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1.
Leymus chinensis is an important grass in China and Russia. Six lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (LB, LPL1, LPL2, LPL3, LCL and WH) from L. chinensis silage were screened and identified and their effects on fermentation quality were investigated. All six strains were grown at 6·5% NaCl and pH 4·00. Strains LPL1, LPL2 and LPL3 were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, and LB, WH and LCL were classified as Lactobacillus brevis, Weissella hellenica and Lactobacillus casei respectively. The six isolated strains and a commercial inoculant (Lactobacillus buchneri) were added to L. chinensis for ensiling at densities of 500 and 600 kg m?3. The control was sprayed with the same volume of distilled water. The effects of the strains on fermentation quality after 45 d ensiling and aerobic stability during 8 d of exposure to air were evaluated. The 600 kg m?3 silage had lower pH, butyric acid, ammonia nitrogen content and coliform bacteria counts than the 500 kg m?3 density silage (P < 0·05). The six isolated strains decreased pH, butyric acid content and increased lactic acid content, and all inoculants increased L. chinensis silage aerobic stability except LCL (P < 0·05). The fermentation quality of L. chinensis silage increased with higher ensiling density. The LAB strains improved the fermentation quality, and high‐quality silage could be obtained at low ensiling density with the addition of the LAB strains. The strains improved the aerobic stability; Lb. buchneri and Lb. brevis showed the best performance.  相似文献   

2.
This study investigated the effects of different additives on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of Leymus chinensis silage. Treatments included (i) no additive, (ii) 3 mL kg?1 formic acid (FA), (iii) 6 mL kg?1 FA, (iv) 5 mL kg?1 acetic acid (AA), (v) 10 mL kg?1 AA, (vi) 2 mL kg?1 propionic acid (PA), (vii) 4 mL kg?1 PA, (viii) 5 mL kg?1 butyric acid (BA), (ix) 10 mL kg?1 BA, (x) 1.0 g kg?1 potassium sorbate (PS), (xi) 1.0 g kg?1 sodium benzoate (SB), (xii) 1 × 108 colony‐forming units (cfu) kg?1 Lactobacillus (Lb) plantarum LP (LP), (xiii) 1 × 108 cfu kg?1 Lb. brevis LB (LB) and (xiv) 1 × 108 cfu kg?1 Lb. buchneri NCIMB40788 (Fresh). Each additive treatment was based on fresh matter (FM). Results showed that all additives decreased pH values. All additives except Fresh decreased ammonia‐N content (p < .001). Both LP and LB increased lactic acid content (p < .001). Butyric acid content increased with FA (3 mL kg?1) and BA, but decreased with PA, PS, SB, FA (6 mL kg?1), AA, LP, LB (p < .001). FA (3 mL kg?1), AA (10 mL kg?1), PA, BA, PS, SB and Fresh improved aerobic stability (p < .001). After 8 days exposure to air, the pH value and yeast count were lower in FA (3 mL kg?1), BA (10 mL kg?1), SB treatments than in other treatments. Overall, AA outperformed all other additives in improving fermentation quality. Sodium benzoate and AA could be used as an effective additive to improve aerobic stability of L. chinensis silage.  相似文献   

3.
The chemical composition of silage consumed by cattle can influence the subsequent rumen microbial fermentation patterns and methane (CH4) emissions. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the effect of ensilage on the in vitro rumen methane output of perennial ryegrass and (ii) relate the silage fermentation characteristics of grass silages with in vitro rumen methanogenesis. Three pre‐harvest herbage‐conditioning treatments and seven silage‐additive treatments were used in a laboratory‐scale silo experiment to produce a diversity of silage fermentation characteristics. Ensilage reduced (P < 0·01) the in vitro rumen CH4 output (mL CH4 g?1 dry matter (DM) disappeared). This reflected differences in the direction of rumen fermentation (lower acetic (P < 0·05) and higher propionic (P < 0·001) acid proportions in volatile fatty acids) rather than major changes in the extent of in vitro rumen fermentation (i.e. mmol VFA g?1 DM). The magnitude of the decrease in CH4 output (mL g?1 DM incubated) owing to ensilage increased as the extent of silage fermentation, and in particular the lactic acid concentration, increased. In contrast, among silages with relatively similar extents of silage fermentation (i.e. total fermentation products), an increase in the proportion of lactic acid in silage fermentation products led to a more extensive in vitro rumen fermentation and thus to a greater CH4 output (mL g?1 DM).  相似文献   

