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1.
秸秆覆盖对土柱垂直一维水分传输与蒸发的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过室内土柱蒸发实验,研究了2种秸秆覆盖位置(0 cm、土面以下20 cm)、4种秸秆覆盖量〔0 kg·hm-2(CK)、6 000 kg·hm-2、12 000 kg·hm-2、18 000 kg·hm-2〕和3种秸秆长度(1 cm、5 cm、10 cm)的秸秆覆盖对土壤水分蒸发的影响。结果表明:表层覆盖秸秆能明显抑制水分蒸发,秸秆量越大,日蒸发强度越小,不同秸秆覆盖量处理间累积蒸发量差异显著;秸秆长度对日蒸发强度影响不明显,秸秆覆盖量在18 000 kg·hm-2时,不同秸秆长度累积蒸发量差异显著。土面以下20 cm处秸秆覆盖处理的日蒸发强度在蒸发前期均高于表层覆盖和CK处理,蒸发后期小于表层覆盖和CK处理;秸秆长度为1 cm和10 cm时,不同秸秆覆盖量累积蒸发量差异显著,秸秆覆盖量12 000 kg·hm-2和18 000 kg·hm-2时,不同秸秆长度累积蒸发量差异显著。方差分析表明:秸秆覆盖量对表层覆盖累积蒸发量的贡献最大,秸秆长度对土面以下20 cm处覆盖累积蒸发量效果显著。 相似文献
2.
水肥一体膜下滴灌对玉米产量与氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探讨水肥一体滴灌对玉米产量与氮素利用的影响,以玉米杂交种‘桂单688’为材料,列区设计,设4个灌水量(A1,A2,A3,A4)和4个施肥水平(B1,B2,B3,B4)进行田间试验。结果表明,灌水量由A4(1237.5 m3·hm-2)提高到A1(2 250 m3·hm-2)时,玉米产量由7 682.2 kg·hm-2提高到8 640.7 kg·hm-2,A1灌水量(2 250m3·hm-2)与B2施肥水平(纯N 191.25 kg·hm-2、P2O576.5 kg·hm-2和K2O 153.0 kg·hm-2)组合可获玉米产量9016.9 kg·hm-2,是最优水、肥配合选择。随着灌水量由A4提高到A1,玉米籽粒蛋白质由9.01%提高到9.92%;同一灌水量下,玉米籽粒蛋白质含量B1B2B3B4;随灌水量增加,氮素利用率、氮素农学效率、氮素生理效率均有所增加,随施氮量增加氮素利用率、氮素农学效率、氮素生理效率均有所降低,同一施肥水平随密度增加氮吸收利用率、氮农学效率、氮生理效率均有所提高。合理的水肥协同优化组合可以提高水分、养分利用效率,是提高产量的关键。 相似文献
3.
不同秸秆覆盖量对旱地小麦生理生化特性的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了阐明秸秆覆盖对小麦生理生化特性的影响,筛选出适宜豫西旱地小麦高产栽培的秸秆覆盖量,以豫麦49-198为材料,采用大田试验,设置5个秸秆覆盖量水平(不覆盖为对照(Ⅰ)、2 000 kg·hm-2(Ⅱ)、4 000 kg·hm-2(Ⅲ)、6 000 kg·hm-2(Ⅳ)、8 000 kg·hm-2(Ⅴ)),研究了小麦抽穗期后旗叶SPAD值和光合速率,可溶性糖、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性等生理生化特性和产量特征。结果表明:小麦抽穗后,在一定秸秆覆盖量范围内随覆盖量的增加,各处理总体表现为小麦旗叶SPAD值升高,净光合速率增强,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量升高,MDA含量降低,SOD、CAT和POD活性增强,小麦产量增加;且秸秆覆盖处理,除MDA含量减少外,其余各指标均较对照有所增加,但覆盖量超过一定水平后,各指标增幅(降幅)不明显。处理Ⅳ的各指标均优于其它覆盖处理并与对照有显著差异。综合分析可知,在豫西旱地生态条件下,6 000 kg·hm-2为最佳秸秆覆盖量。 相似文献
4.
