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1.
国内外杀虫绿僵菌制剂的登记现状与剂型技术进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生物农药在植物保护工作中日益受到重视。绿僵菌是重要的昆虫病原真菌,作为真菌杀虫剂已被成功应用于蝗虫、金龟子、象甲等多种害虫的田间防治。近40年来,已有83个绿僵菌产品在13个国家或地区获得注册,制剂研究与加工技术方面取得了新进展,可湿性粉剂、悬浮剂等传统剂型质量得到改善,超低容量剂、浸渍剂等新剂型可适应特殊应用环境,产品的防治对象涵盖范围更广。本文就国内外绿僵菌产品注册登记情况、制剂类型特性及制剂技术的载体、助剂和加工过程等主要因素进行综述,以期为我国真菌生物农药的科研、应用及产业发展提供基础依据。 相似文献
2.
The global agrochemical market in 1991 was $26800 million, yet biological products were reported to account for only $120 million of sales per annum—less than 0.5 % of the total. The majority of these sales are attributed to bio-insecticides of which Bacillus thuringiensis accounts for over 90%, but B. thuringiensis could be described as a biologically produced insecticide, rather than a true biocontrol agent. Biological products have technical limitations, including extreme specificity, sensitivity to environmental factors and problems with robustness of the formulations, but ironically, it is these limitations which also give biological control an image of environmental acceptability. Nonetheless, some of the limitations will be overcome and sales will increase, but primarily in niche situations such as the control of soil-borne diseases and the control of insect pests showing resistance to agrochemicals. In order for significant inroads to be made into such niche markets it is imperative that progress with biological products is not impaired by over-regulation, and a rational approach by all regulatory bodies is required. Overall, though, agrochemicals are likely to continue to be the major method of crop protection for the foreseeable future, and the biological control field now needs clear, well-defined goals if current successful niche products can be the basis for future success rather than a limited experiment in alternative technology. 相似文献
3.
A wide range of biological control agents (BCAs) have been authorized and used in Hungary for the control of pests (including pathogens). BCAs are key elements of both integrated pest management and organic farming for different crops. Authorization of BCAs depends on the type of ‘active substance’. Micro‐organisms can be authorized under the EU Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009 as plant protection products (PPP), while macro‐organisms are not within its scope. Plant protection tools (traps, mating disruption) are registered at a national level in Hungary, although mass traps and mating disruption pheromones are considered to be PPP. Plant extracts can be authorized as PPP, but some of them can be approved as a ‘basic substance’ and in this case they do not need further authorization. In Hungary, the vast majority of macro‐organisms used as BCAs have been mainly used in greenhouses and polytunnels for the control of thrips, whiteflies, aphids, leaf mining flies, phytophagous mites and lepidopteran pests in vegetable and ornamental crops. Recently a non‐indigenous chalcid wasp, Torymus sinensis, has been successfully introduced for the control of the oriental chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, on chestnut (Castanea sativa) on different sites. 相似文献
4.
P. R. Atkinson 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(3):342-347
Abstract During the present century increasing world demand for forest products has brought about a rapid expansion of even-aged forest plantation estates, requiring the forester to adopt the outlook and techniques of the farmer to an increasing extent, both to maintain yield and protect crops from damage. Aircraft have already proved their worth in the protection of natural and artificial forests from fire and are frequently used for seeding, fertiliser application, survey and the control of insect pests. They are also potentially useful for the control of forest diseases, although their role in this respect has so far been limited. The development of aerial spraying to control dothistroma blight of Pinus radiata is reviewed in this paper. 相似文献
5.
Philip J. Newton 《Pest management science》1993,37(4):381-386
Practical uses of trichogrammatid egg parasites occur world-wide against many lepidopterous pests on several key crops. Although several million hectares are treated annually, most of these remain at research and plantation scale, and there are relatively few commercial insectaries producing these organisms as crop protection agents. With few exceptions, trichogrammatids are produced by small, specialized industries with low technology and high labour inputs. Increases in the commercial uses of these naturally occurring ovicides, particularly in intensive agricultural systems with high per-capita output, have been limited by problems in the scale and economy of production, together with variability in control effect. To become more widely acceptable as plant protection products, trichogrammatids should compete with established methods in cost, availability, efficacy and reliability. Using a specific example from the forest resources of Canada, this paper focuses on an industrial approach to developing a Trichogrammma sp. as a viable component for insect pest management. In particular, it addresses the problems of production economy and scale, quality control, storage, and application technology. 相似文献
6.