4.
Under Irish conditions, the digestibility in May of grass managed for silage production is sometimes lower than expected. In each of two successive years, replicate field plots were established to examine the effects of three defoliation heights (uncut or cut to a stubble height of 10 or 5 cm) applied in winter and/or spring on herbage yields harvested in May and again in July, and on chemical composition and conservation characteristics associated with first‐cut silage. Swards that were not defoliated in December or March had a dry‐matter (DM) yield and in vitro DM digestibility (DMD) in mid‐May of 6597 kg ha?1 and 736 g kg?1, respectively, in Year 1, and corresponding values of 7338 kg ha?1 and 771 g kg?1 in Year 2. Defoliating swards to 5 cm in December reduced (P < 0·001) May DM yields compared to swards that were not defoliated in both December and March, while herbage DMD in May increased (P < 0·001) when defoliated in December or March. There were no clear effects of defoliation height or its timing on herbage ensilability or resultant conservation efficiency characteristics. The effects of defoliation on July yield were the reverse of those observed for May, while the total yield of the December and March defoliations plus the two silage harvests increased as defoliation height was lowered in Year 2 only. It is concluded that defoliation in winter and/or spring can increase herbage digestibility but will likely reduce DM yields in May.  相似文献   

5.
The effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and Chinese gallnut (Rhus chinensis Mill) tannin on the fermentation quality, nitrogen distribution, protein fractions and proteases activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) silage were studied. Additives added to alfalfa forage (approximately 40% DM) were LP (1 × 106 cfu/g FW) plus sucrose (4 g/kg FW) (LP + S), LP (1 × 106 cfu/g FW) plus commercial cellulase (0.1 g/kg FW) (LP + C) and Chinese gallnut tannin at two levels (20 and 50 g/kg DM) (TA 2% and TA 5%). The control was sprayed with the same volume of distilled water. Silage was sampled and analysed on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. The results showed that the degradation of protein to nonprotein nitrogen took place mainly during the first 3 days, while the degradation of peptides and free amino acids occurred throughout the ensiling process. All additives lowered nonprotein nitrogen and free amino acids nitrogen proportion during the ensiling. Additive TA 5% was the most effective to inhibit proteolysis among the four additives, followed by LP + S. They inhibited the activities of all three plant proteases and decreased production of nonprotein nitrogen, free amino acids and ammonia nitrogen during the ensiling process.  相似文献   

6.
The study aimed at evaluating an effective sterilization–inoculation technique to facilitate silage research on the effect of forage microflora on fermentation variables. The sterilization effect of heating at 60°C for 3 h + 103°C for 15 h was tested on samples of grass, grass–clover, white clover and maize, pre‐dried at 60°C to a dry‐matter (DM) content >900 g kg?1. The ensilability of treated samples, reconstituted to original DM concentration (250–390 g kg?1), was assessed by inoculation with microfloras extracted from the original samples. Microfloral inoculants were obtained by a combination of centrifugation (15 500  g for 40 min) and filtration (0·45 and 0·22 μm pore sizes) of the supernatant. The sterilization treatment effectively sterilized the forage samples but decreased water soluble carbohydrates by 49% and N buffer solubility by 22% and increased the acid detergent insoluble N proportion of total N by 53% (P < 0·05). The reconstituted silages had 18% less lactic acid, 20% less ethanol and 37% less ammonia‐N (P < 0·05), but volatile fatty acids and 2,3‐butanediol did not differ from the untreated silages (P > 0·05). Counts of lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria, clostridia, yeasts and moulds in the two silage treatments were also similar (P > 0·05). It is concluded that, despite causing chemical and physical alterations, the sterilization–inoculation technique evaluated could be a useful tool for future studies on the effects of microflora on ensiling results.  相似文献   