秸秆覆盖量对旱作小麦耗水特性及土壤性质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解秸秆覆盖量对旱作小麦耗水特性和土壤性质的调控作用,在宁夏南部半干旱区连续两年进行了0(CK),3 000,6 000,9 000 kg·hm~(-2)四种不同秸秆覆盖量处理的栽培试验。结果表明:随着覆盖量的增加,小麦在各个生育阶段的耗水量逐渐减少,3 000,6 000 kg·hm~(-2)和9 000 kg·hm~(-2)覆盖量处理的小麦全生育期的平均耗水量较CK分别减少了12.7%,21.6%和27.5%,秸秆覆盖量与耗水量呈显著负相关(P0.01);进行秸秆覆盖以后,土壤的蓄水保墒能力得到明显提升,3 000,6 000 kg·hm~(-2)和9 000 kg·hm~(-2)覆盖量处理的小麦收获后土壤平均含水量较CK分别增加了13.1%,19.8%和26.1%;小麦的水分利用效率以覆盖量为9 000 kg·hm~(-2)的处理最大,水分利用效率较CK增加了42.4%(P0.01);不同覆盖量处理的小麦平均产量较CK增加了2.9%~16.7%,仅覆盖量为3 000 kg·hm~(-2)的处理较CK差异达到显著水平(P0.01);秸秆覆盖对表层土壤(0~10 cm)的温度变化有明显的调节作用,能够降低地温的日振幅,避免了地温的剧烈变化,能有效缓解地温的激变对作物根部产生的伤害。秸秆覆盖能够改善土壤肥力,提高土壤中碱解氮、速效钾和有机质的含量,而且有利于作物对土壤磷素的吸收。 相似文献
5.
不同覆草量苹果园土壤水温效应及对树体生长的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
将麦草覆盖应用于果园,研究不同覆盖用量22 000 kg·hm-2(T1)、33 000 kg·hm-2(T2)、44 000 kg·hm-2(T3)和清耕(CK)在整个生长期对19年生长富2号苹果园0~100 cm土壤水分、5~25 cm土壤温度、树体生长量及果实品质的影响。结果表明:在旱情较重的4—7月,3种覆草处理的平均含水量随覆草量的增加而增大,其中T2和T3处理极显著(P0.01)高于CK,高出8.98%~27.09%;且3种覆草处理0~20、20~40 cm土层的含水量极显著(P0.01)高于CK,高出9.36%~73.77%;4—8月3种覆草处理的各深度地温低于CK,4—6月份极显著(P0.01)低于CK,低出2.11℃~8.02℃;相反,9—11月份高于CK。覆草处理5~20 cm深度土温日变幅极显著(P0.01)低于CK,低出0.39℃~3.63℃。果实单果重和产量以T2处理最高,3种覆草处理每公顷产量较CK极显著(P0.01)提高,高出10.70%~20.83%;产量水分利用效率覆草处理较CK极显著(P0.01)增高,高出9.87%~20.87%。覆草对树体生长量、枝类比例影响不大。综合各种效应及投入产出比,陇东黄土高原苹果园覆草量以22 000~33 000 kg·hm-2较经济适宜。 相似文献
6.
为明确秸秆覆盖后微气候对盐渍土水盐运动的调控机理,通过室内土柱试验,模拟研究了盐渍土蒸发过程(0～17 717 min)中不同秸秆覆盖量(0、0.3、0.6、0.9 kg·m~(-2)和1.2 kg·m~(-2),分别以CK、A、B、C和D表示)对近地层微气象因素(地表土壤温度、空气温度、相对湿度)、湍流热通量、蒸发强度及水盐运动的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖可有效提高近地层土壤温度和近地层空气温度,A、B、C和D处理的地表土壤温度比CK分别增加了21.9%、27.4%、27.2%和33.5%,地表上方15 cm处空气温度比CK分别增加了1.02%、0.59%、0.95%和1.54%;无外热源补给条件下,A、B、C和D处理的湍流交换系数比CK分别低了73.3%、62.8%、29.9%和51.7%,湍流热通量分别增加了80.2%、70.6%、52.8%和69.6%,潜热通量分别低了84.9%、79.4%、57.6%和69.8%,差异显著;秸秆覆盖对土壤蒸发强度的抑制作用主要在蒸发前期(0～10 000 min),且A、B、C和D处理的蒸发强度比CK处理分别降低了12.4%、52.5%、26.7%和60.3%(p0.05),随着秸秆覆盖量的增加表层0～1 cm土层土壤电导率呈降低趋势,表明秸秆覆盖在一定程度上可以抑制土壤盐分向地表积聚。 相似文献
7.