Biological control of soil-borne pathogens has been the aim of the Biological Control Laboratory in Hódmezövásárhely since 1982. In Hungarian glasshouses (this means areas both under glass and plastic foil cover), the growing medium is still the natural soil or mixtures based on soil. This is the reason why soil-borne pathogens, such as species of Fusarium, Sclerotinia, Pythium, Botrytis, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria, cause increasing problems, especially at sites where there has been intensive continuous cropping for many years. Soil steaming is very expensive, while methyl bromide and other soil disinfectants are harmful for the environment and especially for the soil microflora. All this favours the introduction of biological control against soil-borne plant diseases. After laboratory tests, experiments have been carried out over a 9-year period, with good results, on several Trichoderma species and strains in relation to practically all glasshouse crops (capsicum, lettuce, tomato, ornamentals, etc.) and in some field crops also. Since 1986, experiments have been done with Finnish-originated strains of Streptomyces griseoviridis, then with the preparation Mycostop which was developed from this actinomycete. These were carried out on ornamentals, on vegetables and on some cereals. The preparation was especially effective against Fusarium spp. but also against other pathogens. 相似文献
7.
病虫害防控是国家总体安全的重要组成部分,为构建区域一体化、技术绿色化的农林草业重大病虫害精准监测预警和全程防控综合技术体系,“十四五”期间,国家重点研发计划设立了“重大病虫害防控综合技术研发与示范”重点专项。此专项以保障农林生产安全、农产品质量安全和农林生态安全为根本目标,以草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda、柑橘黄龙病菌Liberbacter asianticum、松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus、东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis等农作物和森林草原重大病虫害防控科技创新为首要任务,旨在建立覆盖全国的农林草业重大病虫害精准监测预警网络,系统揭示重大病虫害区域性灾变机理,为农业绿色高质量发展提供科技支撑。该文综述了该专项的研发背景、专项定位、研究内容、任务布局、实施机制、政策保障,以期为植物保护领域相关科研人员、推广机构、政府部门、技术用户等提供参考。 相似文献
8.
Hans-Peter Malkomes 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2006,58(2):93-98
The neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) offers many possibilities of usage. In plant protection mostly the insecticidal activity of neem products is important. In different parts of the plant several biologically active substances occur. One is the active ingredient azadirachtin, which already is commercially used as an insecticide against insect pests. Some active ingredients of neem may be systemically taken up by the treated plants. Often a rapid decomposition occurred which was enhanced by UV radiation. Therefore formulated neem products often need a UV blocker to elongate their activity. After the application of neem products within plant protection sometimes phytotoxic effects could be observed on different plant species. This phytotoxicity can be used to reduce suckers on tobacco plants and recently also on eucalyptus plants. The existing trials to use neem products for weed control mostly concentrated on the direct treatment of some parasitic weeds like Cuscuta, Orobanche and Striga as well as on a few other weeds (e.g. Echinochloa crus-galli). Mostly the growth of the weeds which were often repeatedly treated with high dosages was reduced, but many plants remained still alive. At present the potential of neem products for an effective weed control is not sufficiently investigated. As a consequence of some already known insecticidal and microbiocidal activities of many neem products also side effects on parts of the epigeic and soil fauna and on the nitrification should be considered after usage for weed control. 相似文献
9.
The principal potato pests controlled with plant protection products in Ukraine are Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Phytophthora infestons. Results are presented of trials of insecticides and fungicides against these pests. As a result, Sumi-alfa 5% EC (a.s. esfenvalerate), Karate water-soluble granules (a.s. lambda-cyhalothrin) and Betabytroid 2.5% EC (a.s. beta-cyfluthrin) were recommended for full-scale testing against Colorado beetle in Ukraine. Sul'fokarbation and EKhR 19517 were recommended for full-scale testing against potato blight. 相似文献
10.
