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1.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the sedative and analgesic effects of intramuscular buprenorphine with either dexmedetomidine or acepromazine, administered as premedication to cats and dogs undergoing elective surgery.Study designProspective, randomized, blinded clinical study.AnimalsForty dogs and 48 cats.MethodsAnimals were assigned to one of four groups, according to anaesthetic premedication and induction agent: buprenorphine 20 μg kg?1 with either dexmedetomidine (dex) 250 μg m?2 or acepromazine (acp) 0.03 mg kg?1, followed by alfaxalone (ALF) or propofol (PRO). Meloxicam was administered preoperatively to all animals and anaesthesia was always maintained using isoflurane. Physiological measures and assessments of pain, sedation and mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) were made before and after premedication, intraoperatively, and for up to 24 hours after premedication. Data were analyzed with one-way, two-way and mixed between-within subjects anova, Kruskall–Wallis analyses and Chi squared tests. Results were deemed significant if p ≤ 0.05, except where multiple comparisons were performed (p ≤ 0.005).ResultsCats premedicated with dex were more sedated than cats premedicated with acp (p < 0.001) and ALF doses were lower in dex cats (1.2 ± 1.0 mg kg?1) than acp cats (2.5 ± 1.9 mg kg?1) (p = 0.041). There were no differences in sedation in dogs however PRO doses were lower in dex dogs (1.5 ± 0.8 mg kg?1) compared to acp dogs (3.3 ± 1.1 mg kg?1) (p < 0.001). There were no differences between groups with respect to pain scores or MNT for cats or dogs.ConclusionChoice of dex or acp, when given with buprenorphine, caused minor, clinically detectable, differences in various characteristics of anaesthesia, but not in the level of analgesia.Clinical relevanceA combination of buprenorphine with either acp or dex, followed by either PRO or ALF, and then isoflurane, accompanied by an NSAID, was suitable for anaesthesia in dogs and cats undergoing elective surgery. Choice of sedative agent may influence dose of anaesthetic induction agent.  相似文献   

2.
The effects of thiopentone and propofol on oesophageal pressures were examined in 39 bitches. The dogs were premedicated with either atropine (n = 13), acepromazine maleate (n = 13) or a combination of atropine and acepromazine. Anaesthesia was induced with either thiopentone (15 dogs) or propofol (24 dogs), both given intravenously. Immediately following the induction of anaesthesia, gastric pressure and lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (LOSP) were measured and oesophageal barrier pressure determined. There were no significant differences attributable to the premedication regimens used but both LOSP and barrier pressure were significantly lower in the dogs anaesthetised with propofol compared to the animals given thiopentone (LOSP 12-2 ± 4-2 cm H2O propofol group versus 26-8 ± 6-5 cm H2O thiopentone group).  相似文献   

3.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of methadone, administered alone or in combination with acepromazine or xylazine, on sedation and on physiologic values in dogs.Study designRandomized cross-over design.AnimalsSix adult healthy mixed-breed dogs weighing 13.5 ± 4.9 kg.MethodsDogs were injected intramuscularly with physiologic saline (Control), or methadone (0.5mg kg−1) or acepromazine (0.1 mg kg−1) or xylazine (1.0 mg kg−1), or acepromazine (0.05 mg kg−1) plus methadone (0.5 mg kg−1) or xylazine (0.5 mg kg−1) plus methadone (0.5 mg kg−1) in a randomized cross-over design, with at least 1-week intervals. Sedation, pulse rate, indirect systolic arterial pressure, respiratory rate (RR), body temperature and pedal withdrawal reflex were evaluated before and at 15-minute intervals for 90 minutes after treatment.ResultsSedation was greater in dogs receiving xylazine alone, xylazine plus methadone and acepromazine plus methadone. Peak sedative effect occurred within 30 minutes of treatment administration. Pulse rate was lower in dogs that received xylazine either alone or with methadone during most of the study. Systolic arterial pressure decreased only in dogs receiving acepromazine alone. When methadone was administered alone, RR was higher than in other treatments during most of the study and a high prevalence of panting was observed. In all treatments body temperature decreased, this effect being more pronounced in dogs receiving methadone alone or in combination with acepromazine. Pedal withdrawal reflex was absent in four dogs receiving methadone plus xylazine but not in any dog in the remaining treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMethadone alone produces mild sedation and a high prevalence of panting. Greater sedation was achieved when methadone was used in combination with acepromazine or xylazine. The combination xylazine–methadone appears to result in better analgesia than xylazine administered alone. Both combinations of methadone/sedative were considered effective for premedication in dogs.  相似文献   

