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净能体系的优势及其在猪生产中的作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
净能体系相对于消化能体系和代谢能体系来说,能够更精确地评估饲料的能量含量,也能够更精确地预测猪的性能表现,在猪生产中采用净能体系将能给生产者带来更多利益。笔者就净能体系与消化能体系、代谢能体系的比较以及净能体系在猪生产中的作用进行了综述。 相似文献
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养猪需要能量用于维持和生产，饲料应根据其能量需求提供准确的可用能量。考虑到总能在消化和代谢过程中的损失，猪饲料中可用能量被定义为消化能、代谢能或净能。在这些能量值中，净能系统被认为提供了最接近动物可利用能量的含量和日粮能量值，因为其考虑了饲料消化利用和代谢的热量增量。但日粮净能值和部分营养素是动态变化的，因此，没有一个净能系统能准确预测饲料中真正可用的能量。饲料消化能或代谢能值对预测净能值很重要，但取决于猪的生长阶段。由于营养物质消化能力的不同，尤其是纤维消化能力，净能值还受环境和猪不同生长阶段营养利用率的影响。因此，在推进饲料能量评价时应考虑动物、环境和饲料特性之间的相互作用。本文综述了猪饲料中不同能量利用和能量评价体系的应用结果。
[关键词]猪；饲料；能量；评价体系 相似文献
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冯占雨 《国外畜牧学(猪与禽)》2010,30(3):38-40
若要在猪日粮尤其是在生长猪日粮中有效地利用生物能源(bio-fuel)和食品工业的副产品,则需要切实理解纤维、蛋白质和灰分对能量和氨基酸利用的影响。在任何一个生物学体系中,能量的利用效率都是由能量来源和能量利用的目的决定的。然而,生长猪的日粮能量利用效率主要是由能量来源决定的。当前的净能(NE)体系—根据可消化的淀粉、蛋白、脂肪、糖以及"有机物残渣"预测净能含量的能量体系—比消化能(DE)和代谢能(ME)体系能更好地评估饲料原料的饲喂价值和猪的生产性能,特别是在饲料配方中使用养分组成极不平衡的原料时。使用这样的净能体系需要详细了解饲料原料中可消化养分的特性。在当前主要的净能体系—Noblet团队创立的法国净能体系和荷兰(Dutch)国家CVB体系—中都不需要确定日粮的纤维特性,因为纤维被归入余下的"有机物残渣"组分中。法国和荷兰净能体系的差异主要在于定量检测淀粉和脂肪含量的分析方法有所不同,同时法国体系中使用的方法高估了维持代谢的能需要量。当从消化能或代谢能体系改为净能体系时,确认以前测定的消化能或代谢能含量与相关营养素的总能和可消化养分含量一致是非常有用的。以前确立的消化能或代谢能值和从可消化养分含量估测的消化能值或代谢能值存在着较大的差异,可能需要进行动物试验来验证消化能和可消化养分含量。因日粮组成和所选的特定净能体系的不同,日粮消化能、代谢能和净能含量之间的关系会有较大变化。因此,当改用净能体系时,日粮配方中需要的净能含量数据最好通过计算以前按消化能或代谢能体系配制的典型日粮中的净能含量来建立。当使用高含量可发酵纤维日粮时,猪的苏氨酸需要量增加,而赖氨酸、蛋氨酸加胱氨酸和色氨酸需要量基本上未改变。当考虑到纤维和蛋白质对猪利用能量和氨基酸的影响时,副产品的饲喂价值才能得到准确评估。 相似文献
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饲料能值可用不同的能量体系来表达，根据能量被消化利用的途径可分为消化能、代谢能和净能。这篇综述考虑了日粮和动物因素，因为它们会影响猪对能量的消化和代谢过程。结果表明，饲料粗纤维的含量增加，会导致饲料能量的消化率下降，但是这种下降会随着动物体重的增加而减弱。因此，饲料的能值应根据猪体重来确定。事实上，至少应该有2组消化能数据，一组用于生长育肥猪，一组用于成年猪。代谢能的利用取决于饲料的化学组成，因为脂肪的能量转化效率为90％，淀粉为82％，蛋白质和粗纤维为60％。由于饲料组分的能量转化效率不同，采用消化能或代谢能体系评估日粮的能值，使得高蛋白质日粮的能值估计过高，而高淀粉或高脂肪的日粮能值估计过低。例如。玉米、豆粕和动物油的相对消化能分别为100、104和235，相对代谢能为102、99和244，而相对净能为107、79和289。INRA建议使用净能体系，因为与消化能、代谢能相比，净能值能更准确地预测动物的生长性能。先进的能量体系加上准确的蛋白评估体系（标准化的回肠消化率）使得新的饲喂方案（低蛋白或高脂肪日粮）能够放心的执行。本综述也给出了饲料原料的实际能值和猪对能量的推荐需要量。 相似文献
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本文简述了猪净能、代谢能和消化能体系的比较,以及猪净能体系相对于代谢能和消化能体系的优势,综述了配制猪低蛋白日粮的技术基础,并从具体试验中介绍了低蛋白日粮的实际应用,为在不改变猪生产性能的情况下,降低饲料成本和养猪成本提供参考。 相似文献
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作为饲料能量评价体系的选择,净能在西欧正得到支持。尤其是在单胃动物,如猪和鸡。继荷兰、比利时对猪采用净能配制日粮之后,法国已宣布不用消化能(DE)或代谢能(ME),从而使其成为使用净能的最新欧洲国家之一。 荷兰营养学家称,在饲料配方中增加脂肪和其它副产品的含量,净能系统有其独特的优 相似文献
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<正>目前,畜牧业中能量饲料是成本最高的一种饲料,如何提高能量的利用率以及减少能量的浪费已成为畜牧行业中亟待解决的问题。净能体系最早应用于奶牛的日粮配制当中,在单胃动物中一直沿用着消化能和代谢能体系,但消化能和代谢能体系有高估蛋白质和纤维能值的趋势,低估了脂肪和淀粉的能值(Noblet, 相似文献
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消化能和代谢能体系高估了高纤维和蛋白饲料的能量值，又低估了高淀粉和高脂肪饲料的能量值，可以根据化学分析的结果两要当精确地预测多种饲料的净能值。净能值最贴近地区反映真正用于维持和生产目的能量数量。 相似文献
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Zhongchao Li Hu Liu Yakui Li Zhiqian Lv Ling Liu Changhua Lai Junjun Wang Fenglai Wang Defa Li Shuai Zhang 《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2018,(3)
