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本文研究了氟苯尼考对鲁氏耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia ruckeri)体外药效学,测定了最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)、生长动力学曲线和杀菌动力学曲线和抗菌后效应(PAE)及四种培养因子对氟苯尼考体外抑制鲁氏菌活性的影响。结果表明:MIC、MBC和MBC/MIC分别为0.5μg.mL-1、1μg.mL-1和2;鲁氏菌在液体培养基中1h后进入对数生长,大约持续7h;在用药4～6 h达到最大药效。由杀菌曲线可知,氟苯尼考的杀菌功效具有浓度依赖性;在2 MIC、4 MIC和8 MIC时,PAE分别为3.71±0.11、4.54±0.27和5.52±0.23;氟苯尼考对鲁氏菌作用最适pH值为6～8,且二价阳离子(Mg2+)、血清含量及细菌数量小于108时对药效无显著影响。因此,保证药物浓度和作用时间,并配合最适培养条件,是氟苯尼考发挥最高药效的前提条件。 相似文献
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恩诺沙星控制嗜水气单胞菌性鲫败血症的防耐药用药方案 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了合理地使用抗生素,制定防止耐药菌产生的用药方案,本研究利用近年来提出的防耐药突变浓度(MPC)和耐药选择窗(MSW)这两个药效学(PD)参数,并结合药代动力学(PK)参数,制定恩诺沙星防耐药突变用药方案,控制由嗜水气单胞菌引起的鲫细菌性败血症.研究结果显示,恩诺沙星对该致病性嗜水气单胞菌的体外药效学参数为:最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.125μg/mL;2MIC、4MIC、8MIC的抗菌后效应(PAE)分别为(1.67±0.42) h、(2.03±0.17) h、(2.38±0.06) h; MPC为1.125μg/mL; MSW为0.125~1.125μg/mL.根据鲫(Carassius auratus)口灌恩诺沙星后的药代动力学曲线,得出血浆药物浓度>MPC的时间分别为5 h、9.5 h、23 h.PK/PD综合参数:24 h内血药浓度-时间曲线下面积与MIC的比值(AUC24/MIC)分别为137.22、285.15、426.25;峰浓度与MIC的比值(Cmax/MIC)分别为15.05、41.43、52.32.综合血浆药物浓度>MPC的时间超过(24-PAE)h、AUC24/MIC≥100或Cmax/MIC>8的指标,建议恩诺沙星在控制由嗜水气单胞菌引起的鲫细菌性败血症时的给药方案为:给药剂量20 mg/kg体质量,1次/d.根据肌肉内恩诺沙星的药动学方程,药残达到国家限量标准所需时间约为25 d,所以建议休药期不低于25 d.本研究方案也可广泛用于其他水产养殖抗菌药物的防耐药突变用药方案的制定. 相似文献
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通过测定冬凌草甲素对嗜水气单胞菌的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC)和对细菌生长的影响,及其对菌体形态、电导率、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)活性、蛋白质和DNA的影响,探究冬凌草甲素对耐药性嗜水气单胞菌的体外抑菌作用及其机制。结果显示,冬凌草甲素对嗜水气单胞菌具有明显抑制作用,MIC为256μg/mL,MBC为512μg/mL。当2MIC浓度的冬凌草甲素作用于嗜水气单胞菌CW株8、16 h后,菌体变形,细胞壁和细胞膜分离,细胞质空化。与对照组相比,药物组菌悬液的电导率显著升高,并且在冬凌草甲素作用6 h后达到5.66%。冬凌草甲素作用8 h后嗜水气单胞菌的LDH活性降低了20.8%,可溶性蛋白含量显著降低。DAPI染色结果显示,药物组荧光密度和强度均较对照组弱。DNA外渗量结果显示,较对照组上升了(29.32±1.02) mg/L。研究表明,冬凌草甲素对嗜水气单胞菌具有较强的抗菌作用,主要通过增加细胞膜的通透性,干扰蛋白质代谢进而抑制细菌的生长繁殖。 相似文献
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恩诺沙星控制草鱼维氏气单胞菌的用药方案 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
从四川成都一养殖场大规模发病死亡的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)病灶处分离一株病原菌CiAV01,结合形态学和16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌为维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)。回归感染实验结果表明,分离菌株感染草鱼致死率为100%,出现了局部出血、腹腔积水等症状。采用琼脂平板扩散法研究了16种抗生素对分离菌株CiAV01的体外抑菌作用,在供试的抗生素中,恩诺沙星对该分离菌株CiAV01最为敏感。选择恩诺沙星对分离菌株进行体外药效学研究表明,恩诺沙星对分离菌株CiAV01的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.25μg/mL,最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为0.50μg/mL,MBC/MIC为2。结合其药物动力学参数和MIC、MBC、防突变浓度(MPC)、突变选择窗(MSW)和抗菌后效应(PAE)制定防突变给药方案为:剂量20 mg/kg、每日一次给药、连续给药3～5 d。 相似文献
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为探讨中草药单体秦皮素对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)生长和毒力的影响,实验测定了秦皮素对嗜水气单胞菌最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、生长曲线、生物膜以及脂肪酶活性、运动性、蛋白酶活性和溶血性等毒力相关因子的影响。结果表明,秦皮素对嗜水气单胞菌具有明显的抑制效果, MIC为128μg/mL;秦皮素浓度大于16μg/mL时,对嗜水气单胞菌的生物膜形成有显著促进作用(P0.05);秦皮素浓度大于8μg/mL时,对嗜水气单胞菌的脂肪酶活性有显著降低作用(P0.05);秦皮素浓度为2～8μg/mL时,对嗜水气单胞菌的运动性和溶血性无显著影响(P 0.05),但能降低嗜水气单胞菌蛋白酶活性(P0.05)。秦皮素对嗜水气单胞菌有一定的抑菌作用,但期望通过低浓度秦皮素实现对嗜水气单胞菌的防治仍有待进一步研究。 相似文献
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氟苯尼考对六种海洋致病弧菌的体外抗菌活性研究 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
测定了氟苯尼考等4种抗菌药对6种常见海洋致病弧菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。测试结果显示,氟苯尼考对6株弧菌的MIC值范围为2～4μg／mL,氯霉素为1～32μg／mL,土霉素为4～128μg／mL,恩诺沙星为0．125～1μg／mL;对多数弧菌氟苯尼考与氯霉素的抗菌活性相似。氟苯尼考对6株弧菌的MBC／MIC值范围为2-4,而氯霉素为2～16,表明氟苯尼考的杀菌效果优于氯霉素。对照药物恩诺沙星、土霉素的MBC／MIC值分别为1-2和2-8,恩诺沙星显示出优良的抗菌和杀菌活性。随着接种菌量增加,所测3种抗菌药的MIC随之升高;当接种量达到10^7ufu／mL时．药物对多数弧菌显示出微弱的作用。 相似文献