7.
A two‐year small‐plot field experiment was carried out to investigate the competitive relationship between seedlings of two important forage grasses, Leymus chinensis and Bromus inermis, under three levels of gap size (distance between seedlings and their neighbours) of 10, 20 and 40 cm in diameter, with neighbouring roots present or absent. Seeds of the two species were sown into artificially created gaps, in either monoculture or mixtures at equal rates. Results indicated that gap size had significant effects on seedling emergence, seedling survival and the growth performance of the two species, grown alone or in a mixture. Excluding the roots of neighbouring plants enhanced all the measured attributes and had significant effects on both the number of inflorescences and the biomass of B. inermis and on the biomass of L. chinensis. The performance of the two species differed significantly, both alone and in mixtures, with B. inermis outperforming L. chinensis consistently. The number of inflorescences of B. inermis was 2·6‐fold higher than L. chinensis when grown in a mixture, and L. chinensis displayed a large and significant reduction in biomass when grown in a mixture with B. inermis (5·7 g plot?1) as compared with a monoculture (25·9 g plot?1). The relative yield (RY) for B. inermis exceeded 0·5, but for L. chinensis, it was below 0·5 in all treatments, and aggressivity (A) in all treatments was above 0. In addition, the relative competition intensity (RCI) of B. inermis was less than that of L. chinensis in all treatments, both separately and when averaged across treatments. We conclude that B. inermis is a superior competitor to L. chinensis in gaps, whereas the performance of L. chinensis was greatly suppressed in mixtures. This indicated that under similar conditions, B. inermis outcompetes L. chinensis during early growth stages. The results have practical implications for the restoration and revegetation of grasslands in northern China.  相似文献   

8.
The ensiling of sugarcane results in high dry‐matter (DM) loss, but the addition of glycerine may compensate for the loss during ensiling. Methanol is the most undesirable contaminant of crude glycerine destined for animal feeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the yeast strain Pichia methanolica NCYC 1381 to reduce the methanol concentration in sugarcane silage inoculated with Lactobacillus hilgardii CCMA 0170 + glycerine. A randomized design consisted of four dose rates of glycerine (0, 4, 8 and 12% of fresh forage), three periods of silage fermentation (11, 34 and 68 d) and three combinations of microbial additives [L. hilgardii (LH), L. hilgardii plus P. methanolica (LH + PM) and without microbial additive (WI)]. The DM of the fresh sugarcane was 275 g kg?1. The linear reduction in neutral detergent fibre caused by glycerine inclusion was probably due to a dilution effect. The LH treatment increased the concentrations of the succinic, acetic and propionic acids, and 1,2‐propanediol, and reduced the yeast population. The LH + PM treatment increased DM loss of sugarcane silage with 12% glycerine and L. hilgardii CCMA 0170 (6·1 log cfu g?1 of FM) reduced the DM loss when compared to the silage without additives. Under the conditions of the experiment, the P. methanolica treatment did not reduce the methanol concentration in silage.  相似文献   

9.
Our objective was to investigate Lactobacillus buchneri as a silage inoculant or probiotic on in vitro ruminal measurements of low dry‐matter whole‐crop maize silage. In vitro gas production was conducted using untreated (without inoculant) and inoculated (treated with L. buchneri CNCM I‐4323 at 1 × 105 cfu g?1 of fresh forage) maize silages (wet‐ground) incubated with three different ruminal inocula, in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Ruminal fluids were collected from wethers consuming (i) untreated maize silage (RF‐U); (ii) inoculated maize silage (RF‐I); and (iii) untreated maize silage with a daily dose of L. buchneri CNCM I‐4323 administered directly into the rumen (1 × 107 cfu g?1 of supplied silage [LB‐probiotic]). Gas production was consistently higher when inoculated silage was used as the substrate of fermentation, compared to the untreated silage. When untreated silage was used as substrate, the total volatile fatty acid concentration was higher using RF‐I and LB‐probiotic inocula, compared to the RF‐U inoculum, at 9 hr and at 48 hr of fermentation. It is concluded that L. buchneri should be used as a silage inoculant rather than as a probiotic because it alters fermentation within the silo thereby improving silage quality and enabling some benefits for ruminal fermentation.  相似文献   

10.
This study aimed to determine the fermentation characteristics, nutrient composition and in vitro digestibility of desert wormwood (DW, Artemisia desertorum Spreng.) silage as the sole ingredient, or mixed with high‐moisture maize (corn) straw (HMCS). Desert wormwood and HMCS were harvested and chopped (1–2 cm) then ensiled in laboratory silos (25 cm high with an internal diameter of 7·6 cm) at a density of 550 g L?1 at room temperature for 60 days. The proportions of DW in the DW/HMCS mixtures were 1, 0·75, 0·50, 0·25 and 0, based on fresh weight. The silages were analysed for fermentation characteristics, nutrient composition and in vitro digestibility. Desert wormwood ensiled with HMCS had lower pH and acetic acid concentration and higher lactic acid concentration as the proportion of DW decreased. As the proportion of DW decreased, the crude protein concentration and the in vitro digestibility of dry matter increased and the concentrations of neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin decreased. This study has indicated that mixing HMCS with DW can improve the fermentation quality and nutrient composition of these silage mixtures.  相似文献   

