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隔年秸秆还田对连作玉米养分积累及叶片生理特性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以秸秆不还田为对照,设置秸秆深翻还田和旋耕还田配施秸秆腐熟剂、深翻和旋耕还田不施秸秆腐熟剂5个处理,测定玉米茎秆、叶片、穗部和子粒氮磷钾养分积累量及叶片生理活性,研究秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂对玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明,不同秸秆还田方式显著提高玉米穗位叶以上第3叶(上位叶)及穗位叶以下第3叶(下位叶)叶绿素含量、叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、茎鞘氮和钾积累量,并提高玉米产量,增产率为7.56%～28.00%。旋耕和深翻秸秆还田配施腐熟剂处理显著提高穗位叶叶绿素含量,显著降低叶片丙二醛(MDA)活性,显著提高叶片磷积累量;深翻还田配施腐熟剂极显著提高叶片、穗部、子粒氮积累量。冷凉地区玉米秸秆还田提高玉米叶片生理活性,旋耕还田配施秸秆腐熟剂增产率高,干物质积累量较多;深翻还田配施腐熟剂显著提高玉米叶片、穗部和子粒氮积累量。 相似文献
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以在黄淮海区域广泛种植的郑单958为供试材料,研究喷施“玉黄金”对玉米抗倒伏性能及穗位叶光合能力的影响。研究结果表明,喷施“玉黄金”在75 000株/hm2种植密度下玉米子粒产量平均增加了11.34%,产量的提高得益于“玉黄金”处理后玉米的可收获穗数与千粒重显著增加。此外,“玉黄金”能够降低玉米株高、穗位高与重心高度,并提高玉米基部节间的茎秆质量,玉米的田间倒伏率从10.31%降低至3.36%。“玉黄金”能够通过提高玉米穗位叶的光照环境提高其相对叶绿素含量与净光合速率,进而保证玉米产量的形成。化控处理能够通过提高玉米的抗倒伏性能与穗位叶光合能力提高夏玉米产量。 相似文献
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针对吉林省西部半干旱区的生态特点,研究氮素营养水平对膜下滴灌条件玉米净光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、光合酶活性和产量的影响。结果表明,适宜的氮肥施用量可显著提高叶片光合性能,随着氮肥施用量的逐渐增加,叶片气体交换参数也逐渐升高;当氮肥超过300 kg/hm2时,各项指标开始下降。在荧光诱导动力学参数中,最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)对种植模式的改变比较敏感,膜下滴灌下各处理平均Fv/Fm均显著高于同期普通生产田对照,随着施氮量的增加Fv/Fm增加;高氮处理穗位叶Fv/Fm无显著差异。施用氮肥均增加了玉米穗位叶PEP和Ru BP羧化酶活性。在膜下滴灌模式下,玉米达到最高产量时的氮肥施用量为200 kg/hm2,与300 kg/hm2时的产量无显著差异;非膜下滴灌玉米获得最高产量时的施氮量为300 kg/hm2。 相似文献
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施氮量对滴灌超高产春玉米光合特性、产量及氮肥利用效率的影响 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
在田间研究拔节期后5种施氮量处理对春玉米KWS2564吐丝后群体叶面积指数垂直分布、光合势、光合速率(穗位上第3片叶、穗位叶、穗位下第3片叶)、干物质积累、产量和氮肥利用效率的影响,揭示施氮量对滴灌超高产春玉米光合特性及氮肥利用效率的影响规律。结果表明,增施氮肥,主要增大棒3叶以下、棒3叶的叶面积指数,明显延缓吐丝后棒3叶以下叶片衰老,增加群体总光合势;增加吐丝后穗位上第3片叶、穗位叶、穗位下第3片叶的光合速率和气孔导度;增加干物质积累量和产量,降低氮肥利用效率和氮肥偏生产力。施氮量超过300 kg/hm2以上再增加施氮量,叶面积指数、光合速率、干物质和产量的增幅降低,降低氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥偏生产力。适宜施氮量为300 kg/hm2左右,可获得17 002.6 kg/hm2产量,其吐丝期叶面积指数为6.62,总光合势为423.6 m2/(d·m2),氮肥农学利用效率为13.8 kg/kg。 相似文献