4.
Nineteen dogs were assigned randomly to one of three groups. Animals in Group 1 were pre-medicated with acepromazine, 50 μg/kg bodyweight (bwt) intramuscularly (im) and received 10 ml of 0.9 per cent saline intravenously (iv) at the time of skin incision. Dogs in Group 2 were pre-medicated with acepromazine, 50 μg/kg bwt im, and received fentanyl 2 μg/kg bwt iv at skin incision. Dogs in Group 3 were pre-medicated with acepromazine, 50 μg/kg bwt and atropine, 30 to 40 μg/kg bwt, im and received fentanyl, 2 μg/kg bwt iv at skin incision. Pulse rate, mean arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate and end tidal carbon dioxide were measured before and after fentanyl or saline injection. Fentanyl caused a short-lived fall in arterial blood pressure that was significant in dogs premedicated with acepromazine, but not in dogs pre-medicated with acepromazine and atropine. A significant bradycardia was evident for 5 mins in both fentanyl treated groups. The effect on respiratory rate was most pronounced in Group 3, in which four of seven dogs required intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) for up to 14 mins. Two of six dogs in Group 2 required IPPV, whereas respiratory rate remained unaltered in the saline controls. The quality of anaesthesia was excellent in the fentanyl treated groups; however, caution is urged with the use of even low doses of fentanyl in spontaneously breathing dogs under halothane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia.  相似文献   

5.
ObjectiveTo assess the effects of varying the sequence of midazolam and propofol administration on the quality of induction, cardiorespiratory parameters and propofol requirements in dogs.Study designRandomized, controlled, clinical study.AnimalsThirty‐three client owned dogs (ASA I‐III, 0.5–10 years, 5–30 kg).MethodsDogs were premedicated with acepromazine (0.02 mg kg?1) and morphine (0.4 mg kg?1) intramuscularly. After 30 minutes, group midazolam‐propofol (MP) received midazolam (0.25 mg kg?1) intravenously (IV) before propofol (1 mg kg?1) IV, group propofol‐midazolam (PM) received propofol before midazolam IV at the same doses, and control group (CP) received saline IV, instead of midazolam, before propofol. Supplementary boluses of propofol (0.5 mg kg?1) were administered to effect to all groups until orotracheal intubation was completed. Behaviour after midazolam administration, quality of sedation and induction, and ease of intubation were scored. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, and systolic arterial blood pressure were recorded before premedication, post‐premedication, after midazolam or saline administration, and at 0, 2, 5, and 10 minutes post‐intubation. End‐tidal CO2 and arterial oxygen haemoglobin saturation were recorded at 2, 5 and 10 minutes post‐intubation.ResultsQuality of sedation and induction, and ease of intubation were similar in all groups. Incidence of excitement was higher in the MP compared to CP (p = 0.014) and PM (p = 0.026) groups. Propofol requirements were decreased in MP and PM groups with respect to CP (p < 0.001), and in PM compared to MP (p = 0.022). The HR decreased after premedication in all groups, and increased after midazolam and subsequent times in MP (p = 0.019) and PM (p = 0.001) groups. Incidence of apnoea and paddling was higher in CP (p = 0.005) and MP (p = 0.031) groups than in PM.Conclusions and clinical relevanceAdministration of midazolam before propofol reduced propofol requirements although caused mild excitement in some dogs. Administration of propofol before midazolam resulted in less excitatory phenomena and greater reduction of propofol requirements.  相似文献   