11.
In change‐over trials, mid‐lactation dairy cows were fed concentrate‐supplemented, isonitrogenous and isofibrous perennial ryegrass–legume silage diets that satisfied energy requirements but were suboptimal with respect to metabolizable protein supply. Legumes were either birdsfoot trefoil with low levels of condensed tannins (typical for hemiboreal conditions), or white clover. Averaged over two experimental years, birdsfoot trefoil–based silage resulted in lower digestibility (P < 0·001) of dry matter (50 g kg?1), organic matter (52 g kg?1), neutral detergent fibre (120 g kg?1) and nitrogen (24 g kg?1) and lower rumen total volatile fatty acid concentration (7 mm ; P = 0·009). Milk protein yield was 36 g d?1 higher with birdsfoot trefoil silage (P = 0·002), while raw milk yield tended to be 0·8 kg d?1 higher (P = 0·06). Rumen ammonia concentration was similar between diets, but milk urea concentration (P < 0·001), urinary urea excretion (P = 0·002) and faecal‐N proportion (P = 0·001) were higher with birdsfoot trefoil silage. The results suggest that grass–birdsfoot trefoil silage produced in hemiboreal areas exhibits a protein‐sparing effect in dairy rations, despite a low condensed tannin content that is further diluted by companion grasses and ration concentrate proportion.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of restricted access time to pasture (2, 4 or 6 h d?1; 2H, 4H or 6H) on ingestive behaviour and performance were assessed on four occasions per target grazing day (D1, initial day; D4, intermediate day; and D7, final day) in dairy ewes rotationally grazing berseem clover with a 7‐day grazing period and a 21‐day recovery period. A randomized block design with two replicates per treatment was used. All ewes were supplemented daily with 700 g per head of concentrates and 700 g per head of ryegrass‐based hay. Pasture subplot and animal group data were analysed by a factorial model including access time (AT), grazing day (D) and their interaction as fixed factors. Sward height decreased from D1 (P < 0·001) and green leaf mass from D4 (P < 0·001) onwards during the grazing period. Grazing time as a proportion of AT was higher in 2H than in 4H and 6H ewes on D1 and D4 but not on D7 (P < 0·05 for AT × D). Herbage intake rate was higher in 2H than in 4H and 6H ewes (P < 0·001). Herbage and total intakes were higher in 4H and 6H than in 2H ewes (P < 0·001), with herbage intake varying non‐linearly during the grazing period (P < 0·05). Milk yield was higher in 4H and 6H than in 2H ewes (P < 0·01). To conclude, despite the evidence of compensatory behaviour, restricting access time to 2 h d?1 constrained intake and performance of dairy ewes rotationally grazing berseem clover.  相似文献   

13.
A perennial ryegrass sward was cut at a leafy stage of growth and harvested with different harvesters to produce silages differing in chop length to evaluate the effect of silage chop length on silage intake and on the performance of store Iambs when silage was fed as the sole diet. The silage was harvested in late May either as long silage (L), single-chopped (S). double-chopped (D). long precision-chopped (LP) or medium precision-chopped (MP) silage with (he appropriate machinery. The silages were treated with formic acid at 2.5 1 t?1. were well preserved (pH 3.7–3.8) and were of high dry-matter digestibility [749–810 g DMD kg?1 dry-matter (DM)]. The silages were fed ad libitum as the sole diet to Suffolk crossbred store lambs over a period of 11 weeks. Silage intake and lamb performance progressively increased as silage chop length declined from 32.4 cm (L) to 6.8 cm (MP). Silage intakes were 572, 661, 750, 893 and 1129 (± 21) g DM d?1 for silages L, S, D, LP and MP respectively. The corresponding daily liveweight gains were -3, 40, 53, 85 and 151 (± 7.6) g d?l. Similar increases in empty body weight gain and carcass weight gain were obtained as silage chop length declined. Rumen retention time (RRT), estimated from the rumen contents of the lambs at slaughter and their silage intake in the week before slaughter, was much shorter for silages LP and MP compared with silages L or S. Silage intake was negatively related to RRT(b= -24.5 ± 6.1 gDM h?l RRT). The results of this study showed that high intakes of grass silage and liveweight gains were achieved when grass was cut at a leafy stage of growth and harvested with a precision-chop harvester set to produce a moderate chop length (7 cm). The feeding of long or flail-chopped silages resulted in lower intakes and lower liveweight gains.  相似文献   