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黄河鲤嗜水气单胞菌的分离、毒力及用药分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
自发病黄河鲤4种组织中分离致病菌,结合形态学和16SrDNA序列分析,发现分离到的细菌属气单胞菌属。回归感染试验发现,患病鱼体出现鳃盖等多处组织出血且伴随肠炎等症状,表明引起黄河鲤发病的致病菌为嗜水气单胞菌,命名为HNAh01。半致死密度测定发现,嗜水气单胞菌HNAh01的半致死密度为1.38×10~7 cfu/mL。药敏结果表明,该致病性嗜水气单胞菌是典型的多重耐药嗜水气单胞菌,但对恩诺沙星极为敏感。因此,选择恩诺沙星对分离菌株进行体外药效学和用药分析试验。药效学试验表明,恩诺沙星对嗜水气单胞菌HNAh01的最小抑菌质量浓度为1.56ng/mL,最小杀菌质量浓度为3.12ng/mL,防耐药突变质量浓度为12.5ng/mL,耐药选择窗的范围为1.56~12.5ng/mL。用药分析结果显示,黄河鲤口服剂量为10mg/kg时对嗜水气单胞菌HNAh01的相对保护率达83%。本文研究为嗜水气单胞菌的防治提供了理论基础与实践依据。 相似文献
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《中国渔业质量与标准》2017,(4)
研究替米考星对3种水产致病菌体外抗菌作用,替米考星对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophilia)感染异育银鲫的防治效果和替米考星对异育银鲫的急性毒性作用。应用二倍稀释法研究质量浓度为0.125、0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8、16、32、64、128 mg/L的替米考星对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hyolrophila)、温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)和鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),并计算MBC/MIC比值。腹腔注射0.3 m L浓度为9×10~8CFU/m L的嗜水气单胞菌菌液感染体质量为(217.65±25.26)g的异育银鲫,分别在感染后1、24和48 h以0、50、100、150 mg/kg鱼体重的剂量分别口灌替米考星,计算替米考星对嗜水气单胞菌感染异育银鲫的保护率。应用剂量为0、260、300、340、387、440 mg/kg的替米考星口灌异育银鲫,记录异育银鲫的死亡率,计算替米考星对异育银鲫的半数致死量LD_(50)。结果表明,替米考星对嗜水气单胞菌、温和气单胞菌和鳗弧菌的MIC分别为4.00、0.50和1.00mg/L,MBC分别为64、32和32 mg/L,MBC/MIC比值分别为16、64和32;100和150 mg/kg鱼体重剂量的替米考星对嗜水气单胞菌人工感染异育银鲫的保护率可达100%;替米考星对异育银鲫口灌的24、48、72和96 h的半数致死剂量LD_(50)分别为344.0、306.3、298.5和298.5 mg/kg。替米考星对3种水产致病菌具有一定的体外抗菌效果;替米考星对嗜水气单胞菌感染的异育银鲫具有一定的保护作用;但同时替米考星对异育银鲫也具有中等毒性。本研究可为替米考星在水产养殖中的合理使用提供参考。 相似文献
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100种中草药体外抑杀嗜水气单胞菌的药效研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
用琼脂扩散法(打孔法)测定了诃子等100种中草药对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)的抑制作用,并用二倍稀释法测定抑菌效果较强的48种中草药对嗜水气单胞菌的最小抑菌(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果显示∶大部分中草药对嗜水气单胞菌有抑制作用,诃子和秦皮的抑杀效果最好,其抑菌圈直径达20 mm以上,MIC和MBC相同,都为3.91 mg/mL(诃子)和7.81 mg/mL(秦皮);红藤、仙鹤草和覆盆子等13种中草药有中等强度的抑菌和杀菌效果;雷公藤等33种中草药抑菌作用弱;而牛蒡子等52种中草药无抑菌作用。 相似文献
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Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna. 相似文献
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Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
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In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg. 相似文献
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Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
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Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
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Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
18.
William King V David L. Berlinsky Craig V. Sullivan 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1995,14(6):489-500
Plasma estradiol-17 (E2), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E2 and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E2 and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass. 相似文献
19.
Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response. 相似文献
20.
Sandra García‐Garrido Ismael Hachero‐Cruzado Carlos Rosas Pedro Domingues 《Aquaculture Research》2013,44(11):1741-1751
Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting. 相似文献