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1.
Effects of feeding lycopene isomers to laying hens on egg qualities such as lycopene concentration and color of the yolk were investigated. Firstly, to evaluate the dietary transfer of lycopene to egg yolk, (all‐E)‐lycopene–rich diets (lycopene content, 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg diet) were fed to hens for 21 days. Lycopene in egg yolk could be detected after 4 days or more from the start of feeding, and the lycopene concentration increased according to the feed amount and period. Even though most of the dietary lycopene was the all‐E‐isomer, more than 65% of lycopene in egg yolk was present as Z‐isomers. Thus, the effect of lycopene Z‐isomer content in the diet (lycopene content, 200 mg/kg diet; lycopene Z‐isomer content, 35.1% or 61.3%) on egg qualities was investigated. As the Z‐isomer content increased, the lycopene concentration in the egg yolk increased, for example, when fed a diet rich in Z‐isomers (61.3%), the lycopene concentration in the egg yolk was approximately three times higher than when fed the (all‐E)‐lycopene–rich diet for 21 days. The results indicated that Z‐isomers of lycopene had higher bioavailability and/or higher transfer efficiency to the egg yolk than the all‐E‐isomer.  相似文献   

2.
Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) utilizing 3′‐deoxy‐3′‐[18F]fluorothymidine (18FLT), a proliferation tracer, has been found to be a useful tool for characterizing neoplastic diseases and bone marrow function in humans. As PET and PET/CT imaging become increasingly available in veterinary medicine, knowledge of radiopharmaceutical biodistribution in veterinary species is needed for lesion interpretation in the clinical setting. The purpose of this study was to describe the normal biodistribution of 18FLT in adult domestic cats. Imaging of six healthy young adult castrated male cats was performed using a commercially available PET/CT scanner consisting of a 64‐slice helical CT scanner with an integrated whole‐body, high‐resolution lutetium oxy‐orthosilicate (LSO) PET scanner. Cats were sedated and injected intravenously with 108.60 ± 2.09 (mean ± SD) MBq of 18FLT (greater than 99% radiochemical purity by high‐performance liquid chromatography). Imaging was performed in sternal recumbency under general anesthesia. Static images utilizing multiple bed positions were acquired 80.83 ± 7.52 (mean ± SD) minutes post‐injection. Regions of interest were manually drawn over major parenchymal organs and selected areas of bone marrow and increased tracer uptake. Standardized uptake values were calculated. Notable areas of uptake included hematopoietic bone marrow, intestinal tract, and the urinary and hepatobiliary systems. No appreciable uptake was observed within brain, lung, myocardium, spleen, or skeletal muscle. Findings from this study can be used as baseline data for future studies of diseases in cats.  相似文献   

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4.
Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most refractory feline malignancies. Most patients succumb due to failure in local tumor control. 2‐18F‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG PET) is increasingly being used for veterinary oncology staging as it highlights areas with higher glucose metabolism. The goal of the current prospective study was to compare gross tumor volume measurements using 18F‐FDG PET vs. those using computed tomography (CT) for stereotactic radiation therapy planning in cats with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Twelve cats with confirmed oral squamous cell carcinoma underwent pretreatment 18F‐FDG PET/CT. Gross tumor volumes based on contrast‐enhanced CT and 18F‐FDG PET were measured and compared among cats. Mean PET gross tumor volume was significantly smaller than mean CT gross tumor volume in the mandibular/maxillary squamous cell carcinoma group (n = 8, P = 0.002) and for the total number of patients (n = 12, P = 0.006), but not in the lingual/laryngeal group (n = 4, P = 0.57). Mismatch fraction analysis revealed that most of the lingual/laryngeal patients had a large region of high‐18F‐FDG activity outside of the CT gross tumor volume. This mismatch fraction was significantly greater in the lingual/laryngeal group than the mandibular/maxillary group (P = 0.028). The effect of poor spatial resolution of PET imaging was greater when the absolute tumor volume was small. Findings from this study indicated that 18F‐FDG PET warrants further investigation as a supplemental imaging modality in cats with oral squamous cell carcinoma because it detected regions of possible primary tumor that were not detected on CT images.  相似文献   

