共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Charles V. Eadsforth 《Pest management science》1986,17(3):311-325
Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.), using a C18 analytical column, has been applied to the determination of partition coefficients for a range of agrochemicals and industrial chemicals. Using a correlation plot of the logarithm of the capacity factor (k) with the logarithm of the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (Pow), partition coefficients were predicted with a 95% tolerance interval of ± log 0.80 of the literature ‘shake flask’ value for compounds of random structure over the log Pow range 0–6. Individual regression lines were fitted for compounds of comparable size and functional grouping, which reduced any bias and thereby enabled more accurate predictions to be made. The reverse-phase h.p.l.c. method has a number of advantages over the traditional ‘shake-flask’ method. Quantitative methods are not required or do not have to be developed and only the determination of the retention time is necessary. Quick and precise determinations of retention times are facilitated by h.p.l.c. and further improvement can be obtained by automation of solvent mixing, solute injection and data processing. H.p.l.c. was used to generate partition coefficient data for highly hydrophobic materials and, because of its resolving power, data for mixtures and solvent fractions. Dual detection, using u.v. and r.i. in series, was necessary for some compounds, particularly unknown mixtures and impure compounds. Calculations of log Pow based on the fragment-addition method using the structural data file, MACCS, was of considerable value in confirming experimentally derived values. In certain cases, calculated log Pow values were considered more trustworthy than experimental values. 相似文献
6.
ABSTRACT A natural epidemic of Fusarium wilt on coca (Erythroxylum coca) in Peru prompted the suggestion of possibly using the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli as a mycoherbicide against this narcotic plant. During field trials conducted in Kauai, HI, to test the pathogenicity of the coca wilt pathogen, ants were observed removing formulations from test plots. While removal of formulations by ants was considered detrimental with respect to conducting field tests, ant removal was considered potentially beneficial in disseminating the mycoherbicide. Thus, research was initiated to assess the ability of formulation additives to alter the preference of ants for the formulated mycoherbicide. In Hawaii, preference of indigenous ants for removing formulations was tested using three different food bases (rice, rice plus canola oil, and wheat flour [gluten]). Similar tests were conducted at Beltsville, MD, using F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, in which the formulation based on wheat flour was replaced by a formulation based on canola meal. Formulations based on wheat were preferred by ants in both locations; up to 90% of the wheat plus rice flour granules (C-6) and the wheat gluten plus kaolin granules (pesta) were removed within 24 h, while only 20% of those containing rice without oils were taken. However, when either canola, sunflower (Maryland only), or olive oil was added to the rice formulation, up to 90% of the granules were taken. The formulation based on canola meal was less attractive to ants, as only 65% of the granules were removed within a period of 24 h. Ants showed no preference with respect to presence or absence of fungal biomass. To alter the attractiveness of the C-6 formulation to ants, C-6 was amended with three natural products. Canna and tansy leaves were added to C-6 at a ratio of 1:5 (wt/wt), while chili powder was added at 1:25 or 1:2.5 (wt/wt). Canna, tansy, and the higher rate of chili powder significantly reduced the number of C-6 granules removed by ants. Canna and tansy leaves affected neither germination nor sporulation of the mycoherbicide, while the high concentration of chili powder reduced viability of propagules in the formulation. More F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli-type colonies were recovered from inside ant nests (9 cm depth) than from nest surfaces, indicating that ants may distribute the mycoherbicide in the soil profile. Ants passively carried propagules of F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli outside their bodies, as well as either very closely adhering to the outside or within their bodies. 相似文献
7.
The pathogenic type (form and race) of Fusarium oxysporum, which generates wilt symptoms on tomato, was rapidly identified with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technique.
We compared the partial nucleotide sequences of endo polygalacturonase (pg1) and exo polygalacturonase (pgx4) genes from isolates of F. oxysporum ff. sp. lycopersici (FOL) and radicis-lycopersici (FORL) from Japan and designed specific primer sets (uni, sp13, sp23, and sprl) based on the nucleotide differences that appeared
among the pathogenic types. PCR with the uni primer set amplified a 670∼672-bp fragment from all isolates of FOL and FORL. With the sp13 primer set, an amplicon of 445 bp was obtained only from isolates of FOL race 1 and 3. With the sp23 primer set, a 518-bp fragment was obtained from isolates of FOL race 2 and 3. The sprl primer set yielded a 947-bp fragment from isolates of FORL, but not from FOL. A combination of amplifications with these primer sets effectively differentiated the pathogenic types of F. oxysporum in tomato. 相似文献
8.