In the past two decades, a considerable amount of research has focused on the determination of the digestible(DE) and metabolizable energy(ME) contents of feed ingredients fed to swine. Compared with the DE and ME systems, the net energy(NE) system is assumed to be the most accurate estimate of the energy actually available to the animal. However, published data pertaining to the measured NE content of ingredients fed to growing pigs are limited. Therefore, the Feed Data Group at the Ministry of Agricultural Feed Industry Centre(MAFIC) located at China Agricultural University has evaluated the NE content of many ingredients using indirect calorimetry. The present review summarizes the NE research works conducted at MAFIC and compares these results with those from other research groups on methodological aspect. These research projects mainly focus on estimating the energy requirements for maintenance and its impact on the determination, prediction, and validation of the NE content of several ingredients fed to swine. The estimation of maintenance energy is affected by methodology, growth stage,and previous feeding level. The fasting heat production method and the curvilinear regression method were used in MAFIC to estimate the NE requirement for maintenance. The NE contents of different feedstuffs were determined using indirect calorimetry through standard experimental procedure in MAFIC. Previously generated NE equations can also be used to predict NE in situations where calorimeters are not available. Although popular, the caloric efficiency is not a generally accepted method to validate the energy content of individual feedstuffs. In the future,more accurate and dynamic NE prediction equations aiming at specific ingredients should be established, and more practical validation approaches need to be developed. 相似文献
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S. Moehn C. L. Levesque R. O. Ball 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2013,97(1):197-204
The effects of dietary protein and feeding levels on dietary metabolizable (ME) and net energy (NE) content were determined in 24 pigs, each offered two diets at 2.0 times the energetic maintenance requirement or for ad libitum intake between 55 and 95 kg body weight. Within feeding levels, pigs received, in random order, low‐protein (LP; 11.2% CP, 0.61% lysine) or high‐protein (HP; 20.2% CP, 0.61% lysine) diets of similar digestible energy content. Dietary NE was calculated from heat production based on 24‐h indirect calorimetry following a 7‐day N‐balance period. Feed intake was greater for LP than HP when fed for ad libitum intake (p = 0.001). Protein level did not affect daily gain (p > 0.1) but HP improved gain: feed (p = 0.003). Dietary ME and NE were not significantly affected by feeding level but were decreased by high protein intake (p < 0.07). Reducing dietary protein reduced urinary energy losses and increased energy retention but did not affect heat production. The effect of dietary protein restriction was already evident on the ME level and carried over to a similar degree to the NE level because the utilization of ME was not affected by protein level. Dietary ME and NE decreased by 0.012 MJ/kg (p = 0.014) and 0.018 MJ/kg (p = 0.062), respectively, for each gram per day N intake. The results suggest that although there was an effect of protein level on NE, the greatest effect occurred at the level of ME. However, the prediction of both ME and NE may be improved by adopting energy values for dietary protein that changes with dietary protein content. 相似文献
