共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
水稻高产群体的营养平衡 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sulfur transformation in 3 soils maintained in a closed incubation system and its availability to plants were investigated using carrier-free ^35S-SO4^2- and ^35S-labeled ryegrass straw.For carrier-free Na2^35SO4 treatment,78%,70%and 64% of ^35S applied were found in Ca(H2PO4)2-extractale S fraction,4%,5% and 7% in slowly soluble inorganic S,11%,15%and 18%in C-O-S,5%,7%,and 6% in C-bonded S,and 5%,7% and 6% in unidentified organic S120 days after incubation in black soil,cinnamon soil and chestnut soil,respectively.Most of 35S uptake by plants came from extractable 35SO4^2-,and little from C-O-^35S and C-bonded ^35S,In the treatment with 35S-labeled straw,51%,46%and 36% of 35S incorporated were found in Ca(H2PO4)2-extractable S fraction,7%,6% and 7% in slowly soluble inorganic S,13%,15%and 18% in C-O-S,8%,8%and 6% in C-bonded S,and 18%,25%and 35% in unidentified organic S at the end of incubation in above-mentoned three soils,respectively.Higher availability of C-O-35S,C-bonded 35S and unidentified organic 35S from 35S-labeled straw was observed in 35S-labeled straw treatment compared to carrier-free Na2^35SO4 treatment. 相似文献
2.
不同土壤水分状况下遮蔽对棉花叶片气体交换的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An incubation experiment was carried out in laboratory to study the effect of temperature,moisture,phosphorus,organic matter,cropping and previous elemental sulfur application on elemental sulfur oxidation in four selected soils,fluvo-aquic soil,black soil,yellow-brown soil and red soil,In all the soils tested,sulfur oxidation rate was influenced by temperature and the temperature coefficient(Q10) values at the range from 10 to 30℃ were 4.41,,6.19 and 3.71 for the four soils,respectively.The rate of sulfur oxidation was parabolically related to soil water content.The optimum moisture content for the maximum oxiation rate was different among soils,Phosphorus increased the oxidation rate of elemental sulfur by 57.7%,33.1%,21.7% and 26.4% for the above four soils,respectively,compared with the control (no phosphorus applied).Organic material of corn straw which was gound and passed through a 0.5-mm sieve also increased th oxidation rate of elemental sulfur in the four soils by 59.8%,7.8%,39.2% and 540.4%,respectively.Elemental sulfur which was applied previously to soils significantly enhanced the oxidation of elemental sulfur subsequently added and increased sulfur-oxidizing populations such as autotrophic elemental sulfur oxidizers with pH optimum 6.8,autotrophic thiosufate oxidizers with pH optimum 6.8,heterotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers and heterotrophic sulfate producers.Cropping had little effect on elemental sulfur-oxidizing potentiality of soils. 相似文献
3.
中国塑料大棚中菜园土盐分含量研究 总被引：40，自引：0，他引：40
Field experiments were conducted on three main soils,brown soil,meadow soil and cinnamon soil,of Shandong Province to study the effect of plastic greenhouse gardening on soil salt contents.As compared to the open fields,the soil nutrient contents in the fields under platic greenhouse gardening all incereased significantly,The organic matter,quickly available N and P incereases were extremely significant and the quckly available K increase was also significant.Along with the nutrient incresases the soil salt contents increased clearly in all the soils investigated not only in the top layer but also in the deeper layers being extremely significant in the 0-10 cm lasyer and significant in the 10-40 cm layers .The salt contents in the plastic greenhouses had significant correlations with the soil available nitrogen and phosphorous.Soils with longer plastic greenhouse gardening time tended to have more salt.The platic greenhouse soils contained less CO3^2- and much more NO3^- than the open soils ,which indicated a higher influence of human intervention in plastic greenhouses.Among the constituent ions.Cl^-,NO3^-,Ca^2 and Mg^2 had positive while HCO3^- had negative significant or extremely significant correlations with total salt,with correlation coefficients being 0.66^*,0.80^**,0.92^**,0.80^**and -0.64^*, respectively.Nitrate decreased from the top to deeper layers both in the plastic greenhouses and in the open fields.The ,plastic greenhouse soils contained much more nitrate than the open fields in every layer and even the nitrate contents of the 80-100 cm layer were still several times those of the top layer in the open fields,The main reason for the salt increases was considered to be the inappropriate fertilization and selective absorption of nutrients by plants in the plastic greenhouses.The methods recommended to avoid soil salt increase in the plastic greenhouses were to apply fertilzers rationally according to the soils ,vegetalbes and fertilzer proerties and to adopt a good intercropping or rotation system. 相似文献
4.