施磷量对旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米产量土壤速效磷和磷肥利用率影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
针对黄土高原半干旱区春玉米全膜双垄沟播栽培中施肥不科学和磷肥利用率低的问题,2011—2013年在甘肃省定西市安定区设置了三年定位试验,研究了P2O5投入量为0 kg·hm-2(CK)、120 kg·hm-2(P1)、240kg·hm-2(P2)和480 kg·hm-2(P3)对春玉米产量、土壤速效磷及磷肥利用效率的影响。结果表明:磷肥能显著增加玉米产量,但过量投入磷肥会使玉米减产,玉米产量整体表现为P1P2P3CK;在同一生育时期,随着施磷量的增加,土壤速效磷累积量呈增加趋势;随着种植年限延长,施磷处理土壤速效磷累积量增幅呈增大趋势,与2011年播前基础量相比,2013年收获后累积量增加53.6%~208.5%;磷肥利用率随施磷量的增加而降低,优化施磷量下,磷肥当季和累计利用率达到最大,为15.51%、13.91%。综合考虑玉米产量、磷肥利用率和生态环境安全,P2O5的投入量以120 kg·hm-2为宜。 相似文献
8.
地表覆盖对黄土高原土壤有机碳及其组分的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
基于中国科学院长武黄土高原农业生态实验站2008年开始田间定位试验资料,分析研究秸秆覆盖与地膜覆盖对黄土高原土壤有机碳（SOC）及其组分的影响,试验包括5个处理：对照不覆盖（CK）、作物生育期9000 kg ·hm-2秸秆覆盖（M1）、作物生育期4500 kg·hm-2秸秆覆盖（M2）、夏闲秸秆覆盖（SF）、作物生育期地膜覆盖（PM）。2010（干旱年）、2012（丰水年）两次测定结果表明：0～30 cm土层平均,与CK相比,2012年土壤有机碳（SOC）含量M1处理提高了7．4％,潜在矿化碳（PCM）含量M1、M2、SF处理分别提高了37．8％、23．9％、7．2％,微生物量碳（MBC）含量M1和M2处理分别提高了59．9％和42．3％,碳库管理指数（CMI）M1、M2、SF 处理分别提高了53．1％、35．6％、13．9％;2010年M1处理CMI较CK提高了16．1％（P＜0．05）,其余处理土壤有机碳各指标与CK差异两年均不显著。不同覆盖方式对表层土壤有机碳及各项指标影响较大,随土层加深影响减弱,其中秸秆覆盖4年后碳库管理指数均有显著提高。两种活性有机碳的相对含量与其各自绝对含量的变化基本一致,且有机碳各指标间显著相关。综合来看,高量秸秆覆盖能够提高表层土壤有机碳及其组分含量,地膜覆盖对土壤有机碳及其组分积累影响不大。 相似文献
9.
生物炭、有机肥连续施用对盐碱土壤改良效果研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为探究生物炭和有机肥连续施用3a对黄河三角洲地区中度盐碱土改良效果及对水溶性盐基离子时空变化规律的影响,采取田间小区试验,共设置CK(仅施N 550 kg·hm-2·a-1,P2O5120 kg·hm-2·a-1)、C1(5 t·hm-2·a-1生物炭)、C2(10 t·hm-2·a-1生物炭)、C3(20 t·hm-... 相似文献
10.
为研究秸秆和地膜覆盖条件下旱作冬小麦田N_2O通量变化及水热状况,在中国科学院长武农业生态试验站采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了冬小麦种植期间无覆盖处理(CK)、地膜覆盖处理(PM)、全年覆盖秸秆处理4 500 kg·hm~(-2)(M4500)和全年覆盖秸秆9 000 kg·hm~(-2)处理(M9000)土壤N_2O排放通量,并同步测定了土壤水分、土壤温度和气温。研究表明:CK、PM、M4500和M9000处理生育期内N_2O通量范围分别为17.24~321.86、19.03~388.00、21.57~344.53μg·m-2·h-1和24.77~348.42μg·m-2·h-1,生育期内N_2O平均排放通量分别为110.64、146.48、131.31μg·m-2·h-1和142.26μg·m-2·h-1,与CK相比,PM、M4500和M9000处理N_2O平均排放通量分别提高了32.29%、18.68%和28.57%,其中,PM和M9000处理与CK之间差异达极显著水平(P0.01)。PM处理N_2O累积排放量(7.25 kg·hm~(-2))较CK处理(5.18 kg·hm~(-2))提高了40%(P0.05),秸秆覆盖处理M4500(6.30kg·hm~(-2))和M9000(7.17 kg·hm~(-2))N_2O累积排放量较CK处理分别提高23%和38%(P0.05),PM和M9000处理N_2O累积排放量显著高于M4500,PM和M9000处理之间无显著差异。不同覆盖条件下生育期N_2O通量表现出明显的季节变化特征,小麦生长季始末期较高中期较低,N_2O排放受降水影响明显。生育期N_2O累积通量主要源于冬小麦拔节期至收获期,PM、M4500和M9000处理拔节期至收获期N_2O排放量分别占整个生育期的41%、40%和43%,均高于CK(38%)处理。土壤温度变化可以解释69%~76%土壤N_2O通量变化,土壤水分仅解释了37%~51%的土壤N_2O通量变化。回归分析表明无覆盖时,土壤水分是影响土壤N_2O排放的关键因子,秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖条件下土壤温度是影响土壤N_2O排放的关键因子。覆盖秸秆4 500 kg·hm~(-2)是黄土旱塬区较为适宜的冬小麦栽培模式。 相似文献
11.