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旨在应用直接法和回归法测定肉牛玉米青贮的消化能、代谢能和净能值,并探讨精料回归法用于估测肉牛单一粗饲料原料能值的可行性。试验选取12头体况良好、体重相近[(259±14.08)kg]的生长期公牛,随机分为3组,每组4头牛。分两期试验进行,试验一按试验牛自由采食量的95%、80%和60%3个水平饲喂全玉米青贮日粮;试验二在固定玉米青贮投喂量的基础上,各组分别按青贮饲喂量的15%、25%和50%(干物质基础)添加精料补充料。试验每期14d,其中前10d为预饲期,后4d为正试期。正试期消化代谢和呼吸代谢试验同期进行,测定玉米青贮对肉牛能量代谢规律。结果表明:1)肉牛对全玉米青贮日粮的各种营养物质消化率和能量消化率及代谢率随饲喂水平的提高总体逐渐降低;肉牛能量采食量(总能、消化能、代谢能和净能)随饲喂水平的提高逐渐升高,组间差异显著(P0.05)。2)玉米青贮对肉牛的消化能、代谢能和净能值随着饲喂水平的提高呈下降趋势,各有效能值变化范围分别为10.58~11.48 MJ/kg,8.33~9.44 MJ/kg和5.20~6.21 MJ/kg。3)添加精料补充料显著提高了肉牛对日粮的干物质采食量和粗蛋白消化率(P0.05),而洗涤纤维消化率精料添加比例组间差异不明显(P0.05);随着精料添加比例的增加,肉牛对日粮的能量采食量(总能、消化能、代谢能和净能)和能量消化率及代谢率逐渐上升,消化能代谢率各组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。4)根据试验日粮有效能值与精料添加量之间的关系建立线性回归方程后,外推估测得玉米青贮的消化能、代谢能和净能值分别为10.53 MJ/kg、8.29 MJ/kg和5.35MJ/kg,与95%饲喂水平组直接测定结果(10.58 MJ/kg、8.33 MJ/kg和5.20 MJ/kg)差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,回归法测定玉米青贮对肉牛的有效能值与直接法测定结果差异不明显,精料回归法可以用于估测肉牛单一粗饲料的有效能值。 相似文献
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An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy content of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of heat treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (six replicates per treatment). The three experimental diets were the following: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM) at a 7:3 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 121 °C for 60 min to make heat-treated EESBM. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy content of EESBM was calculated using the difference method. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P ≤ 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P < 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM. However, no difference was observed in net energy (NE) contents between intact EESBM and heat-EESBM, showing a tendency (P ≤ 0.10) toward an increase in NE/ME efficiency in heat-EESBM, but comparable NE contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and NE are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,189 kcal/kg in intact EESBM on a DM basis. It is recommended to use NE values of feedstuffs that are exposed to heat for accurate diet formulation. 相似文献
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R Hill 《The Veterinary record》1977,101(19):381-383