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7.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate heart rate characteristics in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy following premedication with medetomidine or acepromazine. DESIGN: Clinical trial. ANIMALS: 43 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURE: 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography was performed beginning approximately 1 hour prior to administration of premedications. Dogs were premedicated with medetomidine and butorphanol (n = 21) or acepromazine and butorphanol (22) and, approximately 85 minutes later, were anesthetized with propofol and isoflurane. Electrocardiographic recordings were examined to determine heart rate, cardiac conduction disturbances (ventricular premature complexes and atrioventricular block), and indices of heart rate variability (HRV). RESULTS: Minimum heart rate during the 24-hour recording period was significantly lower among dogs given medetomidine than among dogs given acepromazine, but during the postoperative period, heart rate increased in all dogs as they became physically active. Intraoperative time domain HRV indices were lower and the low frequency-to-high frequency ratio was higher among dogs given acepromazine than among dogs given medetomidine; however, significant differences between groups were no longer seen by 6 hours after surgery. There was no significant difference between groups with regard to the number of ventricular premature complexes or to values of scaling exponent alpha2 (a nonlinear measure of HRV). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that there are greater enhancements in vagally related heart rate indices in medetomidine-treated dogs that may persist until 6 hours after surgery. Despite the low heart rates, dogs given medetomidine showed expected responses to surgery and positional stimuli, and the 2 preanesthetic protocols may not result in different prevalences of ventricular premature complexes.  相似文献   

8.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of incremental doses of acepromazine on hemodynamics in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.Study designProspective, experimental study.AnimalsHealthy, adult, mixed-breed dogs (two male and four female) weighing 16.8 ± 5.1 kg (mean ± standard deviation).MethodsDogs were anesthetized with propofol (7 mg kg–1) intravenously (IV) and isoflurane. Thermodilution and arterial catheters were placed for hemodynamic monitoring and arterial blood sampling for blood gas analysis. Baseline measurements were performed with stable expired concentration of isoflurane (Fe′Iso) at 1.8%. Each dog was then administered four incremental acepromazine injections (10, 15, 25 and 50 μg kg–1) IV, and measurements were repeated 20 minutes after each acepromazine injection with Fe′Iso decreased to 1.2%. The four acepromazine injections resulted in cumulative doses of 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg kg–1 (time points ACP10, ACP25, ACP50 and ACP100, respectively).ResultsCompared with baseline, cardiac index (CI) increased significantly by 34%, whereas systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) decreased by 25% at ACP50 and ACP100. Arterial oxygen content (CaO2) was significantly lower than baseline after all acepromazine injections (maximum decreases of 11%) and was lower at ACP50 and ACP100 than at ACP10. No significant change was found in heart rate, stroke index, oxygen delivery index and systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures. Hypotension (mean arterial pressure < 60 mmHg) was observed in one dog at baseline, ACP10, ACP25 and ACP100, and in two dogs at ACP50.Conclusions and clinical relevanceCompared with isoflurane alone, anesthesia with acepromazine–isoflurane resulted in increased CI and decreased SVRI and CaO2 values. These effects were dose-related, being more pronounced at ACP50 and ACP100. Under the conditions of this study, acepromazine administration did not change blood pressure.  相似文献   