Attempts were made to produce somatic hybrids between isolates of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and f. sp. hordei. A mixed infection was produced on a common susceptible barley host, Fong Tien, using white-spored isolates of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and yellow-spored isolates off. sp. hordei. Selection was made for non-parental spore colour on selective wheat and barley hosts, and variants thus isolated were analysed for virulence markers, and for isozyme and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) markers, all of which clearly differentiated the parental isolates. Two white-spored (non-parental) isolates were found on the selective barley host which otherwise resembled the parental f. sp. hordei isolate in virulence, isozyme and dsRNA markers. The most likely explanation of the origin of these isolates is mutation to white spore colour in the f. sp. hordei isolate. 相似文献
9.
醉蝶白粉病的发生规律与防治 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
研究明确醉蝶白粉病菌以闭囊壳、分生孢子和菌丝在病残体上或土壤中越冬。醉蝶开花至盛花期为发生高峰期 ,高温干燥的气候条件发病严重。发生程度与土壤肥力、田间种植密度等关系密切。加强管理 ,清洁田园和30%特富灵、6%乐必耕、75%百菌清、25%粉锈宁可湿性粉剂等在定植后、开花前后喷药 ,每隔10d1次 ,连续5～6次 ,可基本控制该病发生。 相似文献
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
美国出境旅游市场特征及旅华美国市场拓展对策研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
美国是世界出游大国,同时也是我国第一大远程客源国和第四大入境旅游客源国,在我国入境旅游市场中占据着举足轻重的地位。文中运用2001-2010年美国出境旅游市场统计数据,采用季节变动指数、地理集中指数和首位度、位序-规模分布等理论,通过对美国出境旅游市场规模变化、季节分布、全球流向分布及在中国和亚洲其他国家之间分配特征的研究,提出拓展旅华美国市场的对策。研究发现美国出境旅游市场具有以下特征:1)出境旅游市场规模大且持续增长,但是受国内和国际危机事件影响显著;出境旅游旺季在3月、6月、7月和12月,最主要的出境旅游目的地是墨西哥、加拿大和欧洲,亚洲虽非美国人的主要旅游目的地,但其占美国出境市场的份额逐年上升;2)美国人在亚洲旅游的主要目的地包括日本、中国大陆、印度、中国香港、韩国、中国台湾等6个国家和地区;3)中国大陆对美国出境市场的旅游吸引力持续上升,日本对美国市场的垄断地位开始动摇,但仍是中国大陆最大的竞争对手。最后,根据研究结论提出旅华美国市场的拓展对策。 相似文献
16.
17.
18.
A series of laboratory experiments was made to find a reliable and quick method of terminating the dormancy of bulbs of Oxalis lalifolia H.B.K. and Oxalis pes-caprae L. It was found that the dormant period of the bulbs of O. latifoliti could be terminated by chilling al 5°C for 3 weeks followed by dry heating at 45°C for 4 h and then moist storage at 23°C. The dormancy of bulbs of O. pes-caprae was overcome by chilling them for 6 weeks in polyethylene bags at temperatures between 2and 10°C and then storing without added moisture in polyethylene bags at 20°C. Some physiological and ecological aspects of the work arc discussed. Dormance et germination des bulbes d'Oxalis latifolia H.B.K. et d'O. pes-caprae L. Une série d'expériences de laboratoire a été réealisée pour rechercher une méthode süre et rapide pour rompre la dormance des bulbes d'OxaHs latifolia K.B.K. et d'Oxalis pes-caprae L. II a été constaté que Ton pouvait mellre fin à la période de dormance des bulbes d'O. latifolia par un refroid-issement à 5° C pendant 3 semaines, suivi d'un chauffage à sec à 45°C pendant 4 heures. puis d'une conservation en atmosphere humide à 23°C. La dormance des bulbes d'O. pes-caprae a été rompue par exposition au froid pendant 6 semaines dans des sacs de polyethylene à des températures comprises entre 2° et 10°C et en les conservant sans les humidifier en sacs de polyéthylene à 20°. Certains aspects physiologiques et écotogiques de cc travail sont discutés. Dormanz und Austrieb der Zwiebeln von Oxalis latifolia H.B.K. undo, pes-caprae L. Es wurde eine Reihe von Laboruntersuchungen durchgeführt, um ein zuverlässiges und schnelles Verfahren zur Brechung der Dormanz der Zwiebeln von Oxalis latifolia H.B.K. und Oxalis pes-caprae L. zu linden. Dabei wurde herausgefunden. dass die Dormanz der Zwiebein von O. latifolia durch dreiwöchige Lagerung bei 5°C, gefolgt von einem vierstündigen Trocknen bei 45°C und anschliessender feuchter Lagerung bei 23°C, gebrochen werden kann. Bei O.pes-caprae wurde die Dormanz der Zwiebein wie folgt gebrochen: Sechs Wochen Lagerung in Polyäthylenbeuteln bei 2 10°C und Aufbewahrung ohne Zusatz von Feuchtlgkeit bei 20°C in Polyäthylenbeuteln. Einige physiologische und ökologische Gesichtspunkte der Arbeit werden besprochen. 相似文献