Rations were formulated for dairy cows and for growing and fattening cattle by the starch equivalent (SE) and the new metabolisable energy (ME) system, to show in quantitative terms the differences that are recognised between the two systems. For a low-yielding cow, rations formulated by both systems are very similar, but for a high-yielding cow the SE system greatly underestimates energy requirement: at a production of 40 kg (8.8 gal) milk daily an extra 2 kg (4.4 lb) of a barley-soyabean concentrate is needed daily to meet the energy requirement according to the ME system. For a particular rate of gain in young newly weaned animals and in older animals gaining weight at a moderate rate on a high roughage diet, the energy level recommended by the ME system is lower than that by the SE system. The difference corresponds in each case to about 0.5 kg of a barley-soyabean concentrate daily. For older animals gaining weight rapidly on a high concentrate diet the ME system requires slightly more energy for a given weight gain, than the SE system. 相似文献
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Gottlob RO DeRouchey JM Tokach MD Goodband RD Dritz SS Nelssen JL Hastad CW Knabe DA 《Journal of animal science》2006,84(6):1396-1402
Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA and DE, and to estimate ME and NE of rice protein concentrate, salmon protein hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, and spray-dried plasma protein. In Exp. 1, 6 barrows (initially 29.5 +/- 2.5 kg of BW) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and fed each of 5 cornstarch-based diets in a balanced crossover design over 35 d. During a given week, there were either 1 or 2 replications of each treatment, resulting in 6 total replications over 5 wk. The 4 test diets (fed from d 0 to 28) were formulated to contain 12.5% CP by using analyzed nutrient compositions of rice protein concentrate, salmon protein hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, or spray-dried plasma protein. The fifth (N-free) diet was fed from d 28 to 35 to estimate basal endogenous losses of CP and AA, which were used to calculate SID. Ileal digesta were collected and analyzed, and AID and SID values were calculated. Apparent ileal digestible Lys, Met, and Thr values were 80.0 +/- 3.3, 65.6 +/- 3.1, and 68.4 +/- 4.5% for rice protein concentrate; 85.6 +/- 4.8, 85.5 +/- 4.3, and 69.8 +/- 8.5% for salmon protein hydrolysate; 93.3 +/- 1.4, 89.9 +/- 5.8, and 83.6 +/- 5.3% for whey protein concentrate; and 92.8 +/- 0.9, 85.7 +/- 2.1, 86.5 +/- 2.3% for spray-dried plasma protein, respectively. In Exp. 2, 6 barrows (initially 37.6 +/- 1.7 kg of BW) were fed each of 5 corn-based diets in a balanced crossover design over 35 d. During a given week, there were either 1 or 2 replications of each treatment, resulting in 6 total replications over 5 wk. The 4 diets containing the test ingredients were formulated to contain approximately 20% CP by using their analyzed nutrient compositions. The fifth (corn control) diet containing 8.2% CP was also used to calculate energy values by difference. Feces were collected to determine DE. The ME and NE contents were estimated using published regression equations. The DE, ME, and NE (as-fed) values were 4,724 +/- 461, 4,226 +/- 437, and 3,235 +/- 380 kcal/kg for rice protein concentrate; 4,173 +/- 1,052, 3,523 +/- 1,002, and 2,623 +/- 872 kcal/kg for salmon protein hydrolysate; 4,949 +/- 1,002, 4,352 +/- 955, and 3,344 +/- 831 kcal/kg for whey protein concentrate; and 4,546 +/- 673, 3,979 +/- 652, and 3,020 +/- 567 kcal/kg for spray-dried plasma protein, respectively. The excellent AA digestibility and relatively high DE, ME, and NE values indicate that these protein sources warrant further investigation as ingredients for growing pig diets. 相似文献