Size of Microbial Biomass in Soils of China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The microbial biomass C,N and P of soils all over China were determined in this study to study their affecting factors.The results,about 100-417 mg C kg^-1 soil,18-51 mg Nkg^-1 soil and 4.4-27.3mg P kg^-1 soil,showed the biomass C,N and P in linear relationship with the soil total organic C,toal N and soil organic P.The ratios of C:Nand C:P,ranging from 5.6 to 9.6 and from 11.2 to 48.4 respectively,were affected by soil pH.texture,crop rotation,macroclimate etc.The ratio of C:N in soil biomass increases gradually from the north to the south in China. 相似文献
5.
磁场对中国东北主要土壤酶活性的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Soil enzyme activities as affected by applied magnetic field were studied with three main soils (brown soil,black soil and albic soil) collected from Northeast China,Appropriate intensities of magnetic field could obviously enhance the activities of hydrogen peroxidases,invertases,amylases and phosphatases in the three soils,although the effect varied with types and water regimes of the soils.Increasing times of magnetic treatment could multiple its good effect on the activities of hydrogen peroxidases in soils. 相似文献
6.
Synergism and antagonism of cadmium(Cd),copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) to biological toxicities in red soil,yellow brown soil and black soil were evaluated by MICROTOX method.The relation between forms of the tested metals in soil and the synergism or antagonism between them was also studied.Results showed that owing to the difference of soil chemical properties,toxicity of these metals in soils was different.In red soil with acid reaction and low in cation exchange capacity,antagonism occurred significantly between metals when they coexisted at high concentrations,while synergism occurred only under low concentrations.It is indicated that in red soil,toxicity of metals affected by synergism or antagonism depends on concentration of the metals present.For yellow brown soil and black soil with larger cation exchange capacity and lower exchangeable aluminium(Al),no toxicity of metals was observed even if metals were added to soil in high concentrations.Synergism and antagonism between Cd,Cu and Se were controlled by the forms of metals present.The amount of water-soluble metals was the most important factor in determining synergism and antagonism. In this paper,comparisons of synergism and antagkonism between metals in soils and in water solutions were made.There occurred the synergism of metal toxicity in water solutions when the concentration of coexisting metals was high.This is just opposite to the case in soils. 相似文献
7.
土壤中氮磷钾肥转化中的交互作用: Ⅰ.土壤pH的动态变化 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
WANG Huo-Yan ZHOU Jian-Min CHEN Xaio-Qin LI Shou-Tian DU Chang-Wen DONG Cai-Xia 《土壤圈》2003,13(3):257-262
Dynamic changes of soil pH as influenced by ammonium sulfate (AS), monocalcium phosphate (MCP),potassium chloride (KCl) and their interaction in soils were evaluated in incubation experiments. Applyingthese fertilizers significantly reduced soil pH values in all cases and followed sequences of AS ＞ MCP ＞KCl, MCP ＞ KCl ＞ AS and KCl ＞ AS ＞ MCP for the paddy, calcareous and red soils, respectively. TheAS-induced reduction of pH in the three soils followed the sequence of red soil ＞ paddy soil ＞ calcareous soil,while in MCP and KCl systems the reduction of pH followed the sequences of calcareous soil ＞ paddy soil ＞red soil and red soil ＞ calcareous soil ＞ paddy soil, respectively. The interactions of the NPK fertilizers on pHwere significant. MCP plus KCl or MCP plus AS reduced pH values more than the fertilizers applied solelyin the paddy soil, but AS partly counteracted the effect of MCP on pH in the 1 d sample of the calcareoussoil. The effect of MCP on pH was trivial when MCP was applied in combination with KCl or AS in the redsoil. When applied in combination with AS, KCl did not affect soil pH initially, but suppressed the reductionof pH at the later incubation stage, which was related to inhibition of nitrification by KCl in the soils. 相似文献
8.
