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1.
Prescapular, femoral, mesenteric, mediastinal and splenic lymph nodes from nine camels of one to 12 years of age were studied. There were no obvious structural differences between these different lymph nodes or between the ages. The lymph nodes were surrounded by a capsule formed of two layers, an outer thicker layer of connective tissue and an inner thinner layer mainly of smooth muscles. Trabeculae extended from the inner layer of the capsule dividing the parenchyma characteristically into incomplete lobules. Subcapsular and trabecular lymphatic sinuses were supported by a reticular fiber network. The parenchyma was uniquely different from that of other species, as it was arranged in the form of lymphoid follicles and interfollicular lymphoid tissue. The lymphoid follicles of CD22 positive lymphocytes were supported by a reticular fiber network. This fine network of α-smooth muscle actin positive cells enclosed the lymphoid follicles. The interfollicular tissue was mainly made up of diffusely distributed CD3 positive lymphocytes. MHC class II: DR was expressed by most lymphocytes of the follicles and interfollicular tissue. Lymphatic sinuses and high endothelial venules were found in the interfollicular zone. The lymphatic sinuses were lined by discontinuous endothelial cells. The wall of the high endothelial venules was infiltrated by several lymphocytes and enclosed in a layer of α-smooth muscle actin positive cells. Acid phosphatase positive cells were evenly distributed in the interfollicular zone. A few cells were localized in the lymph follicles. Alkaline phosphatase was observed in the endothelium of the lymphatic sinuses and in the lymphoid follicles.  相似文献   

2.
Pre‐scapular, femoral and mesenteric lymph nodes from five buffalo calves and five buffalo bulls were studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. The nodes were surrounded with a thin capsule of dense connective tissue and smooth muscles. Subcapsular and trabecular lymphatic sinuses were lined with endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane. The cortex was formed by lymphoid follicles and inter‐follicular lymphocytes. Primary and secondary follicles were observed. The medulla was made up of medullary cords of lymphocytes separated by lymphatic sinuses. These sinuses were lined with a discontinuous epithelium and interestingly crossed by reticular fibres. High endothelial venules were found in the paracortical area. Several lymphocytes were observed infiltrating the wall of these venules. The lymph nodes of the Egyptian water buffalo showed a typical structure compared with the majority of mammals, with no age‐related structural variation.  相似文献   

3.
Detection of proliferating lymphocytes is useful for studying immune reactions and for the prognosis of tumours of lymphocyte origin. Markers detecting proliferating cells are lacking in the dromedary camel. This study deals with the immunohistochemical detection of the Ki-67 proliferation-associated nuclear epitope using MIB-5 in frozen sections from spleens, different lymph nodes and haemal nodes of eight camels (0.5-12 years old). Frozen sections from rat spleens were labelled in parallel with camel tissue as a positive control. Large numbers of cells expressing the Ki-67 epitope were localized in germinal centres of all lymphoid organs tested. A few cells were found in the periarterial lymphoid sheath and the red pulp of the spleen, also in the lymphatic cords of the lymph nodes and the haemal nodes. There were no obvious differences in respect to the age of the animals. The Ki-67 epitope is well expressed by proliferating cells in camel lymphoid organs. MIB-5 can be applied to identify this epitope and will be a useful marker for cell production in immune reactions.  相似文献   

4.
The parotid, mandibular and lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes of the dromedary camel were examined using both light and electron microscopy. All three lymph nodes were lobulated. They did not show the characteristic medulla, cortex and paracortex of typical lymph nodes. Instead, they contained lymphatic nodules, dense anodular lymphoid tissue and diffuse lymphoid tissue dispersed throughout the lymph node. Networks of sinuses were present in the diffuse lymphoid tissue. The diffuse lymphoid tissue in the periphery of all lymph nodes examined was characterized by numerous erythrocytes within and around its network of sinuses. The nodal sinuses were contiguous with the septal vessels, which are considered the possible source of erythrocytes seen in this study. The lymph nodes that were seen in this study resembled the haemolymph nodes of other mammals with regard to their content of erythrocytes but were unique in being located in sites that were typical of ordinary lymph nodes. Morphometric analysis has shown that the percentage volume densities of the stroma and the various parenchymal components were similar in the three lymph nodes.  相似文献   