G. NICOLI 《EPPO Bulletin》1997,27(1):69-75
In Italy, successful application of classical biological control began in the 20th century, when Berlese released the predator Rodolia cardinalis in 1901 and the parasitoid Encarsia berlesei in 1906. Later, the ‘inoculative’ method was applied many times, limiting the misuse of insecticides and therefore achieving very positive effects for both the agricultural economy and environmental protection. When the establishment of new natural enemies failed, some exotic pests continued to damage important crops, sometimes disrupting any possibility of applying Integrated Pest Management (IPM). In other cases, new associations between exotic pests and native natural enemies occurred spontaneously and the importation of new species was not necessary: when no broad-spectrum plant protection products are applied, some palaearctic parasitoids, such as Diglyphus isaea, naturally control the imported American leafminers Liriomyza trifolii and L. huidobrensis and some native predators (mainly Orius spp.) often control the exotic western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. However, the introduction of natural enemies from the area of origin of the exotic pest is often the only alternative to chemical insecticides. Since its introduction in 1979, the American Flatid, Metcalfa pruinosa, has been spreading annually into new areas of the Mediterranean, causing severe damage to many crops because none of the indigenous natural enemies are sufficiently effective. Therefore, only the introduction of exotic natural enemies, such as the parasitoid Neodryinus typhlocybae, may reduce the outbreaks. 相似文献
11.
Charilaos Giotis Emilia Markelou Afroditi Theodoropoulou Eleftheria Toufexi Robert Hodson Peter Shotton Robert Shiel Julia Cooper Carlo Leifert 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,123(4):387-400
The effect of different soil amendments and biological control agents on soil-borne root diseases that cause significant economic
losses in organic and other soil-based tomato production systems (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici and Verticillium albo-atrum) was compared. Organic matter inputs (fresh Brassica tissue, household waste compost and composted cow manure) significantly reduced soil-borne disease severity (measured as
increased root fresh weight) and/or increased tomato fruit yield, with some treatments also increasing fruit number and/or
size. Soil biological activity also increased with increasing organic matter input levels and there were significant positive
correlations between soil biological activity, root fresh weight and fruit yield. This indicates that one mechanism of soil-borne
disease control by organic matter input may be increased competition by the soil biota. Chitin/chitosan products also significantly
reduced soil-borne disease incidence and increased tomato fruit yield, number and/or size, but had no effect on soil biological
activity. Biological control products based on Bacillus subtilis and Pythium oligandrum and commercial seaweed extract (Marinure) and fish emulsion (Nugro)-based liquid fertilisers had no positive effect on soil-borne
disease incidence and fruit yield, number and size. The use of ‘suppressive’ organic matter inputs alone or in combination
with chitin/chitosan soil amendments can therefore be recommended as methods to control soil-borne diseases in organic and
other soil-based production systems. 相似文献
12.
Evaluation of the use of insects for biological control of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) in Zambia
K. Löyttyniemi 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(1):14-19
Abstract The present status of the imported and naturally occurring insects pests of Lantana camara L. a noxious exotic weed in Zambia, was determined by survey. Of the seven insect species imported in 1969–74, only Teleonemia scrupulosa Stål has become established in Zambia and occurs today all over the country. Two other neotropical lantana insects, namely Ophiomyia lantanae (Froggat) and Lantanophaga pusillidactyla Walk, have spread naturally into Zambia. In addition, 17 indigenous insect species were recorded as infesting lantana during the survey. The actual injuriousness of the insect complex to lantana was in all cases negligible, and it was concluded that insects will probably not contribute significantly to lantana control in Zambia. 相似文献
13.
M. P. LESOVOI 《EPPO Bulletin》1998,28(4):439-445
Potato production in Ukraine is now mainly in the private sector, and the phytosanitary state of potato crops leaves much to be desired. Control of Leptinotarsa decemlineata is generally well managed, but potato late blight (Phytophthora infestons) is out of control. Potato wart disease continues to cause problems in areas where it occurs because of the unavailability or unacceptability of resistant cultivars. Potato viruses and the losses they cause are little studied or taken into account. Other fungal, bacterial and insect pests are causing increasing problems in the field and in store. Integrated pest management systems are proposed by scientific institutions, including adequate forecasting of potato blight and use of certified seed potatoes of cultivars resistant to wart and cyst nematodes, but these systems do not adequately reach private growers. The range of plant protection products authorized for sale to the general public is very limited, and this is a serious obstacle to adequate plant protection in potato. 相似文献
14.
The deployment of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of insect pests offers an environmentally-acceptable strategy. Major obstacles to their application include variability in effectiveness due to uncontrolled environmental parameters (temperature, humidity) and development of suitable formulation techniques. Strains differ considerably in genetic ability to cause mortality and to spread within populations. Pathogenicity is the result of the interaction of numerous individual traits determining germination and penetration, followed by successful growth within the target host, which is a prerequisite for induction of mortality. No effective singlegene determined toxin has been reported for entomopathogenic fungi, but the application of gene cloning techniques for specific proteases is a likely future development. Genetic manipulation techniques, designed to recombine complex traits associated with pathogenicity via the parasexual cycle, are described here in relation to successful steps achieved in strain improvement programmes which involve: (a) Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas against the glasshouse whitefly: Trialeurodes vaporariorum and the aphid Macrosiphoniella sanborni; (b) Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin against the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. 相似文献
15.