The amounts of chloride ions diffused in four soils of different textures at the same water content under different temperature and at varied time were measured by the diffusion cell method using 36Cl-labelled CaCl2 solution. Five kinetic models were used to fit the dynamic process of the diffusion of chloride ions in the soils. It was found that Elovich equation or power function equation was the best model to describe the process. The pseudothermodynamic parameters, i.e. the net reaction energy, the activation entropy, activation enthalpy and activation free energy of the diffusion, were derived from the absolute reaction-rate theory. The results showed that these parameters decreased in the order of loessal soil > black lu soil > lou soil > yellow cinnamon soil, which indicated that the force and the heat-energy barrier to be overcome for diffusion decreased, the diffusion rate increased and the disorder of the soil-solution-ion system due to diffusion decreased successively with the texture becoming heavier in the four soils. 相似文献
9.
There are increasing concerns on the environmental impacts of intensive chemical agriculture.The effect of high agrochemical inputs used in intensive chemical farming was assessed on soil microbiological,molecular and biochemical properties in tropical Vertisols in India.Farm field sites under normal cultivation of arable crops using high inputs of fertilizers and pesticides in chili(Capsicum annum L.,5.0× dose for fertilizers and 1.5× dose for pesticides over normal inputs) and black gram(Vigna mungo L.Hepper,2.2x dose for fertilizers and 2.3× dose for pesticides over normal inputs) were compared with adjacent sites using normal recommended doses.Organic carbon and basal respiration showed no response to high inputs of fertilizers and pesticides in soils of both crops.Labile carbon decreased by 10% in chili soils and increased by 24% in black gram soils under high input farming system.The proportion of soil labile carbon as a fraction of soil organic carbon was unaffected by high inputs.The labile carbon mineralization coefficient(qM_(LC)) increased by 50.0% in chili soils,indicating that the soil microorganisms were under stress due to high agochemical inputs,whereas qM_(LC) decreased by 36.4% in black gram soils.Copiotrophs increased due to high inputs in soils of both chili(63.1%) and black gram(47.1%).Oligotrophs increased by 10.8% in black gram soils but not in chili soils.The abundance of amoA gene reduced by 39.3% in chili soils due to high inputs and increased significantly by 110.8% in black gram soils.β-Glucosidase also increased by 27.2% and 325.0%,respectively.Acid phosphatase activity reduced by 29.2% due to high inputs in chili soils and increased by 105.0% in black gram soils.The use of high agrochemical inputs thus had adverse consequences on biological health in chili but not in black gram soils.In soils cultivated with black gram,the moderating effect of cultivating legumes and their beneficial effect on soil health were evident from the increase in soil labile carbon,lower qM_(LC),higher amoA gene and enzyme activities.Overall results showed that cultivation of legumes permits intensive chemical farming without deteriorating soil biological health. 相似文献
10.
The distribution of light fraction carbon （LF-C） in the various size classes of aggregates and its relationship to water- stable aggregates as well as the influence of cultivation on the organic components in virgin and cultivated black soils were studied by wet sieving and density separation methods. The total organic carbon （TOC） and LF-C were significantly higher （P≤ 0.05） in the virgin soils than in the cultivated soils. The LF-C in aggregates of different size classes varied from 0.9 to 2.5 g kg^-1 in the cultivated soils and from 2.5 to 7.1 g kg^-1 in the virgin soils, whereas the ratio of LF-C to TOC varied from 1.9% to 7.3% and from 5.0% to 12.2%, respectively. After being incubated under constant temperature and controlled humidity for three months, the contribution of LF-C to TOC sharply decreased to an amount （1.7%4.5%） close to the level in soils that had been cultivated for 20 to 25 years （1.3%-8.8%）. As a result, the larger water-stable macro-aggregates （especially 〉 1 mm） decreased sharply, indicating that the LF-C pool in virgin soils declined quickly after cultivation, which reduced the water stability of soil aggregates. 相似文献
11.
