相关系数均在0.8以上,说明这些模拟方程的拟合效果较好,后续试验可通过叶长与叶宽预测叶面积,简化试验。4)对构树叶各性状与地理、气候因子进行相关分析,叶面积、叶长、叶宽、叶周长和绒毛密度与经度呈显著负相关,与纬度呈极显著负相关,说明种源间构树叶的地理变异是以纬度变异为主。5)根据叶片的8个性状可将30个构树种源聚为3类。【结论】构树不同种源间叶表型性状差异显著,可为构树遗传多样性研究和优良种源的筛选提供参考。 相似文献
8.
《林业科学》2021,57(2)
【目的】研究阔叶树不同冠层高度对当年生小枝上单叶生物量与出叶强度之间关系的影响,以期探明森林内光照环境变化对树木小枝性状的影响,为揭示阔叶树林冠生长对光环境变化的响应机制提供理论依据。【方法】采用标准化主轴回归估计(standardized major axis estimation,SMA)方法对江西省阳际峰自然保护区内69种阔叶树不同冠层高度的单叶生物量(ILM)与出叶强度(单位茎生物量的叶片数量与单位茎体积的叶片数量,Lim与Liv)的异速生长关系(树木本身某一部分的相对增长)进行研究,分析不同冠层高度(上冠层与下冠层)对亚热带常绿阔叶林内常绿和落叶树种的单叶生物量与出叶强度之间关系的影响。【结果】1)常绿和落叶树种的Liv、比叶面积和单叶面积均存在显著差异(P0.05),但两者的叶片数量、ILM、Lim和茎密度均无显著差异(P 0.05)。常绿树种在不同冠层高度处的叶片数量、Liv、比叶面积、Lim和茎密度均存在显著差异(P0.05),但落叶树种在不同冠层高度处仅与比叶面积存在显著差异(P0.05)。2)常绿和落叶树种不同冠层高度当年生小枝的单叶生物量与出叶强度之间均为负等速关系;冠层高度对常绿树种小枝ILM-Lim的异速生长指数(方程斜率)无显著影响(P=0.95),但上冠层小枝ILM-Lim的异速生长常数(方程截距)显著高于下冠层(分别为1.24、1.05);冠层高度对落叶树种当年生小枝ILM-Lim的异速生长指数(P=0.65)与异速生长常数(P=0.83)均无显著影响。3)冠层高度对常绿树种当年生小枝ILM-Liv的异速生长指数(P=0.43)与异速生长常数(P=0.16)均无显著影响,对落叶树种当年生小枝ILM-Liv的异速生长指数(P=0.69)与异速生长常数(P=0.28)也无显著影响。【结论】冠层高度对常绿和落叶树种当年生小枝的单叶生物量与出叶强度之间的负等速关系未产生影响,但冠层高度对常绿树种的异速生长常数则产生显著影响,表明在一定的出叶强度下,上冠层具有更高的单叶生物量,这可能是受当年生小枝在不同冠层高度处的枝、叶资源获取策略不同所引起。 相似文献
9.
在6年生黑木相思(Acacia melanoxylon)无性系试验林中,对14个无性系的叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶柄长、叶厚、比叶面积及叶干物质量共7项叶片性状进行了测定和变异分析。结果表明:叶面积和叶柄长变异系数较大,叶干物质量的变异系数较小,且叶片性状的变异主要为无性系之间的变异;黑木相思无性系叶片性状之间存在相关性,叶长、叶柄长和叶宽与叶面积呈极显著正相关,而叶面积、比叶面积与干物质量呈极显著负相关,叶厚与比叶面积呈极显著负相关;主成分分析表明,除叶柄长外,其它6个叶片性状都是鉴定无性系的重要特征指标。聚类结果显示,14个无性系聚为4类,F1、SR38、SR41被单独聚类,其它11个无性系聚为1大类,说明大部分无性系叶片性状变异不显著。 相似文献
10.
研究了贵州茂兰自然保护区喀斯特峰丛中部典型常绿落叶阔叶混交林的群落特征、群落内种子植物的区系特点以及群落物种多样性。结果表明:茂兰喀斯特峰丛中部常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落由乔、灌、草及层间藤本植物组成,种类组成丰富,样地(1 800 m2)共有植物146种,分属55个科,其中种属比较多的科有樟科、壳斗科、山茱萸科、胡桃科、榛科等,群落无明显优势树种;群落以常绿树种、革质叶、高位芽植物为主;群落的植物区系与泛热带植物区系和热带亚洲植物区系的关系最为密切,热带、亚热带分布的属占65.31%,群落具有明显的热带亚热带植物区系特征。群落物种多样性指数、均匀度指数,生态优势度指数较高,群落结构复杂、稳定。 相似文献
11.