BACKGROUND: Soil application of systemic neonicotinoid insecticides can provide opportunities for long‐term control of insect pests in vineyards, with minimal risk of pesticide drift or worker exposure. This study compared the effectiveness of neonicotinoid insecticides applied via irrigation injection on key early‐season and mid‐season insect pests of vineyards in the eastern United States. RESULTS: On vines trained to grow on drip irrigation, early‐season application of imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran provided high levels of control against the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae. Protection of vines against Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, and grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana, was also observed after mid‐season applications. Efficacy was poor in commercial vineyards when treatments were applied to the soil before irrigation or rain, indicating that vines must be grown with an irrigation system for efficient uptake of the insecticide. CONCLUSIONS: In drip‐irrigated vineyards, soil‐applied neonicotinoids can be used to provide long residual control of either early‐season or mid‐ to late‐season foliage pests of vineyards. This approach can reduce the dependence on foliar‐applied insecticides, with associated benefits for non‐target exposure to workers and natural enemies. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
16.
氯虫苯甲酰胺种子处理对花生地上及地下害虫的防治效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确氯虫苯甲酰胺种子处理对花生地下害虫及地上刺吸式口器害虫的防治效果，筛选出合适的田间用药剂量，通过室内盆栽接虫试验和田间试验研究氯虫苯甲酰胺对花生地下害虫沟金针虫Pleonomus canaliculatus（Faldermann）、铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky以及地上害虫花生蚜Aphis craccivora Koch的综合防治效果。结果表明，盆栽药剂拌种处理后15 d，氯虫苯甲酰胺有效成分用量为2.40、3.20 g/kg种子处理对沟金针虫的防治效果为77.42%和82.58%，对铜绿丽金龟的防治效果为77.12%和85.62%；田间拌种处理收获时，2.40、3.20 g/kg种子剂量的氯虫苯甲酰胺对花生田沟金针虫的防治效果为68.12%和76.33%，对铜绿丽金龟的防治效果为71.38%和80.71%；3.20 g/kg种子剂量处理对花生蚜的防治效果最高，为36.39%；该药剂拌种处理后对花生种子无不良影响，对出苗和生长有一定的促进作用，2.40、3.20 g/kg种子剂量处理后增产率为16.16%和18.44%。表明氯虫苯甲酰胺种子处理对花生地下害虫沟金针虫和铜绿丽金龟具有很高的防治效果和持效性，同时对花生蚜也有一定的兼治效果，有明显的防虫增产作用，可推广应用于防治花生田地下害虫。 相似文献
17.
植保无人飞机低空低容量喷雾技术应用与展望 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
近十年来,我国植保无人飞机迅猛发展,应用的农作物范围越来越广,不仅在水稻、小麦、玉米等主要粮食作物得到了应用,在橡胶、槟榔等高大植株的病虫害防治中更有其独特优势,已经初步形成了我国植保无人飞机低空低容量喷雾的喷头配置、配套药剂、飞防助剂、作业参数等技术体系,对于重要农作物病虫害如稻纵卷叶螟、水稻纹枯病、小麦蚜虫、玉米黏虫等防治效果均在80%以上,在各地病虫害防控中发挥了重要作用。但是,植保无人飞机喷雾作业过程中,还存在炸机或失控、雾滴飘移药害、药液分层结块、防治效果不稳定等问题。通过汇总分析植保无人飞机在重要病虫草害防治工作的成功经验和安全事故,本文提出植保无人飞机低容量喷雾技术将会得到更广泛的应用,植保无人飞机专用药剂和配套助剂、变量施药、多传感器数据融合、多机协同、精准施药、施药标准和规范等都将得到长足的发展,为现代农业和智慧农业发展提供技术支持。 相似文献
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19.
我国植物害虫生物防治的研究现状及发展策略 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植物害虫生物防治是指利用生物或生物代谢产物来控制农业害虫的一种害虫防治方法,具有安全、环境友好和可持续等优点。本文基于我国近年在天敌资源挖掘、天敌控害机制、天敌产业化应用和新方法探索等方面研究现状与存在问题的分析,探讨了我国植物害虫生物防治学科的体系建设及促进学科发展的主要策略。 相似文献
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