19.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucurbitacearum n.f. embracing all formae speciales of F. oxysporum attacking Cucurbitaceous crops 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
M. Gerlagh W. J. Blok 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1988,94(1):17-31
Isolates ofFusarium oxysporum from wilted muskmelons, watermelons, cucumbers and from the muskmelon rootstockBenincasa hispida were screened for pathogenicity on seedlings and adult plants of these crops and related species. In seedling tests the isolates were not typically species-specific, contrary to what might be expected as an implication of their characterization as forma specialis. They often attacked species of several genera of plants, but not beyond the family of theCucurbitaceae. In the adult stage, plants were much more exclusively attacked by their corresponding formae speciales, but essential exceptions occurred. Isolates from cucumber were highly pathogenic to muskmelons, in the adulstage even causing more wilt of the latter than of cucumber.Comparing the results of these experiments with data from the literature, it is argued that the proposed f.sp.cucurbitacearum, embracing all formae speciales which specialize on plants within the family of theCucurbitaceae, would best fit in with the present state of knowledge. A proposition is given for equivalence of old and new classifications of isolates.Samenvatting Isolaten vanFusarium oxysporum uit verwelkte meloenen, watermeloenen, komkommers en uit de meloene-onderstamBenincasa hispida werden getoetst op pathogeniteit voor zaailingen en volwassen planten van deze gewassen en verwante soorten. In zaailingtoetsen waren de isolaten weinig soort-specifiek, in tegenstelling tot wat mocht worden afgeleid uit hun karakterisering als forma specialis. Zij tastten vaak soorten uit verschillende geslachten aan, maar niet buiten de grenzen van de familie derCucurbitaceae. in het volwassen stadium waren de interacties veel specifieker en werden planten slechts aangetast door de bijbehorende formae speciales. Enkele essentiële uitzonderingen kwamen echter voor. Isolaten van komkommer waren zeer pathogeen voor meloen. In het volwassen stadium veroorzaakten zij zelfs sterkere verwelking van meloen dan van komkommer.Vergelijking van de resultaten van deze proeven met gegevens uit de literatuur leidt tot de conclusie dat de voorgestelde f.sp.cucurbitacearum, die alle formae speciales met specialisatie opCucurbitaceae omvat, het best overeenkomt met de huidige stand van kennis. Een voorstet wordt gedaan ter vervanging van de oude classificatie van isolaten door corresponderende nieuwe aanduidingen. 相似文献
20.
香蕉枯萎病菌生理分化研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
本研究对香蕉枯萎病菌菌株FOCAAA9（来自香蕉）和FOCABB1（来自粉蕉）进行培养试验和接种试验；在含粉蕉和香蕉组织漫提液的培养基上2个菌株的培养性状、菌丝生长速度、孢子形态、大小型孢子比率和产孢量显示出差异；接种结果FOCAAA9能侵染香蕉（Musa AAA）品种巴西蕉、红香蕉和台蕉引起枯萎病，而FOCABB1对3个香蕉品种无致病性。研究结果表明侵染香蕉和粉蕉的古巴尖镰孢[Fusarium oxysporum f．sp．cubeilse（E．F．Smith）Snyder]存在生理分化现象。 相似文献