12.
Fractions of sulfur of four soils under coniferous forests in northeast Bavaria The sulfur status of four forest soils (Podsol-Regosol, Braunerde-Pseudogley, two Braunerde – soils) located in northeast Bavaria are investigated. Total sulfur, water-, chloride- and phosphate-extractable, Ester-SO4-S and C-bonded S were determined in the organic and mineral layers. Total S, highest in the Oh-horizons, fluctuates between 68–1851 ppm. There are quite narrow correlation coefficients between total S and total organic carbon (r = 0,85) and between C-bonded S and total organic carbon (r = 0,82). However, phosphate-extractable S is correlated to the amounts of amorphous sesquioxids (r = 0,88). Therefore, the water-, chloride- and phosphate-soluble S added, accounts for only 8–23% of total S in the Podsol-Regosol, for 12–56% in the Braunerde-Pseudogley, but for 17–84% in the Braunerde-soils, rich on sesquioxides. In contrast, organic carbon bonded S is highest in the organic layers and in the Ah-horizons. Except of the Podsol-Regosol, this fraction decreases with increasing soil depth, whereas Ester-SO4-S shows an increasing tendency. The carbon bonded S is correlated to both total organic C (r = 0,82) and total N (r = 0,87). Ester-SO4-S has no clear pattern of distribution. Water soluble S is partly bound to organic colloids. The differences in the depth functions of the water soluble and of the Ester-SO4-fractions in the organic layers may attribute to the influence of atmospheric sulfur input. 相似文献
13.
土壤颗粒尺寸分布分维及对粘附行为的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
依据Tyler和Wheatcraft推导的土壤颗粒累积质量—尺寸标度关系,计算了我国主要土壤的颗粒尺寸分布(PSD)分维,结果表明:淡栗钙土、黄绵土、黑垆土、褐土((土娄)土)、潮土、灰漠土、黑土、黄棕壤、黄壤、红壤及赤红壤(砖红壤)的PSD分维依次增大,土壤粘粒含量增加使其PSD分维增大。结合上壤颗粒表面分形特性及土壤粘附的基本原理,探讨了土壤PSD分维对土壤—固体表面粘附行为的影响。PSD分维高的土壤与固体表面粘附力大,与固体表面发生明显粘附的起始含水量提高,发生明显粘附的含水量区间增宽。 相似文献
14.
石灰性土壤中硫形态组分及其影响因素 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
对陕西 ,湖南等 7省 (市 ) 22个农田耕层土壤硫形态组分的分析表明 ,供试土壤总硫平均为405.5 111.8mg/kg ,总有机硫占总硫 85.4 % 10.0%。供试土壤中酯键硫 (C -O-S)、碳键硫(C -S)、惰性硫平均含量分别为 130.3 64.6、65.5 29.4、152.5 96.7mg/kg ,分别占总硫的31.4 % 12.9%、18.0 % 10.7%、36.0 %17.8% ;分别占总有机硫的 36.6 % 14.4 %、21.8 13.8%、41.5 % 19.1%。石灰性土壤C -O -S、C -S形态硫与土壤有机碳之间分别呈极显著 (r =0.7334* * )和显著 (r =0.4426*)正相关。石灰性母质发育土壤C -O -S含量显著大于黄土母质发育的土壤。供试土壤无机硫组分中主要是难溶硫 ,其平均含量达 28.4mg/kg ,占总无机硫 50.7%。土壤中难溶硫与总无机硫 (r =0.6040* *)和CaCO3(r =0.6800* *)之间呈极显著正相关 ,而与总有机硫 (r =- 0.5286*)、C-O -S (r =- 0.4417*)和有机碳 (r =-0.4786*)之间呈显著负相关。黄土母质发育土壤难溶硫含量 ,占总硫和占总无机硫的比例显著或极显著高于石灰性母质发育的土壤。为了全面评价石灰性土壤硫素供应潜力 ,有必要开展石灰性土壤难溶硫形成及转化规律和生物有效性的研究。 相似文献
15.