14.
Urtica cannabina (U. cannabina), a member of the Urticaceae family, is widely distributed throughout the temperate regions of the world and can be used as a nutritious feed for animals through the winter period. To provide high‐quality forage all year‐round, we treated freshly harvested U. cannabina without additives (control), but with corn flour (CF) (5:1 w/w), molasses (2, 4, and 8% fresh weight), or LalsiL Dry (LD) inoculant (5, 10 and 20 mg kg?1 of fresh weight). We then assessed the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and fermentative parameters of the products after 0, 3, 5, 15, 20 and 60 d of ensiling. The results showed that: (i) U. cannabina had large quantities of protein and some essential minerals, including calcium, potassium, sodium, zinc, copper and manganese, and was particularly rich in magnesium and iron. (ii) U. cannabina can be preserved as a highly nutritious silage. No additive treatment or the LD inoculant treatments produced badly preserved silages. The 2% molasses treatment produced badly preserved silage, but 4–8% molasses produced well‐preserved silages. The CF treatment also produced well‐preserved silage. We recommend the application rates of molasses at 4–8% of fresh weight or 5:1 CF to improve U. cannabina silage.  相似文献   

15.
Mown herbage of timothy–meadow fescue (dry matter 218 (LDM) or 539 (HDM) g kg?1) was ensiled in laboratory silos to evaluate silage additives. For LDM silage, additives including formic acid (a blend of formic acid, sodium formate, propionic acid, benzoic acid, glycerol and another blend of formic acid and ammonium formate, both applied at 5 L t?1) were able to restrict fermentation and thereby improve intake potential of the silage. Aerobic stability (AS) of total mixed ration (TMR) was also improved. LDM grass treated with homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (hoLAB) resulted in silage containing lactic acid at 132 g kg?1 DM, ammonium‐N <40 g kg?1 total N, and pH < 3·8, and the AS was poor (<36 h). The treatment including heterofermentative strain (Lactobacillus brevis) produced more acetic acid and better AS than hoLAB. Salt treatment (sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium nitrite) reduced pH compared to the Control treatment (3·89 vs. 4·24) and improved AS of TMR. The LDM Control silage had good AS, but the TMR based on it had poor AS. All additives were able to lower pH on HDM silages also, but other benefits of using additives were minimal. The treatment including L. brevis on HDM was able to improve AS of TMR.  相似文献   

16.
Shrubs can provide an important contribution to the fodder resources for small ruminants in Mediterranean areas, but there is limited information on their feed value, including secondary metabolites and their seasonal differences. This study evaluated the effect of seasonal variation in chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and antioxidant activity of the aerial parts of plants of Cistus ladanifer of two age groups [young plants vs. older ones (2–6 years old)]. Aerial parts of C. ladanifer plants of both age groups were characterized by moderate cell‐wall content [321–410 g NDF kg?1 dry matter (DM)], high levels of phenolic compounds (55·1–106 g gallic acid equivalents per kg DM) and condensed tannins (CT) (32·1–161 g kg?1 DM), low protein content (55–100 g kg?1 DM) and low digestibility (249–315 g of digestible organic matter per kg DM). During autumn and winter, C. ladanifer showed higher protein levels and lower cell‐wall content than in the other seasons. The highest values of phenolic compounds, CT and antioxidant activity were achieved during summer. Young plants showed higher levels of phenolic compounds during spring, summer and winter, and higher CT contents in summer (more than 54 g kg?1 DM) compared to old plants. Aerial parts of C. ladanifer of both age groups may be used as a component of ruminant nutrition, but only as a supplement and associated with other feeding resources to complement its nutritional imbalances.  相似文献   

17.
Effects of grass silage feed value on intake, dietary sorting, body condition (BC) and body weight (BW) of pregnant and lactating ewes and on liveweight gain (LWG) of their suckling lambs were evaluated. Twin‐bearing ewes were fed ad libitum grass silage of (i) high feed value (HFV), (ii) medium feed value (MFV) and (iii) low feed value (LFV), plus 0·8 kg concentrate in late pregnancy and lactation. The HFV, MFV and LFV silages contained 11·7, 10·8 and 9·3 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) kg?1 DM respectively. The HFV resulted in 8·2 and 15·2 MJ greater ME intake in pregnancy and 14·7 and 21·0 MJ greater ME intake from silage in lactation than MFV and LFV respectively (P < 0·01). Ewes fed the MFV and LFV silages sorted for more digestible particles during eating (P < 0·10). The HFV gave no loss in BC, whereas ewes fed MFV and LFV lost 0·7 and 0·8 units of BC, respectively, during lactation (P < 0·10). There were similar trends in BW. The nursing HFV lambs had 73 g higher daily LWG than the LFV lambs (P < 0·01). In conclusion, the HFV increased the ME intake of pregnant and lactating ewes, resulting in improved BC and BW of lactating ewes and LWG of suckling lambs compared to MFV and LFV.  相似文献   