Leaf functional traits are adaptations that enable plants to live under various environmental conditions. This study aims to determine the differences in leaf functional traits among plants grouped by growth habit, leaf life span, leaf lifestyle, leaf form, and origin. Specific leaf area (SLA) of perennial or evergreen species was lower than that of annual or deciduous species because longer-lived leaves of perennial or evergreen species require more investment in structural integrity and/or defense against disturbances, especially with any resource constraint. SLA of large individuals was lower than that of small individuals. The low SLA in large individuals can improve their response to changing light and water conditions because increasing plant height is advantageous for light competition, but it can also impose a cost in terms of structural support and water transport. Petioles of plants with compound leaves were significantly longer than those of simple leaves because branching is expensive in terms of gaining height. SLA of plants increased with increasing invasiveness accordingly, and SLA of invasive plants was higher than that of their native congeners because invasive plants should invest more biomass on leaf growth rather than leaf structures per unit area to achieve a higher growth rate. Overall, variation in leaf functional traits among different groups may play an adaptive role in the successful survival of plants under diverse environments because leaf functional traits can lead to pronounced effects on leaf function, especially the acquisition and use of light. Plant species with different growth and leaf traits balance resource acquisition and leaf construction to minimize trade-offs and achieve fitness advantages in their natural habitat. 相似文献
12.
We investigated the sapling leaf display in the shade among trees of various leaf lifespans co-occurring under the canopy
of a warm-temperate conifer plantation. We measured leaf-area ratio (aLAR) and morphological traits of saplings of evergreen
broadleaved tree species and a deciduous tree species. Although we found large interspecific and intraspecific differences
in aLAR even among saplings of similar size in the homogeneous light environment, we did not find a consistent trend in aLAR
with leaf lifespan among the species. While deciduous trees annually produced a large leaf area, some evergreen broadleaved
trees retained their leaves across years and had aLAR values as high as those of deciduous trees. Among leaf-level, shoot-level,
and individual-level morphological traits, aLAR was positively correlated with current-year shoots mass per aboveground biomass
in deciduous trees, and with the area of old leaves per aboveground mass in evergreen broadleaved trees. Thus, tree-to-tree
variation in the degrees of annual shoot production and the accumulation of old leaves were responsible for the interspecific
and intraspecific variations in aLAR. 相似文献
13.
To understand how different plant functional types respond to light intensities, foliar carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) and related traits, i.e., specific leaf area (SLA), mass- and area-based nitrogen concentrations (Nmass and Narea), leaf dry mass content (LDMC) of two evergreen coniferous and three deciduous broad-leaved species, were measured under four light intensities. Foliar Δ13C and SLA increased significantly from full- to low-light conditions for all species. These indicate that species studied could increase their light capture capacity under low-light conditions, leading to lower water-use efficiency (higher 13C discrimination). There were significant differences in the responses of foliar Nmass or Narea to light variations in the two functional types, indicating that different functional-type tree species may have different N-use strategies to adapt to the light variations. It was found that there were large functional-type-dependent differences with regard to the relationships between foliar Δ13C and other leaf traits. Our findings suggest that all tree species could change foliar morphology to increase their light-harvesting ability under low-light conditions at the expense of decreasing their water-use efficiency. However, large differences in N-use strategy may exist between deciduous and evergreen species, which may be vital for the survival of these two functional-type tree species in a shaded understory. More important, our findings reveal that changes in Δ13C are not directly related to foliar N if N investment does not proportionally increase the photosynthetic capacity; this should be considered when exploring the relationships of nitrogen concentrations with Δ13C. 相似文献
14.
[Objective]To study the leaf calorific value of different forest types.[Method]This study focused on four common forest types widely distributed across China, including boreal coniferous forest, warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, and tropical monsoon forest. The leaf calorific values of 175 dominant (or common) tree species were measured. The leaf calorific value characteristics of the trees found in the different forest types were analyzed, and the primary factors affecting leaf calorific value were investigated, including leaf morphological traits, nutrient elements, climate, and soil traits. [Result]The results showed that in these forest types, the leaf calorific values ranged from 14.84 to 21.98 KJ·g-1, with an overall mean of 19.06 KJ·g-1. The presence of organisms appeared to affect the leaf calorific value, which differed among forest types as follows: coniferous trees > broadleaf trees or evergreen trees > deciduous trees. [Conclusion]The latitudinal pattern of tree leaf calorific value, ordered from north to south, is as follows: warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest > subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest > tropical mountain rainforest. The mean leaf calorific value of boreal coniferous forest was slightly lower than those of warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. The leaf calorific values were significantly correlated with leaf carbon content (R2= 0.89, P<0.001). A multiple regression equation was established to describe the relationships among leaf calorific value, leaf carbon content, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf thickness. 相似文献
15.