5.
The incidence and location of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+ and γ/δ T lymphocytes and IgM+ B lymphocytes were studied in the intestinal lymph nodes in 1-week, 1-month, 3-month and 7-month-old goats, using monoclonal antibodies and immuno-histochemical methods. The cortical area of the intestinal lymph nodes in 1-week-old animals contains only primary follicles occupied by IgM+ B lymphocytes and some CD2+CD4+ T lymphocytes. In goats older than 1 month, secondary follicles, that increased in number and size with age, were observed; the light zone of the germinal centre was occupied by IgM+ lymphocytes and some CD2+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes. In the other compartments of the lymph nodes, B lymphocytes were scarce, their number increasing with age in the medulla and diminishing in the paracortex. The numerous CD2+ T lymphocytes in the interfollicular area increased in number in the paracortical area of the 7-month-old goats, simultaneously with an increase in the MHC II+ dendritic cells and the CD4/CD8 ratio, which was greater than 1. The γ/δ T lymphocytes represented a minor subpopulation scattered through the lymph nodes.  相似文献   

6.
In a study of trends and magnitudes of lymphocytes proliferation, destruction or apoptosis eleven 3-month-old healthy calves were experimentally infected with the protozoan parasite Theileria parva, which is reported to cause lymphocyte proliferation. Four control calves were not infected. Infected and non-infected calves were sacrificed on days 9, 12, 16, 19, 23, 24 and 25 to examine lymphoid tissue changes and lymphocyte proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. All infected calves developed severe East Coast fever, with enlargement of lymph nodes, dyspnoea, high fever and pulmonary oedema. Lymphocyte proliferation was not observed in lymph nodes, thymus and spleen; instead there were massive deaths of lymphocytes and other cells. The terminal severe disease caused massive lymphoid parenchyma coagulation terminating with caseation, organs and cells being undeterminable histologically. Tissues surrounding the lymph nodes were oedematous. Lymph node and thymus parenchyma were caseated and cortices and medulla indistinguishable because of severe lymphocyte and accessory cell deaths. The lymph node fibrous reticular stroma was necrotic and caseated. Lymphoid follicles in lymph nodes degenerated and lacked germinal centres. Lymph nodes, spleen and thymus were grossly enlarged, hardened, potato or cheese like, but microscopically very hypocellular and in the terminal disease acellular because of massive lymphocytes destruction. In the thymus there was extensive thymocyte and epithelioid cell necrosis and loss of distinction between cortex and medulla. The spleen white and red pulps were indistinguishable because of extensive lymphoid cell necrosis. The white pulp degenerated more than the red pulp. The massive lymphocyte deaths in the lymph nodes, thymus and spleen, without lymphocyte proliferation in this T. parva infection in calves leads to a conclusion that this parasite is lympho-destructive and lympho-degenerative in vivo rather than lympho-proliferative.  相似文献   

7.
Specific-pathogen-free 10-week-old chickens were inoculated via the air sac with Escherichia coli and showed lymphocytic depletion of bursa of Fabricius and thymus. In experiment I, chickens were necropsied at 12 and 24 hours, 2, 3, and 5 days after inoculation. At 12 hours after inoculation there was lymphocytic depletion in the medulla of lymphoid follicles of the bursa. At 24 hours after inoculation there was lymphocytic depletion also in the cortex of follicles and edema in interfollicular interstitium and follicular medulla. At 2 and 3 days after inoculation there were more marked lymphocytic depletion in medulla and cortex, and fibrosis in interfollicular interstitium. Partial repopulation of follicles with lymphocytes was seen at 5 days after inoculation. In the thymus, lymphocytic depletion occurred in the cortex. At 12 hours after inoculation, lymphocytic necrosis increased in number more than that of control chickens. The width of the cortex and medulla decreased. At 24 hours after inoculation, lymphocytic necrosis increased further. At 2 to 5 days after inoculation, the boundary between the cortex and medulla of lobules was obscure and cellular elements of the cortex and medulla were mingled. In experiment II, chickens were necropsied as in experiment I and also at 8 and 14 days after inoculation. The relative weights of the bursa and thymus reduced rapidly to minimal relative weights at 8 days after inoculation. At 14 days after inoculation, both bursa and thymus had normal relative weights and histological structures. These findings indicate that E. coli infection may induce transient lymphocytic depletion of lymphoid tissues in the chicken.  相似文献   