R. Rabbinge G. W. Ankersmit G. A. Pak 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1979,85(5):197-220
The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn. 相似文献
12.
Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring
crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey
(1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not
observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while
approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the
imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated
at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were
contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic
lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected
and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey,
with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low,
moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free
and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments
from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from
France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected.
In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots,
black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots
the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of
seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease
in potatoes grown in Israel.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999. 相似文献
13.
M. Platero Sanz 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1981,87(4):119-129
Bean hypocotyls, pea pods and tomato fruits were tested for phaseollin, pisatin and rishitin production when challenged with the phytopathogenic bacteriaErwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. pisi andP. solanacearum, and their isolated extracellular polysaccharides. All bacteria induced phytoalexin accumulation, whereas only phaseollin and pisatin, but not rishitin, were elicited by EPS. The inhibitory effect of these three phytoalexins on bacterial growth was studied in liquid medium; whereas phaseollin and pisatin strongly inhibited growth, only a slight inhibitory effect resulted from the presence of rishitin in the medium.Samenvatting Bonehypocotylen, erwtepeulen en tomatevruchten werden onderzocht op hun vermogen tot vorming van respectievelijk faseolline, pisatine en rishitine, na inoculatie met de fytopathogene bacteriënErwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. pisi enP. solanacearum en na behandeling met oplossingen van hun extracellulaire polysacchariden (EPS). Alle bacteriesoorten induceerden fytoalexinevorming, terwijl hun EPS wel faseolline- en pisatine-, maar geen rishitinevorming induceerden. Faseolline en pisatine remden de groei van de bacteriën in vloeibaar medium sterk; rishitine daarentegen had slechts een geringe groeiremming tengevolge. 相似文献
14.
H. A. Van Hoof H. Huttinga A. Knaap H. P. Maas Geesteranus W. H. M. Mosch D. G. J. De Raay-Wieringa 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1979,85(3):87-98
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten. 相似文献
15.
Paul W. J. Taylor Rebecca Ford 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):127-133
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection
in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However,
where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas.
Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based
on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences
in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes
is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult
for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs
to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for
each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within
populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes. 相似文献
16.
Cinta Calvet Jorge Pinochet Amèlia Camprubí Victoria Estaún Rodrigo Rodríguez-Kábana 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(6):601-605
The survival of two species of plant parasitic nematodes: the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus, and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, was evaluated in saturated atmospheres of 12 natural chemical compounds. The infectivity of two isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, under identical experimental conditions, was also determined. All the compounds tested exerted a highly significant control against M. javanica and among them, benzaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, borneol, p-anisaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde caused a mortality rate above 50% over P. brachyurus. The infectivity of G. intraradices was inhibited by cinnamaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, p-anisaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, while only cinnamaldehyde and thymol significantly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization by G. mosseae. 相似文献
17.
Yurika Matoba Norio Kondo Seishi Akino Fujio Kodama Shigeo Naito Shigehiko Ebe 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2008,74(1):81-85
Five Pythium species (Pythium irregulare, P. mamillatum, P. myriotylum, P. spinosum and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from the hypocotyls and roots of kidney bean plants with damping-off from a commercial field and from experimental
plots that have undergone either continuous cropping with kidney bean or rotational cropping with arable crops. In inoculation
tests, all five Pythium species were pathogenic to kidney bean. This is the first report of damping-off of kidney bean caused by Pythium species; we named this disease damping-off of kidney bean.