石灰性土壤无机磷的形态分布及其有效性 总被引：66，自引：1，他引：66
本文应用蒋柏藩和顾益初(1989)提出的石灰性土壤无机磷的分级方法,对我国北方主要的石灰性土类进行了无机磷形态分级的研究,并对其有效性作出了初步评价。供试的甘肃、陕西和河南的16种土壤的无机磷形态的分布情况为:Ca2-P平均占无机磷总量的1.34%,Ca-P占9.91%,Al-P占4.27%,Fe-P占4.40%,O-P占10.9%,Ca10-P占69.1%。生物试验的结果表明:Ca2-P型的磷酸盐是最有效的,也是作物磷素营养的主要来源;Ca8-P、Al-P和Fe-P可以作为缓效磷源;Ca10-P和O-P只是一种潜在磷源。本研究为石灰性土壤无机磷的研究和磷肥的合理施用提供了理论依据。 相似文献
16.
土壤有机硫形态分配的季节变化与作物效应 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
江淮丘陵地区下蜀黄土母质发育的水稻土油 稻轮作试验表明：油菜收获后土壤比试验前土壤总有机硫及碳键硫、硫酸酯和惰性硫组分含量分别下降了51.3% 、60.2% 、29.3%和73.4%;水稻收获后土壤比油菜收获后土壤总有机硫及碳键硫、硫酸酯和惰性硫组分含量分别增加了129% 、302% 、78%和203% 。与试验前土壤比较,油菜收获后土壤有机硫、碳键硫和惰性硫占总硫百分数分别下降了12.6、3.2和18.7个百分点,碳键硫和惰性硫占总有机硫百分数分别下降了2.3和18.7个百分点;而硫酸酯形态硫占总硫和有机硫百分数则分别增加了8.9和20.7百分点。与油菜收获后土壤比较,水稻收获后土壤总有机硫、碳键硫和惰性硫占总硫百分数分别增加了7.4 、6.9和7.7个百分点,碳键硫和惰性硫占总有机硫百分数分别增加了7.7和7.2个百分点;而硫酸酯形态硫占总硫和总有机硫百分数则分别减少了21.2和14.9个百分点。与同期不种作物处理相比,油菜收获后和油 稻轮作后土壤硫酸酯形态硫含量、占总硫及占有机硫百分数分别增加12.4个百分点和64.1个百分点,7.2和14.5个百分点及10.8和17.9个百分点而土壤惰性硫占总硫百分数下降9.6和13.6个百分点,占有机硫百分数则增加12.8和18.6个百分点。虽然油菜种植导致耕层土壤有机硫有显著下降,而其在水稻种植期间被逆转。因此,油-稻轮作制度是维持该地区土壤硫肥力的一种较好耕作措施之一。 相似文献
17.
土壤腐殖质是土壤发生、发育的结果,是土壤区别于成土母质的主要标志。特定的生物气候条件(以及其它成土条件)形成特定的土壤类型,也形成具有特定性质的土壤腐殖质。因此,研究土壤中腐殖物质的组成、特性可以在一定程度上估计土壤生物活动的强弱与成土过程的趋向,从而为土壤分类提供重要的依据。 相似文献
18.