9.
ObjectiveTo determine the effects of intravenous (IV) premedication with acepromazine, butorphanol or their combination, on the propofol anesthetic induction dosage in dogs.Study designProspective, blinded, Latin square design.AnimalsA total of three male and three female, healthy Beagle dogs, aged 3.79 ± 0.02 years, weighing 10.6 ± 1.1 kg, mean ± standard deviation.MethodsEach dog was assigned to one of six IV treatments weekly: 0.9% saline (treatment SAL), low-dose acepromazine (0.02 mg kg–1; treatment LDA), high-dose acepromazine (0.04 mg kg–1; treatment HDA), low-dose butorphanol (0.2 mg kg–1; treatment LDB), high-dose butorphanol (0.4 mg kg–1; treatment HDB); and a combination of acepromazine (0.02 mg kg–1) with butorphanol (0.2 mg kg–1; treatment ABC). Physiologic variables and sedation scores were collected at baseline and 10 minutes after premedication. Then propofol was administered at 1 mg kg–1 IV over 15 seconds, followed by boluses (0.5 mg kg–1 over 5 seconds) every 15 seconds until intubation. Propofol dose, physiologic variables, recovery time, recovery score and adverse effects were monitored and recorded. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects anova (p < 0.05).ResultsPropofol dosage was lower in all treatments than in treatment SAL (4.4 ± 0.5 mg kg–1); the largest decrease was recorded in treatment ABC (1.7 ± 0.3 mg kg–1). Post induction mean arterial pressures (MAPs) were lower than baseline values of treatments LDA, HDA and ABC. Apnea and hypotension (MAP < 60 mmHg) developed in some dogs in all treatments with the greatest incidence of hypotension in treatment ABC (4/6 dogs).Conclusions and clinical relevanceAlthough the largest decrease in propofol dosage required for intubation was after IV premedication with acepromazine and butorphanol, hypotension and apnea still occurred.  相似文献   

10.
In 2 separate experiments, groups of atropinized cats (6 cats/group) were given acepromazine (0.25 mg/kg of body weight) or xylazine (2.2 mg/kg) IM and anesthetized with pentobarbital. The mean dose of pentobarbital was decreased approximately 36% by acepromazine, and approximately 80% by xylazine, compared with published doses. Anesthetized cats were given IV saline solution (control groups) or were given the antagonists 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 0.5 mg/kg), yohimbine (0.4 mg/kg), or 4-AP + yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg and 0.4 mg/kg, respectively). In acepromazine-treated cats, 4-AP + yohimbine was the most effective antagonist; arousal and walking occurred in an average of 10.4 minutes and 91.7 minutes, respectively. Yohimbine enhanced the antagonistic effects of 4-AP. In xylazine-treated cats, yohimbine was an effective antagonist; arousal and walking occurred in an average of 2.8 minutes and 12.8 minutes, respectively. Yohimbine did not enhance the antagonistic effects of 4-AP. Mean respiratory rates were decreased by acepromazine, but were increased by xylazine. Thus, respiratory rate depression by pentobarbital was not as marked with xylazine as it was with acepromazine. Changes in mean heart rate were not remarkable with either sedative, and cardiac irregularities were not palpated or auscultated. In healthy cats, the duration of pentobarbital anesthesia can be controlled by 4-AP + yohimbine (acepromazine-pretreated cats) or by yohimbine alone (xylazine-pretreated cats).  相似文献   

11.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of progressively increasing doses of acepromazine on cardiopulmonary variables and sedation in conscious dogs.Study designProspective, experimental study.AnimalsA group of six healthy, adult, mixed-breed dogs weighing 16.5 ± 5.0 kg (mean ± standard deviation).MethodsDogs were instrumented with thermodilution and arterial catheters for evaluation of hemodynamics and arterial blood gases. On a single occasion, acepromazine was administered intravenously to each dog at 10, 15, 25 and 50 μg kg–1 at 20 minute intervals, resulting in cumulative acepromazine doses of 10 μg kg–1 (ACP10), 25 μg kg–1 (ACP25), 50 μg kg–1 (ACP50) and 100 μg kg–1 (ACP100). Hemodynamic data and sedation scores were recorded before (baseline) and 20 minutes after each acepromazine dose.ResultsCompared with baseline, all acepromazine doses significantly decreased stroke index (SI), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and arterial oxygen content (CaO2) with maximum decreases of 16%, 17% and 21%, respectively. Cardiac index (CI) decreased by up to 19% but not significantly. Decreases of 26–38% were recorded for oxygen delivery index (DO2I), with significant differences for ACP50 and ACP100. Systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and heart rate did not change significantly. No significant difference was found among acepromazine doses for hemodynamic data. After ACP10, mild sedation was observed in five/six dogs and moderate sedation in one/six dogs, whereas after ACP25, ACP50 and ACP100, moderate sedation was observed in five/six or six/six dogs.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIn conscious dogs, acepromazine decreased MAP, SI, CaO2 and DO2I, but no significant dose effect was detected. SVRI was not significantly changed, suggesting that the reduction in MAP resulted from decreased CI. The ACP25, ACP50 and ACP100 doses resulted in moderate sedation in most dogs; ACP10 resulted in only mild sedation.  相似文献   