8.
This study evaluates the cross-reactivity of seven anti-human and one anti-bovine antibodies in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of liver and mesenteric lymph nodes of 13 striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). Four antibodies (CD3, IgG, lysozyme and S100 protein) reacted with striped dolphin lymph nodes in a similar pattern to that observed in the species of origin. The anti-human MHC class II mAb reacted strongly with macrophages and dendritic-like cells of striped dolphins, whereas a small number of lymphocytes were labelled with this antibody. These antibodies were used to study the immunophenotype of the inflammatory infiltrated in non-specific chronic reactive hepatitis (eight cases) and chronic parasite cholangitis (two cases) and normal liver (three cases) of striped dolphins. Non-specific chronic reactive hepatitis was composed of inflammatory infiltration of CD3+ T lymphocytes and IgG+ plasma cells in portal spaces and hepatic sinusoids. Lymphonodular aggregates observed in chronic parasitic cholangitis showed a cellular distribution similar to that found in lymph node cortex, including the presence of S100+ and MHC class II+ dendritic-like cells in lymphoid follicles and interfollicular areas. This result suggests that those inflammatory infiltrates are highly organised to enhance antigen presentation to B and T cells.  相似文献   

9.
The bovine haemal nodes are lymphatic organs located in the haemal circulation. Their parenchyma is represented by plasma cells, macrophages and B and T lymphocytes. The T helper type 2 (Th2) CD4 lymphocyte can be found within the T lymphocytes. The activated Th2 CD4 lymphocyte produces interleukin-4 (IL-4), a peptidic hormone involved in the acute-phase immune response. This interleukin can promote either B-lymphocyte differentiation and T-lymphocyte proliferation or it can promote the type of immunoglobulin that can be liberated. Our results have shown, by immunostaining with anti-IL-4, not only the presence and localization of these lymphocytes in bovine haemal nodes but also the participation of polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophils) in the storage of IL-4. These results give value to the humoral and cellular immunological importance of haemal nodes in bovines and they can serve as a contribution to determine the cross-reactivity of bovine IL-4 with the human anti-serum used in this work.  相似文献   

10.
双峰驼血淋巴结的形态结构研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
本研究用解剖学和组织学方法首次确定我国双峰驼具有血淋巴结这一形态结构。其外观呈卵圆形、紫红色，直径6－11mm，常见于皮下结缔组织中。在组织学上，外有一层由胶原纤维、弹性纤维和成纤维细胞构成的薄而疏松的被膜，其中有较多的血管和淋巴管；被膜伸入内部形成细小且分布散乱的小梁，但未将实质分隔成明显的小叶。实质由大量的血窦、较少的淋巴小结和淋巴窦构成，未见索状淋巴组织。血窦可分为边缘窦和中间窦，充满血液，前者位于被膜下方，较宽大，呈索状排列；后者狭窄，吻合成网；窦壁由内皮和基膜组成。淋巴窦较少，窦壁完整，明显扩张。淋巴小结多呈卵圆形，散在分布于血窦之间，由淋巴、网状组织构成，有的有明显的的生发中心。和他种动物相比，双峰驼血淋巴结在组织学上有以下特点：（1）除具有血管和血窦外，还有淋巴管和淋巴窦；（2）实质无皮质和髓质之分；（3）淋巴组织主要为淋巴小结，未见索状的淋巴组织。  相似文献   

11.
The bovine haemal nodes are lymphatic organs with haemal circulation. The blood circulates inside of them through virtual cavities named sinuses. In these sinuses there is passage of cells and particulate materials from parenchyma to sinuses and vice versa. For this passage temporal overtures exist in the sinus walls. The sinus wall is composed of endothelial cells, basal membrane and reticular cells. Our results have demostrated that type IV collagen was one of the basal membrane constituents in bovine haemal nodes and by this constitution a dynamic equilibrium of the sinus walls was permitted.  相似文献   

12.
Morphology of the lymph nodes was examined in six bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and three striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Adriatic Sea. All animals had been found dead in nature. One group of the nodes was taken from the tracheal branching area and was marked as bifurcational lymph node, and the other group was taken from the mesenteric root and was marked as mesenteric lymph node. Microscopic analysis showed that the lymph nodes in both dolphin species were surrounded by a connective tissue capsule comprising smooth muscle cells. The parenchyma of the mesenteric and bifurcational lymph nodes in bottlenose dolphin was divided into the peripherally situated cortex with the lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue, and the centrally situated medulla structured of the medullary cords separated by the medullary sinuses. These lymph nodes structurally correspond to the lymph nodes in the majority of terrestrial mammals. The mesenteric lymph node of striped dolphin also had a peripherally situated cortex and a centrally positioned medulla as the majority of terrestrial mammals. In the bifurcational lymph nodes of striped dolphin, there was a central dense lymphatic tissue with the lymphatic nodules and a peripheral less dense lymphatic tissue structured of the cell cords and sinuses. The bifurcational lymph node in striped dolphin resembled porcine lymph nodes and belonged to the inverse lymph nodes.  相似文献   