上海地区彩叶植物资源调查研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用随机抽样法,对上海地区园林绿地中彩叶植物资源进行调查分析,探讨彩叶植物在上海地区的分布规律和特征.结果表明:上海地区彩叶植物以落叶乔木品种最多,其次是多年生草本,藤本植物运用的最少;彩叶落叶乔木中,槭树科、蔷薇科、壳斗科植物比较丰富,这些植物绝大多数属于阶段性呈彩色叶类;常彩色叶类的彩叶乔木品种有限,冬季缺乏具有较高观赏价值的彩叶乔木;并提出丰富植物品种的构想,可为上海地区彩叶植物引种保护、开发利用提供参考. 相似文献
16.
Lianas differ from trees in many life history characteristics, and we predicted that they are phenotypically more responsive to environmental variation than trees. We analyzed responsiveness to light and nutrient availability of five Bauhinia species (three lianas and two trees). Seedlings were grown in a shade house in two light regimes (5 and 25% of full sunlight) and two nutrient supply regimes (field soil and N fertilization equivalent to 100 kg ha(-1)), and important growth-related physiological and morphological plant parameters were measured. Light availability affected most of the measured variables, whereas N addition had only weak effects. In the four light-demanding species (two lianas and two trees), relative plant biomass growth rate increased and specific leaf area (SLA) decreased with increased light availability, whereas a shade-tolerant liana did not respond. Leaf N concentration and light-saturated photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area increased in response to increased irradiance or soil N in the light-demanding tree species and the shade-tolerant liana, but not in the two light-demanding lianas. The light-demanding lianas also had higher SLA and leaf mass ratio, resulting in a higher leaf area ratio (LAR) in high light, whereas the light-demanding trees did not. Across all treatments, mean plasticity indices of physiological and morphological traits, and all traits combined were similar among the studied species. Plasticity was higher in response to light than to N, indicating that light is the main factor controlling seedling responses of the studied species. Although lianas and trees did not differ in mean plasticity in response to light and N, the light-demanding lianas were phenotypically less plastic in LAR and in photosynthetic rates and biomass allocation than the trees. Light and N interacted in their effects on most physiological variables, but the consequences for relative growth rate differed little among species. We conclude that, contrary to our predictions, lianas were no more responsive to variation in light and N availability than trees. 相似文献
17.
Foliage growth, mass- and area-based leaf nitrogen concentrations (Nm and N a) and specific leaf area (SLA) were surveyed during a complete vegetation cycle for two co-occurring savanna tree species: Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G. Don) Benth. and Cussonia arborea A. Rich. The study was conducted in the natural reserve of Lamto, Ivory Coast, on isolated and clumped trees. Leaf flush occurred before the beginning of the rainy season. Maximum leaf area index (LAI), computed on a projected canopy basis for individual trees, was similar (mean of about 4) for both species. Seasonal courses of the ratio of actual to maximum LAI were similar for individuals of the same species, but differed between species. For C. febrifuga, clumped trees reached their maximum LAI before isolated trees. The LAI of C. arborea trees did not differ between clumped and isolated individuals, but maximum LAI was reached about 2 months later than for C. febrifuga. Leaf fall was associated with decreasing soil water content for C. arborea. For C. febrifuga, leaf fall started before the end of the rainy period and was independent of changes in soil water content. These features lead to a partial niche separation in time for light resource acquisition between the two species. Although Nm, N a and SLA decreased with time, SLA and N a decreased later in the vegetation cycle for C. arborea than for C. febrifuga. For both species, N a decreased and SLA increased with decreasing leaf irradiance within the canopy, although effects of light on leaf characteristics did not differ between isolated and clumped trees. Given relationships between N a and photosynthetic capacities previously reported for these species, our results show that C. arborea exhibits higher photosynthetic capacity than C. febrifuga during most of the vegetation cycle and at all irradiances. 相似文献
18.
