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1.
ABSTRACT Salicylic acid (SA) is a key regulatory component of disease resistance in plants. In tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-inoculated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc NN genotype), newly synthesized SA is converted primarily to SA 2-O-beta-D-glucoside (SAG) and glucosyl salicylate (GS), a relatively minor metabolite. Similar patterns in the formation of GS and SAG were observed in tobacco inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, suggesting the accumulation of two glucosylated metabolites is a general phenomenon in tobacco plants. After SA infiltration, GS was synthesized rapidly, reached a maximal level at 6 h, declined, and remained relatively constant for at least 24 h. In contrast, SAG content increased gradually after SA treatment. Our in vitro and in vivo data suggest that a high concentration of free SA triggers transient formation of GS and continuous accumulation of SAG, which is a more stable metabolite of SA. The two distinct SA glucosyltransferases catalyzed the formation of GS and SAG, respectively. The activities of these enzymes were enhanced by TMV or P. syringae pv. phaseolicola inoculation or SA treatment and were found in different fractions of gel filtration chromatography. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Peronospora tabacina is an obligate plant pathogen that causes downy mildew disease on several species of Nicotiana, including N. tabacum (tobacco). The primary objective of this study was to use gnotobiotic associations to describe interactions between the pathogen and roots of either N. tabacum (cv. KY14) or N. repanda. We found that the pathogen was capable of moving systemically from shoots to roots of both host species and emerged from the root tissues as hyphae. We also demonstrated that root-associated hyphae were infectious on roots of nearby plants and resulted in new systemic infections. Following overnight darkness, sporulation of the pathogen was observed on infected roots exposed to air on both host species. We also found that within 2 months in culture, structures resembling resting stages of Peronospora tabacina were produced on hyphae emerging from roots of N. repanda but not N. tabacum. These findings appear relevant to both the epidemiology of the disease and to future studies of this and other downy mildew pathosystems. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT A new variety of Nicotiana, N. edwardsonii var. Columbia, was evaluated for its capacity to serve as a new source for virus resistance genes. Columbia was developed from a hybridization between N. glutinosa and N. clevelandii, the same parents used for the formation of the original N. edwardsonii. However, in contrast to the original N. edwardsonii, crosses between Columbia and either of its parents are fertile. Thus, the inheritance of virus resistance genes present in N. glutinosa could be characterized by using Columbia as a bridge plant in crosses with the susceptible parent, N. clevelandii. To determine how virus resistance genes would segregate in interspecific crosses between Columbia and N. clevelandii, we followed the fate of the N gene, a single dominant gene that specifies resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Our genetic evidence indicated that the entire chromosome containing the N gene was introgressed into N. clevelandii to create an addition line, designated N. clevelandii line 19. Although line 19 was homozygous for resistance to TMV, it remained susceptible to Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) strain W260, indicating that resistance to these viruses must reside on other N. glutinosa chromosomes. We also developed a second addition line, N. clevelandii line 36, which was homozygous for resistance to TBSV. Line 36 was susceptible to TMV and CaMV strain W260, but was resistant to other tombusviruses, including Cucumber necrosis virus, Cymbidium ringspot virus, Lettuce necrotic stunt virus, and Carnation Italian ringspot virus. 相似文献
4.
Temme Ir. J. 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1943,49(4):113-116
Samenvatting Beschreven worden een, in ons land bij tabaksbladeren voor ’t eerst waargenomen, ziektebeeld en de onderzoekingen die leidden
tot de determinatie van de onbekende bacterieele verwekker ervan. Deze blijkt verwant te zijn metErwinia aroideae, die een natrot veroorzaakt in bol, stengel en bladstelen vanZantedeschia aethiopica (Calla), e.a. Er zijn echter voldoende termen aanwezig om de nieuwe bacterie als een afzonderlijke species te beschouwen.