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陕北白绒山羊羯羊能量和蛋白质需要量 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本试验旨在研究陕北白绒山羊羯羊能量和蛋白质的需要量,为制定其饲养标准提供数据。选取36只体重相近、健康状况良好的陕北白绒山羊周岁羯羊,按3×3(能量×蛋白质)完全随机设计分为9组,每组4个重复,每个重复1只。各组饲粮消化能和粗蛋白质水平分别参照NRC(1981)推荐量的100%、110%、120%和90%、110%、130%设定。预试期7 d,正试期46 d。结果表明:1)饲粮能量水平对周岁羯羊的干物质采食量和平均日增重都有极显著影响(P0.01),蛋白质水平对干物质采食量影响显著(P0.05);饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对干物质采食量有显著的互作效应(P0.05)。2)低能量水平组的可消化氮显著低于中能量水平组与高能量水平组(P0.05);低蛋白质水平组的进食氮、可消化氮、沉积氮、氮表观消化率均极显著低于中蛋白质水平组和高蛋白质水平组(P0.01)。3)总能消化率和总能代谢率均随着能量水平的提高而极显著地升高(P0.01);高蛋白质水平组的总能代谢率和消化能代谢率显著低于低蛋白质水平组(P0.05);能量和蛋白质水平对总能消化率、总能代谢率和消化能代谢率均产生显著或极显著的互作效应(P0.05或P0.01)。本试验得到了陕北白绒山羊周岁羯羊能量和蛋白质需要量的回归方程,饲粮的消化能和代谢能分别以8.80~10.61 MJ/kg和7.34~8.76 M J/kg较为适宜,粗蛋白质和可消化粗蛋白质分别以10.00%和7.34%为宜。 相似文献
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An experiment was conducted to determine the energy content of oats and to investigate the effects of oat particle size on nutrient and energy balance in growing pigs. Eighteen barrows (23.56 ± 0.94 kg initial body weight) were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment. Whole oats were ground with a hammermill fitted with 4.8- and 3.2-mm screens to make coarse and medium particle size oats, respectively. Medium oats were further ground with a rotary steel cutting grinder fitted with a 2.0-mm screen, and the further ground oats were mixed with medium oats in a 1:3 ratio to make fine oats. Three experimental diets consisted of 96.3% of the coarse, medium, or fine oats as a sole source of energy were used. Pigs were fed diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total fecal and urine collection. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. The geometric mean particle sizes for coarse, medium, and fine oats were 765, 619, and 569 μm, respectively. Pigs fed the medium oats diet tended to have (P < 0.10) greater apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of starch, neutral detergent fiber, and gross energy than those fed coarse oats diet. The medium oats diet contained greater (P < 0.05) digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy (NE) than the coarse oats diet. Pigs fed the fine oats diet had lower (P < 0.05) ATTD of Ca and P than those fed the coarse oats diet. The DE, ME, and NE contents of fine oats were comparable with those of coarse oats. The determined NE contents for coarse, medium, and fine oats were 2,335, 2,615, and 2,521 kcal/kg on a dry matter basis, respectively. The NE content in medium oats was greater (P < 0.05) than the NE values predicted using published equations. In conclusion, it was suggested to grind whole oats for 619 μm concerning energy utilization. Further grinding to 569 μm reduces Ca and P digestibility. 相似文献
19.