18.
The addition of cool‐season, tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.], to warm‐season, bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], pastures can improve forage productivity and nutritive value. Effects of four binary mixtures consisting of cv. Flecha (incompletely summer dormant) and cv. Jesup (summer active) tall fescue overseeded into established stands of cv. Russell and cv. Tifton 44 bermudagrass and three seasonal N treatments were evaluated on dry‐matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP), in vitro true digestible DM (IVTDDM), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). Nitrogen‐timing treatments were 168 kg N ha?1 (as ammonium nitrate) split into three applications per season with an additional 8·6 t ha?1 of broiler litter (as‐is moisture basis) split into two applications varied to favour either tall fescue (in October and January), bermudagrass (in March and May) or both grasses (in January and March). Treatment effects were determined in samples of mixed herbage harvested in April, May, July, August and September of 2009 and 2010. Regardless of bermudagrass cultivar, herbage DM yield was greater (P < 0·05) in Flecha–bermudagrass than Jesup–bermudagrass in July of both years and in August 2010. Nutritive value generally was greatest in Jesup–Tifton 44, based on high CP and IVTDDM, and low ADF and NDF. Averaged across mixtures, avoiding fertilizer N and litter applications beyond April increased (P < 0·01) DM yield in April and May and IVTDDM in July (603 vs. 629 g kg?1; 2‐year average) and August (618 vs. 660 g kg?1) compared with applications in January–July. The timing of N and broiler litter applications on tall fescue–bermudagrass to favour growth of tall fescue appeared to increase fescue cover during the cool season and nutritive value of the mixed herbage during the warm season.  相似文献   

19.
Maize was harvested at one‐third milk line (297 g kg?1 DM) stage. All inoculants were applied at 1 × 106 cfu g?1 of fresh forage. After treatment, the chopped forages were ensiled in 1·5‐L anaerobic jars. Three jars per treatment were sampled on days 2, 4, 7, 12 and 90 after ensiling, for chemical and microbiological analysis. Homofermentative LAB‐inoculated silages had lower pH and higher lactate:acetate ratio (except for Lactobacillus plantarum/Pediococcus cerevisiae and L. plantarum/Propionibacterium acidipropionici) than the control and both heterofermentative LAB‐inoculated silages. Both L. buchneri inhibited yeast growth and CO2 production during exposure of silage to air. The L. plantarum/P. cerevisiae, L. plantarum (Ecosyl) and L. plantarum/Enterococcus faecium‐inoculated silages had higher dry‐matter digestibility than the control and L. buchneri‐inoculated silages. Inoculants did not affect digestibility of neutral detergent fibre, except for L. buchneri (Biotal), organic matter nor ME content of silages. The LAB silage inoculants generally had a positive effect on maize silage characteristics in terms of lower pH and shifting fermentation toward lactate with homofermentative LAB or toward acetate with L. buchneri. The use of L. buchneri can improve the aerobic stability of maize silages by the inhibition of yeast activity.  相似文献   

20.
White clover can reduce fertilizer‐N requirements, improve sward nutritive value and increase environmental sustainability of grazed grasslands. Results of previous experiments in glasshouse conditions and on mown plots have suggested that white clover may be more susceptible than perennial ryegrass to treading damage on wet soils. However, this phenomenon has not been investigated under actual grazing conditions. This experiment examined the effects of treading on clover content, herbage production and soil properties within three clover‐based grazing systems on a wet soil in Ireland for 1 year. Treading resulted in soil compaction, as evidenced by increased soil bulk density (P < 0·001) and reductions in the proportion of large (air‐filled) soil pores (P < 0·001). Treading reduced annual herbage production of both grass and white clover by similar amounts 0·59 and 0·45 t ha?1 respectively (P < 0·001). Treading reduced the sward clover content in June (P < 0·01) but had no effect on annual clover content, clover stolon mass or clover content at the end of the experiment. Therefore, there was little evidence that white clover is more susceptible to treading damage than perennial ryegrass under grazing conditions on wet soils.  相似文献   

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