De naamErwinia ni cotianae wordt gegeven. Het door deze bacterie veroorzaakte ziektebeeld wordt „natrot der tabak” genoemd. Of gehele planten door de
werking vanErw. nicotianae te gronde kunnen gaan, kon nog niet met zekerheid worden uitgemaakt. In een volgende mededeling zal hierover misschien iets
naders gezegd kunnen worden.
Voorlopige mededeling over een nog niet eerder beschreven bacterieziekte der Tabak 相似文献
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P. Roggero G. Dellavalle M. Ciuffo S. Pennazio 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1999,105(5):509-512
Infection by two isolates of impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus (INSV) under temperature regimes of 25/18°C (day/night) or 33°C (continuous) was studied in Capsicum annuum (systemically susceptible to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, TSWV), C. chinense PI 152225 and PI 159236 (reacting hypersensitively to TSWV) and Nicotiana benthamiana (systemically susceptible to both tospoviruses). At 25/18°C infection was systemic in all hosts tested. At 33°C infection in N. benthamiana was systemic whereas in C. annuum and C. chinense it was restricted to the inoculated leaves. The result differed from that reported for TSWV, where high temperature made plants more susceptible, or caused no difference. Exchanging temperature regimes 6h to 4 days after inoculation did not affect the final results one month later, with plants being only locally infected at 33°C continuous regime, or systemically infected at 25/18°C alternate regime. The two INSV isolates were biologically and serologically stable for 5 passages in N. benthamiana held continuously at 33°C. 相似文献
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Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is an actinomycete, causing bacterial wilt and canker disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to identify genes playing a role in host basal defense response to C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis infection using Nicotiana benthamiana as a model plant. A preliminary VIGS screen comprising 160 genes from tomato known to be involved in defense-related signaling identified a set of 14 genes whose suppression led to altered host-pathogen interactions. Expression of each of these genes and three additional targets was then suppressed in larger-scale VIGS experiments and the effect of silencing on development of wilt disease symptoms and bacterial growth during an N. benthamiana-C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis compatible interaction was determined. Disease susceptibility and in planta bacterial population size were enhanced by silencing genes encoding N. benthamiana homologs of ubiquitin activating enzyme, snakin-2, extensin-like protein, divinyl ether synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 2, and Pto-like kinase. The identification of genes having a role in the host basal defense-response to C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis advances our understanding of the plant responses activated by C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and raises possibilities for devising novel and effective molecular strategies to control bacterial canker and wilt in tomato. 相似文献
8.
P.C. LOLAS 《Weed Research》1986,26(1):1-8
The effects of interference from natural weed communities for varying periods were examined on growth, yield, and chemical composition of tobacco in field conditions at three locations and years in Greece. Tobacco yield increased significantly with weed-free periods of 3 or 4 weeks and decreased with weed interference greater than 3 to 4 weeks after transplanting. The results were similar for tobacco growth as fresh weight in both burley and oriental and as plant height and leaf number only in burley tobacco. When yield was affected there were also changes in chemical composition of tobacco. Tobacco growth was decreased in soils in which weeds had previously grown, even with adequate nutrition provided. The presence of Amaranthus retroflexus L. shoot residues allowed to decay in soil for more than 1 month were also harmful. L'influence d'une communauté de mauvaises herbes en culture de tabac burley et oriental (Nicotiana tabacum L.) L'influence exercée par la présence pendant diverses périodes de communautés spontanées de mauvaises herbes sur la croissance, le rendement et la composition chimique du tabac a fait l'objet d'une étude durant trois ans dans des conditions de plein champ à trois emplacements en Grèce. Le rendement du tabac a augmenté de façon significative lorsque la culture