Lammers PJ Kerr BJ Weber TE Dozier WA Kidd MT Bregendahl K Honeyman MS 《Journal of animal science》2008,86(3):602-608
The apparent DE and ME values of crude glycerol for growing pigs were determined in 5 experiments using crude glycerol (86.95% glycerol) from a biodiesel production facility, which used soybean oil as the initial feedstock. Dietary treatments were 0, 5, or 10% glycerol addition to basal diets in Exp. 1; 0, 5, 10, or 20% glycerol addition to basal diets in Exp. 2; and 0 and 10% crude glycerol addition to the basal diets in Exp. 3, 4, and 5. Each diet was fed twice daily to pigs in individual metabolism crates. After a 10-d adjustment period, a 5-d balance trial was conducted. During the collection period, feces and urine were collected separately after each meal and stored at 0 degrees C until analyses. The GE of each dietary treatment and samples of urine and feces from each pig were determined by isoperibol bomb calorimetry. Digestible energy of the diet was calculated by subtracting fecal energy from the GE in the feed, whereas ME was calculated by subtracting the urinary energy from DE. The DE and ME values of crude glycerol were estimated as the slope of the linear relationship between either DE or ME intake from the experimental diet and feed intake. Among all experiments, the crude glycerol (86.95% glycerol) examined in this study was shown to have a DE of 3,344 +/- 8 kcal/kg and an ME of 3,207 +/- 10 kcal/kg, thereby providing a highly available energy source for growing pigs. 相似文献
20.
本试验旨在研究饲喂水平对冬毛生长期北极狐能量、氮及气体代谢的影响。选取36只161日龄、平均体重为(7285±6)g的健康雄性北极狐,随机分成4组,每组9个重复,每个重复1只。各组北极狐饲喂相同的饲粮,但饲喂水平分别为自由采食(Ⅰ组)、自由采食量的80%(Ⅱ组)、自由采食量的60%(Ⅲ组)和自由采食量的40%(Ⅳ组)。试验共分6期完成,每个饲喂水平进行3期,每期选取6只北极狐随机放到6个呼吸代谢室中,每个呼吸代谢室中放入1只北极狐。采用狐用呼吸测热装置完成消化代谢试验、呼吸测热试验和绝食代谢试验。试验从2017年10月2日开始至2017年12月14日结束。结果显示:1)随着饲喂水平的降低,摄入总能(GEI)、粪能(FE)、尿能(UE)、消化能(DE)、代谢能(ME)和净能(NE)均极显著降低(P<0.01),总能消化率(DE/GE)和总能代谢率(ME/GE)未发生显著变化(P>0.05),但消化能转化成代谢能的效率(ME/DE)和代谢能转化成净能的效率(NE/ME)显著或极显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);此外,饲粮净能摄入(NEI)显著降低(P<0.05),而饲粮消化能摄入(DEI)和代谢能摄入(MEI)无显著变化(P>0.05)。2)随着饲喂水平的降低,摄入氮(NI)、粪氮(FN)、尿氮(UN)、沉积氮(RN)、RN/NI和RN/消化氮(DN)均显著或极显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),而氮表观消化率未受饲喂水平的显著影响(P>0.05)。3)在呼吸测热试验中,Ⅲ组的呼吸商(RQ)极显著高于其他3组(P<0.01),Ⅱ组的O 2消耗量(VO 2)和CO 2产生量(VCO 2)显著高于其他3组(P<0.05);在绝食代谢试验中,饲喂水平对RQ、VO 2和VCO 2无显著影响(P>0.05)。由此得出,在本试验条件下,限饲显著降低了冬毛生长期北极狐各种有效能的摄入与利用及DE和ME的转化效率、氮的摄入与沉积;同时,适量限饲未显著降低冬毛生长期北极狐对氮的利用,且提高了营养物质氧化代谢的程度,增加了O 2消耗和CO 2排出;通过建立RN与NI的回归方程,推算冬毛生长期北极狐的维持净氮和净蛋白质需要量分别为676.3 mg/(kg BW 0.75·d)和4.227 g/(kg BW 0.75·d)。 相似文献