Ishida A Diloksumpun S Ladpala P Staporn D Panuthai S Gamo M Yazaki K Ishizuka M Puangchit L 《Tree physiology》2006,26(5):643-656
We compared differences in leaf properties, leaf gas exchange and photochemical properties between drought-deciduous and evergreen trees in tropical dry forests, where soil nutrients differed but rainfall was similar. Three canopy trees (Shorea siamensis Miq., Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W. Theob. and Vitex peduncularis Wall. ex Schauer) in a drought-deciduous forest and a canopy tree (Hopea ferrea Lanessan) in an evergreen forest were selected. Soil nutrient availability is lower in the evergreen forest than in the deciduous forest. Compared with the evergreen tree, the deciduous trees had shorter leaf life spans, lower leaf masses per area, higher leaf mass-based nitrogen (N) contents, higher leaf mass-based photosynthetic rates (mass-based P(n)), higher leaf N-based P(n), higher daily maximum stomatal conductance (g(s)) and wider conduits in wood xylem. Mass-based P(n) decreased from the wet to the dry season for all species. Following onset of the dry season, daily maximum g(s) and sensitivity of g(s) to leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit remained relatively unchanged in the deciduous trees, whereas both properties decreased in the evergreen tree during the dry season. Photochemical capacity and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of photosystem II (PSII) also remained relatively unchanged in the deciduous trees even after the onset of the dry season. In contrast, photochemical capacity decreased and NPQ increased in the evergreen tree during the dry season, indicating that the leaves coped with prolonged drought by down-regulating PSII. Thus, the drought-avoidant deciduous species were characterized by high N allocation for leaf carbon assimilation, high water use and photoinhibition avoidance, whereas the drought-tolerant evergreen was characterized by low N allocation for leaf carbon assimilation, conservative water use and photoinhibition tolerance. 相似文献
19.
Shade and irrigation are frequently used to increase the success of Mediterranean Quercus spp. plantations. However, there is controversy about the combined effects of these treatments on plant performance. We assessed the effects of two irradiances (full sunlight and moderate shade) and two summer watering regimes (high (daily) and low (alternate days)) on leaf and whole-plant traits of 1-year-old seedlings of Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex subsp. ballota and Q. faginea grown outdoors for 8.5 months. Leaf traits included measures of morphology, nitrogen concentration, gas exchange and photochemical efficiency, and measures of whole-plant traits included biomass allocation patterns, growth phenology, across-summer leaf area change and relative growth rate (RGR). Moderate shade reduced leaf mass per area, increased photochemical efficiency, maximum carbon assimilation rate (Amax) and allocation to leaves, and prolonged the growing period in one or more of the species. Daily watering in summer increased Amax of Q. ilex and prolonged the growing period of Q. ilex and Q. faginea. Both treatments tended to increase RGR. The effect of shade was greater in the low-watering regime than in the high-watering regime for two of the 15 studied traits, with treatment effects being independent for the remaining 13 traits. Leaf nitrogen and the ability to maintain leaf area after the arid period, rather than biomass allocation traits, explained the variation in seedling RGR. Trait responsiveness to the treatments was low and similar among species and between study scales, being unexpectedly low in Q. faginea leaves. This may be because selective pressures on leaf plasticity act differently in deciduous and evergreen species. We conclude that moderate shade and daily summer watering enhance the performance of Mediterranean Quercus seedlings through species-specific mechanisms. 相似文献
20.
Photosynthetic differences between saplings and adult trees: an integration of field results by meta-analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ontogenetic changes in gas exchange parameters provide both insight into mechanisms underlying tree growth patterns, and data necessary to scale environmental impacts on young trees to predict responses of older trees. We present a quantitative review and meta-analysis of field measurements of gas exchange parameters in saplings and mature trees of 35 tree species (seven conifers, seven temperate deciduous trees, and 21 tropical evergreen trees). Data for saplings were obtained in both understory environments and open areas or large gaps. We also present data on ontogenetic changes in photosynthesis for Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., species of particular interest because of their large maximal heights and long life-spans. Among tree species, there is evidence for both ontogenetic increases and ontogenetic decreases in photosynthetic capacity on a leaf area basis (A(area)). Overall, A(area) is generally higher for upper-canopy leaves of adult trees than for saplings, especially in temperate deciduous trees. However, the pattern for photosynthetic capacity on a leaf mass basis (A(mass)) is the reverse of that observed for A(area). Saplings of both conifers and broad-leaved trees, even when acclimated to low-light conditions, characteristically have a higher A(mass) than adult trees. This pattern is driven largely by an ontogenetic increase in leaf mass per unit area (LMA), as found in 100% of studies reviewed. Data for Pacific Northwest conifers, although including measurements on some of the tallest trees studied, did not differ greatly from patterns found in other tree species. We conclude that ontogenetic changes in LMA are the single most consistent difference between saplings and adult trees, and that changes in LMA and related aspects of leaf morphology may be critical to understanding both variation in gas exchange during tree growth, and stage-dependent responses of trees to environmental change. 相似文献