The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB291811, AB291944
and AB291945. 相似文献
18.
Leaves ofPelargonium domesticum andRuscus hypoglossum infected byBotrytis cinerea Pers., produced 12 and 1.5 nl ethylene/h/g, respectively, 34 days after inoculation; wounded or healthy leaves and phyloclades
of them produced much lower amounts. When the fungus was grown on dead leaves it produced negligible amounts of the gas even
when supplemented with methionine. Exogenous ethylene enhanced gray mold development in both hosts. Silver thiosulfate, aminooxyacetic
acid (AOA) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine significantly inhibited disease development in pelargonium, and the latter two compounds
inhibited ethylene production. AOA inhibited disease development and ethylene production in cut rose flowers; calcium ions
inhibited disease development whereas the chelator EGTA [ethylene glycol bis-(β-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid]
enhanced it. Disease suppression by an excess of Ca2+ was correlated with repression of ethylene production by the flowers, whereas deficiency in Ca2+ increased disease severity.
Publication of the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2413-E, 1988 series. 相似文献
19.
W. J. Blok G. J. Bollen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1995,101(1):15-24
A survey was made to identify the most important soilborne fungal pathogens of asparagus crops in the Netherlands. Ten plants were selected from each of five fields with a young (1–4 y) first planting, five fields with an old (6–13 y) first planting and five fields with a young replanting. The analysis included fungi present in the stem base and the roots of plants with symptoms of foot and root rot or showing growth decline without specific disease symptoms. Isolates of each species were tested for pathogenicity to asparagus on aseptically grown plantlets on Knop's agar. Symptoms were caused byFusarium oxysporum, F. culmorum, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium verrucosum var.cyclopium, Cylindrocarpon didymum, Phialophora malorum, Phoma terrestris andAcremonium strictum. F. oxysporum was by far the most common species and was isolated from 80% of the plants. Not all of its isolates were pathogenic to asparagus. Symptoms were caused by 67%, 78% and 93% of the isolates obtained from young first plantings, old first plantings and replantings, respectively.F. culmorum was isolated from 31% of the plants. Two other notorious pathogens of asparagus,F. moniliforme andF. proliferatum, did not occur in our samples.Species causing symptoms in the vitro test that were found on more than 5% of the plants were additionally tested for their pathogenicity in pot experiments.F. oxysporum f.sp.asparagi caused severe foot and root rot, significantly reduced root weights and killed most of the plants.F. culmorum caused lesions on the stem base often resulting in death of the plant.P. terrestris, a fungus only once reported as a pathogen of asparagus, caused an extensive root rot, mainly of secondary roots that became reddish. The fungus was isolated in only a few samples and is not to be regarded as an important pathogen in Dutch asparagus crops.P. malorum caused many small brown lesions on the stem base and incidentally also on the upper part of small main roots. This is the first report of its pathogenicity to asparagus. The fungus is one of the organisms inciting spear rust and it reduced crop quality rather than crop yield.P. verrucosum var.cyclopium andC. didymum did not cause symptoms in pot experiments.Because of its predominance on plants with foot and root rot and its high virulence,F. oxysporum f.sp.asparagi was considered to be the main soilborne pathogen of asparagus in the Netherlands. 相似文献
20.
I. Jiménez-Hidalgo G. Virgen-Calleros O. Martínez-de la Vega G. Vandemark V. Olalde-Portugal 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2004,110(3):317-331
Agave tequilana is the raw material for the production of the alcoholic beverage tequila. A bacterial disease has affected the A. tequilana crop in recent years. Previous reports based on colony and cell morphology, Gram stain and potato rot indicated that Erwinia sp. is the main pathogen. We isolated a several bacterial isolates capable of producing soft-rot symptoms in greenhouse pathogenicity assays. An extensive characterisation involving pathogenicity tests, fatty acid profile, metabolic and physiological properties, ribosomal DNA sequence and intergenic transcribed spacer amplification (ITS-PCR) and restriction banding pattern (ITS-RFLP) was made of each isolate. Three different species: Erwinia cacticida, Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas sp. were identified. Fatty acid and metabolic profiles gave low similarity values of identification but 16S rDNA sequence, ITS-PCR and ITS-RFLP confirmed the identification of E. cacticida. In the phylogenetic tree, E. cacticida from blue agave was grouped neither with E. cacticida type strains nor with Erwinia carotovora. This is the first report that associates E. cacticida with A. tequilana soft-rot symptoms. 相似文献