5.
Because of rare glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2) receptor (+) cells within the gut mucosa, the molecular mechanisms transducing the diverse actions of GLP‐2 remain largely obscure. This research identified the naturally occurring intestinal cell lines that endogenously express GLP‐2R and determined the molecular mechanisms of the protective effects of GLP‐2‐mediated tight junctions (TJ) in GLP‐2R (+) cell line. (i) Immunohistochemistry results showed that GLP‐2R is localised to the epithelia, laminae propriae and muscle layers of the small and large bowels of newborn piglets. (ii) GLP‐2R expression was apparent in the cytoplasm of endocrine cells in IPEC‐J2 cell lines. (iii) The protein expressions of ZO‐1, claudin‐1, occludin, p‐PI3K, p‐Akt, p‐mTOR and p‐p70S6K significantly (p < 0.05) increased in GLP‐2‐treated IPEC‐J2 cells, and all of them significantly (p < 0.05) decreased when LY‐294002 or rapamycin was added. GLP‐2 improves intestinal TJ expression of GLP‐2R (+) cells through the PI3k/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signalling pathway.  相似文献   

6.
In this study, we investigated the effects of oral ingestion of Lactobacillus crispatus KT‐11 strain (KT‐11) on the immune response in an allergic rhinitis mouse model, ovalbumin (OVA)‐sensitized BALB/c mice. Sneezing activity in mice that were administered a KT‐11‐supplemented diet was significantly lower than that in mice administered a KT‐11‐free diet (control diet) at age 11 weeks. We found that serum OVA‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and total number of interleukin (IL)‐4+CD4+ spleen cells in mice that were administered a KT‐11‐supplemented diet were significantly lower than in mice administered a control diet. The ratio of spleen interferon‐γ+CD4+/IL‐4+CD4+ cells was higher in the mice administered the KT‐11‐supplemented diet compared to that in mice administered the control or L. rhamnosus GG‐supplemented diet. In contrast, the number of CD11b+CD80+ and FcεRIα+CD117+ cells was significantly lower in mice administered the KT‐11‐supplemented diet. These results suggested that KT‐11 reduced OVA‐induced allergic symptoms in BALB/c mice via the adjustment of the T helper type 1/T helper type 2 balance, and a decrease in the number of antigen‐presenting cells and high affinity IgE receptor‐positive mast cells.  相似文献   

7.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary n‐6/n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios on the organ indexes, and histological and ultrastructures of organs including liver, spleen and thymus in 70‐day‐old Yangzhou goslings. One‐hundred and sixty 21‐day‐old Yangzhou goslings were randomly divided into 4 groups and fed 4 diets varying in the n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio from 3:1 up to 12:1. After 1‐week acclimation, the feeding experiment lasted for 6 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, goslings were slaughtered and the liver, spleen and thymus were weighed, and their histological and ultrastructures were examined. The results showed that the organ indices in the 3:1 group were remarkably higher than in the other three groups, whereas the mitochondrial square did not differ among four groups. The histological and ultrastructures of the liver, spleen and thymus were not affected by the diets with the lower n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratios (3:1 and 6:1). However, feeding diets with the higher n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratios (9:1 and 12:1), the nuclear chromatin was concentrated and marginalized; the cell membrane was contracted inwardly and disrupted; the mitochondrial membrane was damaged to some degree. In conclusion, the diet containing higher content of n‐3 PUFA might improve immune capacity of goslings the animal by accelerating the growth and maintaining cellular structures of organs like liver, spleen and thymus.  相似文献   

8.
We evaluated the whole body distribution of 2‐deoxy‐2‐[18F]fluoro‐d ‐glucose (18F‐FDG) in seven beagle dogs using positron emission tomography/computed tomography. The mean and maximum standard uptake values (SUV) for various tissues were computed. The SUV of the aortic blood pool was 0.65±0.19. Moderate uptake was present in brain (3.40±1.01). Mild uptake was present in orbital muscles, soft palate, laryngeal and pharyngeal region, mandibular salivary gland, myocardium, liver, pancreas, kidney, and intestine. 18F‐FDG uptake would be normally higher in these tissues because of normal physiologic activity. Mean and maximum SUV values of the eye, skeletal muscle, bone tissue, spleen, adrenal gland, stomach, tongue, gall bladder, and lung were similar to or lower than that of the aortic blood pool. These data provide a normal baseline for comparing pathologic 18F‐FDG uptake.  相似文献   