12.
A blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed to evaluate the postoperative analgesic effect of preoperative infiltration of the incision site with bupivacaine in dogs undergoing celiotomy. Sixty dogs were randomly allocated into four groups: preoperative bupivacaine, postoperative bupivacaine, preoperative saline, and postoperative saline. All dogs were premedicated with acepromazine and meperidine; then they were anesthetized with thiopentone and isoflurane. Each group received either bupivacaine or normal saline before midline incision or just before skin closure. After surgery, pain scores were assigned using a numerical rating scale. Preoperative bupivacaine was associated with significantly lower pain scores and a significantly lower need for opioid administration. The authors conclude that a preoperative incisional block with bupivacaine seems to be a useful adjunct for controlling pain after celiotomy in dogs.  相似文献   

13.
Healthy cats (n = 90), anesthetized for minor procedures, were included in a study designed to evaluate the efficacy of three premedicant mixtures. The drug combination was assigned randomly and the evaluations were made by individuals unaware of the treatment used. The mixtures and their final concentrations were as follows: acepromazine (1.0 mg/mL) and atropine (0.25 mg/mL) with either meperidine (20.0 mg/mL), ketamine (25.0 mg/mL), or oxymorphone (0.2 mg/mL). The dose used was 0.2 mL/kg0.75. There was no significant difference (p< 0.05) among drug combinations in the degree of sedation achieved, difficulty of handling for IV catheter placement, induction dose of thiopental, or heart or respiratory rate following induction. All combinations were considered satisfactory for premedication of healthy cats. The ketamine combination had a tendency for more consistent sedation (0.05 < p < 0.01).  相似文献   

14.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of maropitant for prevention of vomiting and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in dogs following acepromazine-hydromorphone premedication and inhalation anesthesia.Study designRandomized, blinded, prospective clinical study.AnimalsTwenty-six dogs admitted for elective soft tissue or orthopedic procedures that were 3.1 ±3.1 years of age and weighed 20.5 ± 11.4 kg.MethodsDogs were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group M received maropitant (1.0 mg kg?1) and Group S received 0.9% saline (0.1 mL kg?1) intravenously 45–60 minutes before premedication with hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg?1) and acepromazine (0.03 mg kg?1) intramuscularly. An observer blinded to treatment documented any retching or vomiting for 20 minutes before induction with propofol (2–6 mg kg?1) and inhalation anesthesia. A pH probe inserted into the distal esophagus was used to detect GER.ResultsNone of the dogs in Group M retched or vomited (0/13), 6/13 (46%) in Group S were observed to retch or vomit, and the difference between groups was significant (p = 0.015). There were no differences between groups in the number of dogs with GER (Group M: 4/13, Group S: 6/13 dogs) or the number of reflux events. Esophageal pH at the end of anesthesia was significantly lower in both M and S groups in dogs with GER versus dogs without GER (p = 0.004 and 0.011, respectively). Only dogs with GER in Group S had significantly lower pH at the end compared to the beginning of anesthesia (p = 0.004).Conclusions and clinical relevanceIntravenous maropitant prevented retching and vomiting associated with acepromazine-hydromorphone premedication. Maropitant did not prevent the occurrence of GER. Fewer dogs in Group M developed GER but further study with a larger number of dogs is necessary to determine if there is a significant difference.  相似文献   