est restée indemne de mauvaises herbes pendant 3 ou 4 semaines après le repiquage; par contre, il a diminué lors d'un enherbement de trois ou quatre semaines après le repiquage. Pour ce qui est du poids frais du tabac, l'influence sur le développement végétal était semblable chez les deux sortes mais seul le tabac burley a subi une réduction dans la hauteur des plantes et le nombre de feuilles/plante, L'influence sur le rendement a été accompagnée de modifications dans la composition chimique du tabac. Dans des sols envahis antérieurement par des mauvaises herbes, la croissance du tabac a diminué, même en présence d'une alimentation convenable. La présence de résidus de pousses d'Amaranthus retroflexus L. qu'on avait laissé s'altérer pendant plus de 1 mois dans le sol, a également exercé une influence néfaste. Unkrautkonkurrenz bei Burley- und Orient-Tabak (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Der Einfluss natürlicher Verunkrautung unterschiedlich langer Perioden auf Wachstum, Ertrag und Inhaltsstoffe von Tabak wurde über 3 Jahre und an 3 Orten in Griechenland untersucht. Eine signifikante Ertragssteigerung konnte beobachtet werden, wenn die Tabakpflanzen für 3 oder 4 Wochen nach der Pflanzung unkrautfrei gehalten wurden; wenn die Konkurrenz der Unkräuter länger anhielt, kam es zu Ertragsminderungen. Ähnliche Ergebnisse wurden für das Frischgewicht bei beiden Tabakarten, für Pflanzenhöhe und Blattzahl aber nur beim Burley-Tabak festgestellt. Die chemische Zusammensetzung des Tabaks, der Asche) änderte sich in gleicher Weise wie der Ertrag. In Gewächshausversuchen nahm das Pflanzenwachstum in den Böden ab, wo vorher Unkrauter gewachsen waren, auch wenn eine entsprechende Düngung erfolgte. Wurden Pflanzenreste von Amaranthus retroflexus L. über mehr als einen Monat im Boden gelassen, um zu verrotten, so sank das Trockengewicht anschlies-send gepflanzten Tabaks. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Long-term cocultures of the tobacco blue mold pathogen, Peronospora tabacina, with Nicotiana tabacum and N. repanda callus were derived from infected host plant tissue. In this apparently contaminant-free system, sporulation occurred under similar conditions as in intact plants. Sporangia were collected from cocultures and used to complete Koch's postulates. The cocultures were grown under two light regimes. One consisted of 23 h of light followed by 1 h of darkness and the second comprised total darkness. Sporulation occurred frequently in the 23 h light-grown cocultures but resulted in production of abnormal sporangiophores and sporangia. Production of normal sporangiophores and sporangia was achieved by transferring light-grown cocultures to overnight darkness and resulted in necrosis of the callus. Cocultures of Peronospora tabacina with either host species, grown in total darkness, frequently sporulated with minimal necrosis over the course of 1 year. Thus, cocultures should prove useful as a source of Peronospora tabacina over extended periods of time at low risk of pathogen release, for studying the physiology of Peronospora tabacina- Nicotiana interactions, maintaining Peronospora tabacina lines for genetic studies, and providing a reliable source of axenic inoculum for research. 相似文献
10.
S. Gianinazzi Patricia Ahl 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1983,89(6):275-281
Screening for the pathogenesis-related (b) protein patterns of 11Nicotiana species and 30N. tabacum varieties has revealed both inter- and intraspecific variability and 7 different b-proteins (b0, b1, b1′, b1″, b2, b3 and b4) have been clearly defined. Their genetic determinants are sexually transmitted independently of theN gene conferring resistance to TMV, and a monogenic inheritance has been demonstrated for one of them (b1′). Grafting experiments have revealed the existence of a species-aspecific ‘mobile compound’ responsible for the expression of the b-protein genes, the production of which is probably under the control of theN gene. Among the 5 intraspecific and 6 interspecific hybrids studied, one of them, theN. glutinosa x N. debneyi together with its amphidiploid, synthesizes b-protein (b1″) in a constituve way and possesses a high level of resistance to necrosis-inducing viruses. The amphidiploid is able to transfer these two properties to otherNicotianae not only by crossing but also by grafting; it therefore appears to permanently synthesize the ‘mobile compounds’. Furthermore, the hypersensitive reaction to TMV in these hybrids is only completely broken down at 35 °C, whereas this normally occurs at 30 °C in plants with theN gene. 相似文献
11.