土壤有机硫形态分配的季节变化与作物效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
江淮丘陵地区下蜀黄土母质发育的水稻土油 稻轮作试验表明:油菜收获后土壤比试验前土壤总有机硫及碳键硫、硫酸酯和惰性硫组分含量分别下降了51.3% 、60.2% 、29.3%和73.4%;水稻收获后土壤比油菜收获后土壤总有机硫及碳键硫、硫酸酯和惰性硫组分含量分别增加了129% 、302% 、78%和203% 。与试验前土壤比较,油菜收获后土壤有机硫、碳键硫和惰性硫占总硫百分数分别下降了12.6、3.2和18.7个百分点,碳键硫和惰性硫占总有机硫百分数分别下降了2.3和18.7个百分点;而硫酸酯形态硫占总硫和有机硫百分数则分别增加了8.9和20.7百分点。与油菜收获后土壤比较,水稻收获后土壤总有机硫、碳键硫和惰性硫占总硫百分数分别增加了7.4 、6.9和7.7个百分点,碳键硫和惰性硫占总有机硫百分数分别增加了7.7和7.2个百分点;而硫酸酯形态硫占总硫和总有机硫百分数则分别减少了21.2和14.9个百分点。与同期不种作物处理相比,油菜收获后和油 稻轮作后土壤硫酸酯形态硫含量、占总硫及占有机硫百分数分别增加12.4个百分点和64.1个百分点,7.2和14.5个百分点及10.8和17.9个百分点而土壤惰性硫占总硫百分数下降9.6和13.6个百分点,占有机硫百分数则增加12.8和18.6个百分点。虽然油菜种植导致耕层土壤有机硫有显著下降,而其在水稻种植期间被逆转。因此,油-稻轮作制度是维持该地区土壤硫肥力的一种较好耕作措施之一。 相似文献
19.
Summary Topsoils (0–75 mm) from four different soil types were collected from stock camp and non-camp (main grazing area) areas of grazed pastures in New Zealand, which had been fertilised annually with superphosphate for more than 15 years, in order to assess the effects of grazing animals on the status and distribution of soil S fractions and organic matter. These soils were analysed for organic C, total N, total S, C-bonded S, hydriodic acid-reducible S, 0.01 M CaCl2, and 0.04 M Ca(H2PO4)2-extractable S fractions, and soil pH. Soil inorganic and organic S fractions extracted by NaHCO3 and NaOH extractants were also determined. The results obtained showed that camp soils contain higher soil pH, organic C, total N, total S, organic (C-bonded S and hydriodic acid-reducible S) and inorganic S fractions, NaHCO3-and NaOH-extractable soil S fractions but a lower anion retention capacity than non-camp soils, attributed to a higher return of plant litter and animal excreta to camp soils. In both soils, total S, organic S, C-bonded S, and hydriodic acid-reducible S were significantly correlated with organic C (r0.90***, ***P0.001) and total N (r0.95***), suggesting that C, N, and S are integral components of soil organic matter. However, C: N : S ratios tended to be lower in camp (60: 5.6: 1–103: 7.2: 1) than in non-camp soils (60:6.1:1–117:8.3:1). Most (>95%) of the total soil S in camp and non-camp soils is present as organic S, while the remainder is readily soluble and adsorbed S (i.e. Ca(H2PO4)2-extractable S). C-bonded S and hydriodic acid-reducible S constituted 55%–74% and 26%–45% of total S, respectively, reflecting a regular return of plant litter and animal excreta to the grazed pastures. NaHCO3, and especially NaOH, extracted significantly higher amounts of total soil S (13%–22% and 49%–75%, respectively) than Ca(H2PO4)2 or CaCl2 (<5%). In addition, NaHCO3 and NaOH-extractable soil S fractions were significantly rorrelated with soil organic S (r0.94***), C-bonded S (r0.90***) and hydriodic acid-reducible soil S (r0.93***). Differences between soils in either camp or non-camp areas were related to their sulphate retention capacities, as soils with high sulphate retention capacities (>45%) contain higher levels of C-bonded and hydriodic acid-reducible S fractions than those of low sulphate retention soils (<10%). Long-term annual superphosphate applications significantly increased the accumulation of soil organic and inorganic S fractions, and organic C and total N in the topsoil, although this accumulation did not occur when the superphosphate application rates were increased from 188 to 376 kg ha-1 year-1. 相似文献