13.
双峰驼卵巢的组织结构   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  
应用组织学方法对双峰驼卵巢的形态结构进行了显微与亚显微观察。结果显示 ,双峰驼卵巢表面被覆单层立方至单层扁平的生殖上皮 ,无排卵窝 ,上皮下为致密结缔组织白膜 ,卵巢实质由外周的皮质和中央的髓质构成。皮质中原始卵泡和初级卵胞数量稀少 ,其分布位置更靠近皮质中层 ,偶见同一卵泡内含 2个卵母细胞。体积大小和发育阶段不同的次级卵泡与三级卵泡闭锁时 ,所发生的形态变化不一致 ,可出现实心和囊状 2种闭锁卵泡。黄体中以粒性黄体细胞占优势 ,其细胞质中含大量脂质泡而呈海绵样。卵巢髓质中除含大量血管外 ,还见卵巢网分布  相似文献   

14.
This paper describes the histopathological features and cellular distribution of T lymphocytes (CD3), B cells (CD79), follicular dendritic cells (FDC) and macrophages (alpha-1-antitrypsin, lysozyme) in lymphoid aggregates (Kisselev nodules) found in the lung, kidney and liver of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.). The distribution of immunoreactive cells, tested for antibodies, was similar to that found in the cortex of lymph nodes: lymphoid follicles with germinal centers mainly consisting of CD79+ B cells with sparse interfollicular tissue (CD3+ T lymphocytes). This finding and the association of these structures with helminthic infections suggests that local humoral immunity is central to the organism’s response to parasitic challenge. The presence of follicular dendritic cells confirms the high degree of organization of these lymphoid-like structures. The role of other pathogenic factors and the induction of chronic inflammatory reaction in these ectopic lymphoid sites is also discussed.  相似文献   

15.
The cellular composition of the different splenic compartments is well characterized in several species, but the spleen of the camel has not been studied due to the lack of specific antibodies detecting its leukocyte subsets. Therefore, 5microm frozen sections from 15 camel spleens (0.5-15 years) were studied for acid and alkaline phosphatases and for cross-reaction with antibodies specific for bovine (n=181), swine (n=14) and human (n=6) leukocyte determinants. Fifteen antibodies cross-reacted with camel spleen cells. These included 13 anti-bovine, two anti-human, but no anti-swine antibodies. The lymph follicles mainly consisted of B cells. The germinal centers showed a strong alkaline phosphatase activity. The periarterial lymphatic sheath harbored T lymphocytes. The marginal zone contained gammadelta T cells, CD45R0+, MHC class II DR+, CD44+, IL-A 24+ cells and few macrophages. The red pulp contained B, T, MHC class II DR+, IL-A24+ and gammadelta T cells and few macrophages. The periarterial macrophage sheaths contained many more macrophages than the marginal zone, so they may play a central role in the phagocytosis of the blood born particles. The alkaline phosphatase probably labeled activated B cells, but in contrast to other species no positive cells were found in the marginal zone. In general, lymphocyte compartmentalization in the camel spleen is similar to that in other species except for lower numbers of macrophages and the absence of alkaline phosphatase positive cells in the marginal zone. No age related differences were observed in the splenic compartments.  相似文献   

16.
To clarify the morphological characteristics of the cynomolgus monkey immune system, we analyzed quantitative data on their lymphoid organs. Spleens, major lymph nodes and Peyer's patches were sampled from cynomolgus monkeys, and the lymphoid follicle and germinal center areas and percentages of CD3- and CD20-positive areas were calculated. All the organs analyzed showed large interindividual variations in the sizes of lymphoid follicles and germinal centers. Lymphoid follicle in the spleen, submandibular lymph nodes and Peyer's patches showed no marked difference in size. Germinal center size in the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches were significantly smaller than those in the spleen. Areas containing T cells were largest in the lymph nodes, while those containing B cells were largest in the spleen and Peyer's patches. The mean size of the splenic lymphoid follicle in cynomolgus monkeys is larger than that in rats and similar to that in humans. Based on the large individual variation and the characteristics of lymphoid organs, it is important to use cynomolgus monkeys in standard toxicity studies. Taking advantage of the characteristics of each species enables reliable evaluation of the immunologic system in standard toxicity studies.  相似文献   