S. Shen P.H. Goodwin T. Hsiang 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(8):767-773
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae, isolate Biomal®, ATCC 20767, was originally isolated from round-leaved mallow (Malva pusilla) and developed as a weed biocontrol agent. Ribosomal DNA sequence analysis was recently used to re-classify this fungus as C. orbiculare, which is an aggregate species with a number of formae speciales. Several morphological features of ATCC 20767 were examined that were consistent with those described for C. orbiculare, and inoculation of a number of Nicotiana species and several cultivars of N. tabacum showed that this fungus was pathogenic to many of these previously undescribed hosts. Spore germination and appressorium formation were higher on tobacco than previously observed on round-leaved mallow. The pathogen produced melanized appressoria on N. tabacum leaves that formed preferentially at the anticlinal epidermal cell wall. A symptomless phase of infection persisted for 72–96 h postinoculation, during which time the fungus first produced a spherical infection vesicle from an infection peg, and then large primary hyphae which grew through the epidermal cells. The large primary hyphae were highly constricted at the points of penetration of the host cell walls. Thin secondary hyphae appeared at 96–120 h postinoculation coinciding with the appearance of light green, water-soaked spots and the formation of acervuli. The infection of tobacco by C. orbiculare ATCC 20767 is not a non-specific interaction but appears to follow an intracellular hemibiotrophic infection process that is very similar to that established for the C. orbiculare infection of round-leaved mallow, cucurbits and beans. 相似文献
12.
Inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves with virulent and avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci resulted in increasing changes in Fv/Fm, and NPQ over time. Images of these chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements revealed different changes in different zones of the leaf. For the virulent strain, the infiltrated zone and zone directly surrounding it showed decreased Fv/Fm, and NPQ before the appearance of visible symptoms, and these decreases corresponded with increasing bacterial populations and putative tabtoxin activity. Another distinct zone of reduced Fv/Fm and NPQ extended several centimetres from the lesion to the nearest leaf margin, but only very low bacterial populations and no putative tabtoxin activity were detected in this zone. For the avirulent strain, a hypersensitive response occurred, bacterial populations remained low, and there was little detectable putative tabtoxin activity. Decreased Fv/Fm and NPQ, but not , were observed in the infiltrated zone prior to the hypersensitive response, followed by decreased values in a zone directly surrounding it. Following that, no further changes were observed. These results demonstrate that in addition to detecting pre‐symptomatic impacts of bacteria, chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging can also show that there are highly distinct regions of affected tissue that can extend considerably beyond the area of bacterial colonization. This should be considered in selecting leaf tissues for examining the effects of pathogens on plants, such as altered host gene expression or protein levels. 相似文献
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Rusak Gordana Krajačićl Mladen Krsnik-Rasol Marijana Gutzeit Herwig O. 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2007,114(4):145-150
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Quercetin is a prominent flavonoid with a remarkable spectrum of biochemical activities. Its impact on human health, as well as its role in the normal... 相似文献
15.