9.
We aimed to elucidate whether NO acts in in vitro sperm capacitation in bovine via cGMP/PKG1 pathway. For this, cryopreserved bovine sperm were capacitated in vitro with 20 µg/ml heparin (Control) plus treatments: 1 mM L‐arginine (L‐arg, NO precursor), 50 µM Rp‐8‐Bromo‐β‐phenyl‐1,N2‐ethenoguanosine‐3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS, selective inhibitor of the binding site for cGMP in PKG1), 1 mM 2‐Phenyl‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl 3‐oxide (PTIO, NO scavenger), and the combinations of L‐arg + RP‐8‐Br‐cGMPS and L‐arg + PTIO. Sperm motility and vigour were determined by phase‐contrast microscopy, capacitation status by chlortetracycline staining, and the intracellular concentration of cGMP was measured by ELISA. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared with SNK test at 5% probability. Motility and vigour were lower in sperm treated with PTIO when compared to Control and other treatments (p < .05). The L‐arg treatment showed the highest percentage of capacitated sperm when compared to the Control and other treatments (Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS, L‐arg + Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS and PTIO) (69.8 ± 3.4%, 51.2 ± 3.0, 51.1 ± 2.1, 51.2 ± 3.0 and 45.5 ± 2.7, respectively) (p < .05). The capacitation ratio (%) was lower in treatments with Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS, L‐arg + Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS and PTIO, respectively (p < .05). Lastly, cGMP concentration (pmol/ml) was lower in PTIO and L‐arg + PTIO (1.3 ± 0.3 and 1.6 ± 0.4) and was higher in Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS and L‐arg + Rp‐8‐Br‐cGMPS (3.7 ± 0.4 and 4.0 ± 0.5) treatments. We showed that during in vitro capacitation of cattle: (a) NO influences sperm motility and vigour; (b) NO is associated with cGMP synthesis through two independent pathways and (c) the cGMP/PKG1 pathway has a partial role in sperm capacitation and does not involve the L‐arg/NO.  相似文献   

10.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous melatonin on libido and semen quality parameters in bucks during the non‐breeding season. Twelve bucks of the French alpine breed from 1.5 to 4 years of age were assigned into melatonin (MG) and control (CG) groups, with 6 bucks in each group. The experimental period was 3 months (March–May), divided into six periods of 15 days each. The bucks in the MG group received four melatonin implants at the end of March. Two semen samples were taken from the bucks by artificial vagina once per week and their libido estimated. Volume and spermatozoa concentration, their mass motility and motility, proportion of live and total abnormal and forms with abnormal head and tail were determined in the obtained ejaculate samples. The total number of spermatozoa and functional spermatozoa fraction in the ejaculate was also calculated. The MG bucks had significantly higher mass motility and motility of spermatozoa in the first half of April, and a higher proportion of live spermatozoa in the first and second half of April (p < .05). Differences in libido intensity were not significant. The results indicated that the application of melatonin significantly improved the qualitative parameters of semen in bucks, as seen in increased mass motility, motility of spermatozoa and proportion of live spermatozoa shortly following melatonin insertion. Therefore, the results of the current study are novel regarding the use of melatonin treatment during the non‐breeding season to improve the qualitative parameters of ejaculates in bucks.  相似文献   

11.
Objective – To review the immunomodulatory effects of opioids. Data Sources – Original research publications and review articles using the PubMed search engine with the following keywords – opioids, morphine, immuomodulation, and immunosuppression. Veterinary and Human Data Synthesis – Opioids have been shown to modulate the immune system in animal models by affecting both the acquired and innate arms of the immune system. Natural killer cell activity, T‐cell proliferation, antibody production, phagocytic cell function, and cytokine production have all been shown to be affected by opioids. Many of these effects are reversed by opioid antagonists. Opioids have also been shown to induce sepsis in laboratory animals. Opioid administration alters immune parameters in healthy humans at analgesic doses and may increase the risk of infection in some patient populations. Conclusions – While opioids remain the most powerful and widely used analgesics available, their negative effects on the immune system are well established in the laboratory setting. Thoughtful consideration should be given to the use of certain opioids in critically ill patients, especially those with pre‐existing immunocompromise.  相似文献   

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13.
Recently, we established the GEEP (“gene editing by electroporation of Cas9 protein”) method, in which the CRISPR/Cas9 system, consisting of a Cas9 protein and single guide RNA (sgRNA), is introduced into pig zygotes by electroporation and thus induces highly efficient targeted gene disruption. In this study, we examined the effects of sgRNA on the blastocyst formation of porcine embryos and evaluated their genome‐editing efficiency. To produce an animal model for diabetes, we targeted PDX‐1 (pancreas duodenum homeobox 1), a gene that is crucial for pancreas development during the fetal period and whose monoallelic disruption impairs insulin secretion. First, Cas9 protein with different sgRNAs that targeted distinct sites in the PDX‐1 exon 1 was introduced into in vitro‐fertilized zygotes by the GEEP method. Of the six sgRNAs tested, three sgRNAs (sgRNA1, 2, and 3) successfully modified PDX‐1 gene. The blastocyst formation rate of zygotes edited with sgRNA3 was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of control zygotes without the electroporation treatment. Our study indicates that the GEEP method can be successfully used to generate PDX‐1 mutant blastocysts, but the development and the efficiency of editing the genome of zygotes may be affected by the sgRNA used for CRISPR/Cas9 system.  相似文献   