17.
The palatine tonsils of five young horses formed 10-12 cm elongated follicular structures extending from the root of the tongue on either side to the base of the epiglottis and lateral to the glossoepiglottic fold. The stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium of the outer surface was modified into crypts as reticular epithelium by heavy infiltration of lymphoid cells from underlying lymphoid follicles. In places, lymphoid tissue reaching almost to the surface and with only one to two cell layers intact was identified as the lymphoepithelium. Langerhans cells with Birbeck granules were interspersed between epithelial cells. Lymphoid tissue organized in lymphoid follicles constituted the parenchyma of the palatine tonsil. CD4-positive cells were more numerous and CD8-positive lymphocytes less numerous compared with their distribution in the lingual tonsil. B cells and macrophages were also more numerous than in the lingual tonsil and lectins showed a different pattern of attachment. M cells were not observed. High endothelial venules with well-developed vesiculo-vacuolar organelle had structural evidence of transendothelial and interendothelial migration of lymphocytes. Striated muscles as seen in the deeper lamina propria mucosae of the lingual tonsil were absent. The immunohistological and ultrastructural characteristics of the equine palatine tonsil are similar to those of humans but differ from those of the lingual tonsil and are consistent with a role as an effector and inductor immunological organ.  相似文献   

18.
利用免疫组织化学染色对传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）超强毒LX株感染SPF鸡免疫器官中CD4^ 和CD8^ T淋巴细胞的动态分布进行了研究。超强毒LX株接种2周龄SPF雏鸡，在其法氏囊、脾脏、胸腺、盲肠扁桃体、骨髓和哈氏腺中均可检出IBDV抗原的存在和CD4^ 与CD8^ T淋巴细胞的数量改变。在法氏囊中，CD4^ 淋巴细胞主要存在于淋巴滤泡间隙和滤泡皮质，而CD8^ T淋巴细胞则丰在于整个淋巴滤泡和滤泡间隙，并且CD8^ T淋巴细胞数量明显多于CD4^ T淋巴细胞，在接种后14d仍未见CD4^ 和CD8^ T淋巴细胞数量减少。脾脏中CD4^ T淋巴细胞主要存在于外周小动脉淋巴鞘或散在，而CD8^ T淋巴细胞则多存在于外周小动脉淋巴鞘和红髓。接种后胸腺中CD4^ 和CD8^ T淋巴细胞在皮质中减少，但在髓质增多，尤其是CD8^ T淋巴细胞数明显多于CD4^＋T淋巴细胞。盲肠扁桃体中CD4^ 和CD8^ T淋巴细胞主要存在于发生中心，尤其是CD8^ T淋巴细胞数比CD4^ T淋巴细胞明显多。骨髓和哈氏腺中也可见CD4^ 和CD8^ T淋巴细胞，而且CD8^ T淋巴细胞更多。在这些淋巴器官中，病毒损伤部位出现CD4^ 和CD8^ T淋巴细胞的迁入聚集，表明T淋巴细胞可能参与IBDV超强毒的免疫致病过程。  相似文献   

19.
The distribution and population of immunocompetent cells in bovine hemal node, mesenteric lymph node and spleen were analyzed comparatively by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Many CD8(+) cells, CD172a(+) cells and γδ T cells were found in the lymphatic cord along the sinus of the hemal node and the splenic red pulp. A few CD8(+) cells and γδ T cells were distributed diffusely in the paracortex and medullary cord of the mesenteric lymph node. Many germinal centers were recognized in the lymphatic regions such as the cortex and white pulp of these lymphoid organs. The populations of CD8(+) cells and γδ T cells in the hemal node and the spleen were higher than those of the mesenteric lymph node. In addition, the populations of CD21(+) cells and MHC class II(+) cells in the hemal node and the mesenteric lymph node were higher than those of the spleen. The results suggest that the hemal node has an important role in both cellular and humoral immunity as well as the lymph node and the spleen in cattle.  相似文献   

20.
In this study, the presence of haemal nodes, previously recognised especially in ruminants, was determined for the first time in piglets. The morphology of haemal nodes located in the abdominal cavity of seven piglets was studied by gross inspection and by histological methods. Haemal nodes reddish in colour and oval or round in shape were observed on the thin branches originating from the caudal and cranial mesenteric arteries. These nodes, having connection only with blood vessels, were covered with a thin connective tissue capsule. The haemal nodes had a hilus at the entrance of which large blood vessels were seen. These blood vessels extended into the inside of the nodes through trabeculae. Afferent and efferent lymph vessels were not observed in the haemal nodes. The nodes contained many sinuses formed by reticular fibres and reticular cells and filled by red blood cells. In the haemal nodes, lymphocytic infiltration was more commonly seen than lymph follicles.  相似文献   

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