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杏麦间作模式下小麦光合速率、叶绿素荧光及产量对追氮量和播种密度的响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为给杏麦间作模式下小麦合理施氮和播种提供依据,以主栽小麦品种新冬20号为材料,在播前基施农家肥(牛羊粪)15t·hm-2、尿素150kg·hm-2和磷酸二铵375kg·hm-2条件下,设置不追肥(CK)、追施尿素300kg·hm-2(N1)、追施尿素450kg·hm-2(N2)和追施尿素600kg·hm-2(N3)四个追氮量水平,以及375万粒·hm-2(M1)、525万粒·hm-2(M2)和675万粒·hm-2(M3)三个播种密度水平,分析了追氮量和播种密度对杏麦间作模式下小麦光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明,小麦旗叶光合速率(Pn)、光系统PSⅡ的实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、开放的PSⅡ反应中心所占的比例(qP)及干物质积累量、籽粒产量均随追氮量的增加而增加;旗叶Pn、ΦPSⅡ、qP及干物质积累量、穗粒数、千粒重均随密度的增大而降低,而穗数和籽粒产量随着密度的增大而增大。施氮量与密度互作存在一定的互作效应。在N3M1条件下小麦拔节至灌浆期具有较高的Pn和ΦPSⅡ及较低的NPQ,单株地上部生物量及穗干重均显著高于其他处理,进而获得较高的穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量。因此在杏麦间作模式下,通过合理种植密度与增施氮肥可在改善小麦叶片光合性能、增加光合物质累积量的同时,促进光合物质向籽粒的分配,进而实现小麦高产。 相似文献
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不同氮、磷、钾肥配施对辽单565光合特性和产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以耐密型玉米辽单565为试验材料,研究不同氮、磷、钾肥配施对其光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,氮肥试验中,辽单565穗上叶和穗位叶叶面积、穗位叶和穗下叶光合速率均以施氮量为135 kg/hm2时达到较高值,叶面积指数较高,穗位层叶片消光系数较小,产量较高;磷肥试验中,辽单565穗上叶和穗位叶叶面积、穗下叶光合速率均以施磷量为120 kg/hm2时达到较高值,穗位层叶片消光系数较小,产量较高;钾肥试验中,辽单565穗上叶光合速率和穗下叶叶面积均以施钾量为90 kg/hm2时处理较高,穗位层叶片消光系数较小,产量较高。不同氮、磷、钾肥配施试验中,以施氮量180 kg/hm2、施磷量75 kg/hm2、施钾量为90 kg/hm2时辽单565的产量最高。相关分析表明,穗上叶和穗位叶叶面积、穗下叶光合速率与产量均呈极显著正相关,穗位层消光系数与产量呈负相关。 相似文献
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氮肥水平对限制灌溉下冬小麦旗叶光合性能及产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了解氮素营养供应与小麦节水效果的关系,以周麦22为材料,采取大田试验研究了不同氮肥水平对限制灌条件下冬小麦旗叶光合性能及产量的影响。结果发现,与正常灌水相比,限制灌溉降低了小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,提高了小麦旗叶胞间CO2浓度;限制灌溉条件下,与不施氮肥相比,增施氮肥能明显改善小麦旗叶光合性能。从产量来看,充分灌水有利于小麦产量提高,而限制灌溉条件下,灌水时期提前或增施氮肥能不同程度提高小麦产量。以上结果说明,增施一定量的氮肥能明显改善限制灌溉条件下冬小麦花后旗叶光合性能,提高小麦产量和水分利用效率。 相似文献
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Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
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Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
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M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Tovar LR Olivos M Gutierrez ME 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2008,63(4):189-194
Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate
present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides
most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but
poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in
central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn. 相似文献