15.
Objective To evaluate the effect of ephedrine on intramuscular blood flow and hemodynamic parameters during equine anesthesia. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals Six healthy adult Welsh Mountain ponies (five males, one female, mean weight: 267 kg, range: 213–347 kg). Methods Halothane‐anesthetized ponies received an IV bolus of ephedrine (0.1 mg kg?1), followed 30 minutes later by a second IV ephedrine injection (0.2 mg kg?1). Changes in intramuscular blood flows (IMBF) in upper and lower triceps brachii were measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. Cardiopulmonary measurements were made at intervals for 30 minutes following each injection. Results were compared with values from a control group, similarly anesthetized but given saline in an earlier study. Results Ephedrine at either dose increased heart rate, arterial blood pressure (AP), cardiac index (CI) and intramuscular blood flow (IMBF), the effects on these parameters being significant and long‐lasting following the higher dose. Systemic vascular resistance remained unchanged, and was significantly lower than in the control saline group. PaO2 decreased significantly immediately following the first injection of ephedrine, then remained unchanged for the remainder of the experiment. PaCO2 increased slowly throughout the anesthetic period. One pony developed supraventricular premature complexes following the second injection. No other side effects were seen. Conclusion Ephedrine at dose rates of 0.2 mg kg?1 IV consistently increased in CI, AP, and IMBF in both forelimbs. Clinical relevance Ephedrine may be of use to improve AP, CI and IMBF during halothane anesthesia, although the occurrence of an arrhythmia in one pony is of concern.  相似文献   

16.
The characteristics of recovery from total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane was clinically compared in 149 client-owned dogs that anesthetized for surgical or diagnostic procedures. In all dogs, anesthesia was induced with an intravenous injection of propofol following premedication with acepromazine or diazepam. As a result, 58 dogs anesthetized with propofol-TIVA showed slower but smoother recovery than 91 dogs anesthetized with isoflurane anesthesia. The dogs stood at 34.5 +/- 19.3 and 27.7 +/- 17.2 min after propofol-TIVA and isoflurane anesthesia, respectively. Adverse effects, including hypersalivation, neurologic excitement (paddling, muscle tremor/twitching, opisthotonos) and vomiting/retching, were observed in similar infrequent incidences during the recovery from both anesthetic protocols. Propofol-TIVA is suggested to be an alternative anesthetic protocol for canine practice.  相似文献   

17.
Objective To determine if intraperitoneal (IP) and incisional (SC) lidocaine or bupivacaine provide analgesia following ovariohysterectomy (OHE). Study Design Prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial. Animals Thirty dogs presenting to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital for elective OHE. Methods Dogs were pre‐medicated with acepromazine and butorphanol, induced with thiopental and maintained with isoflurane. They were randomly assigned to three groups: 10 received 8.8 mg kg?1 2% lidocaine with epinephrine IP (LID); 10 received 4.4 mg kg?1 0.75% bupivacaine IP (BUP); and 10 received 0.9% saline IP (SAL) upon completion of OHE. All IP doses were standardized to 0.88 mL kg?1 with saline. An additional 2 mL of undiluted solution was placed SC prior to incisional closure. Dogs were scored at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 and 18 hours post‐extubation by one observer. Dogs were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and sedation, and a composite pain scale (CPS) that included physiologic and behavioral variables. Dogs were treated with 0.22 mg kg?1 butorphanol + acepromazine if their VAS (pain) score was >50. Parametric variables were analyzed using Student's t‐test or repeated measures anova as appropriate. Non‐parametric variables were analyzed by χ2‐test. Results There were no significant differences in age, weight, incision length, surgery time, anesthesia time, or total thiopental dose among groups. Peak post‐surgical pain scores for all groups occurred at 0.5 hours and returned to baseline by 18 hours. Dogs in the BUP group had significantly lower VAS‐pain scores overall than dogs in the SAL group. Seven out of 10 dogs in the SAL group, 4/10 in the LID group and 2/10 in the BUP group were treated with supplemental acepromazine and butorphanol. No differences between groups were detected with the CPS. No adverse side‐effects were observed. Conclusions and clinical relevance Our findings support the use of IP and SC bupivacaine for post‐operative analgesia following OHE in the dog.  相似文献   