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16.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of the antioxidant N‐acetyl‐cysteine (NAC) supplemented to the maturation medium on porcine embryo development. Concentrations of NAC and its synthetic derivative, NAC‐amide (NACA) were evaluated for effects on nuclear maturation, fertilization success and embryo development. Concentrations of NAC (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mm ) were supplemented to maturing oocytes, and embryo development was analysed at 48 and 144 h post‐fertilization. There were no differences among cleavage rates for any of the treatment groups. Blastocyst formation for 1.5 mm NAC (56.5 ± 9.2%) was higher (p < 0.05) than all other supplementations. There were no differences in nuclear maturation or fertilization or in cleavage rates when comparing 1.5 mm NAC and 1.5 mm NACA supplementation to the control. Blastocyst formation for 1.5 mm NAC (44.4 ± 4.7%) and 1.5 mm NACA (46.2 ± 3.4%) supplementation were higher (p < 0.05) than the control (32.1 ± 6.2%) oocytes. These results indicate that supplementing 1.5 mm of NAC or NACA to the oocyte maturation medium increased the percentage of viable embryos reaching the blastocyst stage of development.  相似文献   

17.
β‐carotene is one of the most abundant carotenoids, has potential anti‐inflammatory effect, it has been reported that β‐carotene could suppress LPS‐induced inflammatory responses by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) translocation, but the more detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the anti‐inflammatory action of β‐carotene remain to be fully understood. In this study, we investigated the influence of β‐carotene on the activation of JAK2/STAT3, MAPK, and NF‐κB signaling pathway induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages. Cells were treated with different concentrations of β‐carotene for 3 hr after LPS treatment for 24 hr. The mRNA expression and the release of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α were evaluated by RT‐PCR and ELISA, and the level of signaling proteins of JAK2/STAT3, MAPK, and NF‐κB signaling pathway were detected by Western blot. The results showed that β‐carotene significantly suppressed (p < 0.05) LPS‐induced release of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α and their mRNA expression. LPS‐induced JAK2/STAT3, IκB/NF‐κB p65, JNK/p38 MAPK signal activation were significantly attenuated (p < 0.05) by β‐carotene in a dose‐dependent manner. In conclusion, β‐carotene could attenuate LPS‐induced inflammation via inhibition of the NF‐κB, JAK2/STAT3, and JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways in macrophages.  相似文献   

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19.
Insulin‐independent actions of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) are not yet clear in ruminants. Four Suffolk mature wethers (60.0 ± 6.7 kg body weight (BW)) were intravenously infused with insulin (0.5 mU/kg BW/min; from 0 to 90 min) and GLP‐1 (0.5 μg/kg BW/min; from 60 to 150 min) with both hormones co‐administered from 60 to 90 min, in a repeated‐measure design under euglycemic clamp for 150 min, to investigate whether GLP‐1 has insulin‐independent actions. Jugular blood samples were taken at 15‐min intervals for plasma hormones and metabolites analysis. Compared to baseline concentrations (at 0 min), insulin infusion decreased (P < 0.05) plasma concentrations of glucagon, non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA), lactate, nonessential amino acids (NEAA), branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA), total amino acids (TAA) and urea nitrogen (UN). Insulin plus GLP‐1 infusion induced a greater increase (P < 0.05) in plasma concentrations of insulin and triglyceride (TG), but decreased (P < 0.05) glucagon, total cholesterol (T‐Cho), NEAA and UN plasma concentrations. GLP‐1 infusion increased (P < 0.05) NEFA, β‐hydroxybutyrate and TG, but decreased (P < 0.05) glucagon, T‐Cho, NEAA, BCAA and UN plasma concentrations. In conclusion, GLP‐1 exerts extrapancreatic roles in ruminants not only insulin‐independent but probably, in contrast to non‐ruminants, antagonistic to insulin effects.  相似文献   

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