Lucila Garcia Nadia Gerhardt Ana P. Martin María F. Martínez Sergio Alemano María R. Marano 《Plant pathology》2023,72(1):154-169
Tobacco necrosis virus A (TNVA) belongs to the genus Alphanecrovirus in the Tombusviridae family. Symptoms induced by TNVA include necrotic lesions on inoculated leaves in a wide host range. The necrotic cell death response to certain viruses is poorly understood. This study characterizes the mechanisms underlying the local cell death triggered by TNVA in Nicotiana tabacum, showing that it shares several components with the hypersensitive response (HR) mediated by resistance proteins. TNVA perception triggers the accumulation of local viral-derived small interference RNA and the regulation of biological processes related to pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI), including hydrogen peroxide accumulation, cell wall reinforcement, the activation of unfolded protein response and the induction of salicylic acid (SA) and SA-dependent pathways. However, these antiviral defences do not prevent either local virus multiplication or systemic movement, leading to disease development. Nevertheless, SA-deficient NahG tobacco plants challenged with TNVA showed an increase in virus accumulation on noninoculated leaves, which was correlated with the development of systemic necrosis, highlighting the role of SA signalling in TNVA-induced defence. In addition, SA treatment enhanced the local defence response to TNVA infection and suppressed systemic necrosis in N. benthamiana. Taken together, our data suggest that TNVA induces an impaired plant defence response by modulating host factors to persist at low levels in distal tissues. 相似文献
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Polyacrylic acid (PAA) protected Xanthi-nc tobaccos against necrosis provoked by Pseudomonas syringae (hypersensitive reaction). When highly concentrated bacterial suspensions (1 × 108 b/ml) were injected into PAA-treated leaves, tissue collapse was delayed; with more dilute bacterial suspensions (3 × 107 or 1 × 107 b/ml), a significant reduction or a total suppression of necrosis was observed. This phenomenon occurred when the PAA treatment was applied 4 days prior to injection of the bacteria, but not when it was applied 3 h prior to injection. No such protection occurred in Samsum NN tobaccos. PAA had no toxic effect on P. syringae when added to the injected suspensions, or in vitro in culture media. The bacterial population remained constant in protected tissue, but declined sharply in necrosing tissues. These results suggest that host metabolism is involved in PAA-induced suppression of necrosis.
Induced suppression of necrosis due to bacteria shows some analogies with induced resistance to viruses. The possibility of common steps in their biochemical mechanism is discussed. 相似文献
Induced suppression of necrosis due to bacteria shows some analogies with induced resistance to viruses. The possibility of common steps in their biochemical mechanism is discussed. 相似文献
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NPR1(non-expressor of pathogenesis-related gene 1)基因在拟南芥系统获得抗性中起着关键作用,可调控拟南芥植株广谱抗性的发生。本文报道了从心叶烟中克隆NPR1同源基因(NgNPR1)及其表达特性的研究结果。NgNPR1 cDNA全长2253 bp,编码588个氨基酸。将NgNPR1基因组全长与cDNA序列进行比对发现,NgNPR1基因组DNA含有4个外显子和3个内含子。Southern杂交分析表明,在心叶烟基因组中NgNPR1为单拷贝基因。采用绿色荧光蛋白在洋葱表皮瞬时表达的试验,证明了NgNPR1蛋白在水杨酸诱导时会从细胞质转运到细胞核中。Northern杂交分析发现,NgNPR1基因可以被与植物抗病相关的信号分子如水杨酸、茉莉酸甲酯、过氧化氢和乙烯所诱导。进一步研究发现,植物病原物如赤星病菌、青枯病菌和烟草花叶病毒对心叶烟植株的侵染也会使NgNPR1表达量增加。这些结果表明,NgNPR1基因在心叶烟植株抵御病原物侵染过程中可能起着重要作用。 相似文献
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Several accessions of Nicotiana langsdorffii, a wild tobacco relative native to South America, express an incompatible interaction in response to infection by Peronospora tabacina, an o?mycete that causes blue mold disease of tobacco (N. tabacum) and many other species of Nicotiana. In resistant accessions of N. langsdorffii, such as S-4-4, incompatibility takes the form of necrotic lesions that appear 48 h after pathogen inoculation, restricting pathogen growth, and suppressing subsequent asexual sporulation. Significantly elevated levels of salicylic acid and expression of a defense-related gene (HSR203J) were observed in S-4-4 leaves following blue mold infection. Genetic segregation analysis in F(2) and modified backcross populations showed that blue mold resistance is determined by a single dominant gene (NlRPT) present in S-4-4. Further characterization of this unique host-pathogen interaction has revealed that (i) necrotic lesion resistance is due to the hypersensitive response (HR), (ii) HR-mediated resistance is present in 7 of 10 N. langsdorffii accessions examined, but not in closely related species, (iii) in some accessions of N. langsdorffii, resistance is expressed in cotyledon tissue and seedling leaves as well as in adult plants, and (iv) several resistant accessions including S-4-4 express an unregulated ("runaway") HR in response to P. tabacina infection. 相似文献