18.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of nalbuphine, butorphanol and morphine combined with acepromazine on intraoperative and early postoperative pain management in dogs anesthetized for ovariohysterectomy.Study designProspective, randomized blinded clinical study.AnimalsA total of 48 healthy female dogs of different breeds, aged 1–6 years, weighing (mean ± standard deviation) 14.5 ± 4.8 kg.MethodsDogs were randomly assigned into four groups to be intravenously administered nalbuphine (0.5 mg kg–1; group N0.5), nalbuphine (1.0 mg kg–1; group N1.0), butorphanol (0.4 mg kg–1; group B0.4) or morphine (0.2 mg kg–1; group M0.2) combined with acepromazine (0.02 mg kg–1) prior to propofol and isoflurane for anesthesia. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, systolic arterial pressure and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded at time points during anesthesia. A dynamic interactive visual analog scale applied in three phases (DIVAS I, II and III) and the modified Glasgow composite measure pain scale were used to assess pain before premedication and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours after extubation. Administration of rescue analgesia was recorded.ResultsAt the left ovarian pedicle ligation, HR was higher in N1.0 than in B0.4 (p = 0.020). RT decreased significantly by the end of surgery in N0.5 (p = 0.043) and B0.4 (p = 0.010). Rescue analgesia was administered postoperatively over 6 hours to eight, seven, nine and 10 dogs in N0.5, N1.0, B0.4 and M0.2, respectively (p = 0.57). DIVAS II was higher in B0.4 than in N1.0 at 2 and 3 hours (p = 0.038 and p = 0.002, respectively) and N0.5 at 3 hours (p = 0.003).Conclusions and clinical relevanceAt the doses used, all premedication protocols provided insufficient intraoperative analgesia, with minimal clinical differences between groups. No premedication provided satisfactory analgesia in the first 6 hours postoperatively.  相似文献   

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20.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the cardiovascular responses of ephedrine and dopamine for the management of presurgical hypotension in anesthetized dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, clinical trial. ANIMALS: Twelve healthy client-owned dogs admitted for orthopedic surgery; six per group METHODS: Prior to surgery, 58 anesthetized dogs were monitored for hypotension [mean arterial pressure (MAP) <60 mmHg] that was not associated with bradycardia or excessive anesthetic depth. Ephedrine (0.2 mg kg(-1), IV) or dopamine (5 microg kg(-1) minute(-1), IV) was randomly assigned for treatment in 12 hypotensive dogs. Ten minutes after the first treatment (Tx(1)-10), ephedrine was repeated or the dopamine infusion rate was doubled. Cardiovascular assessments taken at baseline, Tx(1)-10, and 10 minutes following treatment adjustment (Tx(2)-10) were compared for differences within and between treatments (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Ephedrine increased cardiac index (CI), stroke volume index (SVI), oxygen delivery index (DO(2)I), and decreased total peripheral resistance (TPR) by Tx(1)-10, while MAP increased transiently (<5 minutes). The second ephedrine bolus produced no further improvement. Dopamine failed to produce significant changes at 5 microg kg(-1) minute(-1), while 10 microg kg(-1) minute(-1) increased MAP, CI, SVI significantly from baseline, and DO(2)I compared with Tx(1)-10. The improvement in CI, SVI, and DO(2)I was not significantly different between treatments at Tx(2)-10. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In anesthetized hypotensive dogs, ephedrine and dopamine improved cardiac output and oxygen delivery. However, the pressure-elevating effect of ephedrine is transient, while an infusion of dopamine at 10 microg kg(-1) minute(-1) improved MAP significantly by additionally maintaining TPR.  相似文献   

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