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1.
Thermoregulation in endothermic insects 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
B Heinrich 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,185(153):747-756
On the basis of body weight, most flying insects have higher rates of metabolism, and hence heat production, than other animals. However, rapid rates of cooling because of small body size in most cases precludes appreciable endothermy. The body temperature of small flies in flight is probably close to ambient temperature, and that of flying butterflies and locusts is 5 degrees to 10 degrees C above ambient temperature. Many moths and bumblebees are insulated with scales and hair, and their metabolism during flight can cause the temperature of the flight muscles to increase 20 degrees to 30 degrees C above ambient temperature. Curiously, those insects which (because of size, insulation) retain the most heat in the thorax during flight, also require the highest muscle temperature in order to maintain sufficient power output to continue flight. The minimum muscle temperature for flight varies widely between different species, while the maximum temperature varies over the relatively narrow range of 40 degrees to 45 degrees C. As a consequence, those insects that necessarily generate high muscle temperatures during flight must maintain their thoracic temperature within a relatively narrow range during flight. Active heat loss from the thorax to the abdomen prevents overheating of the flight motor and allows some large moths to be active over a wide range of ambient temperatures. Bumblebees similarly transfer heat from the flight musculature into the abdomen while incubating their brood by abdominal contact. Many of the larger insects would remain grounded if they did not actively increase the temperature of their flight muscles prior to flight. Male tettigoniid grasshoppers elevate their thoracic temperature prior to singing. In addition, some of the social Hymenoptera activate the "flight" muscles specifically to produce heat not only prior to flight but also during nest temperature regulation. During this "shivering" the "flight" muscles are often activated in patterns different from those during flight. The muscles contract primarily against each other rather than on the wings. However, the rate of heat production during shivering and flight is primarily a function of the action potential frequency rather than of the patterns of activation. Thermoregulation is a key factor in the energetics of foraging of some of the flower-visiting insects. The higher their muscle temperature the more flowers they can visit per unit time. When food supplies are ample, bees may invest relatively large amounts of energy for thermoregulation. While shivering to maintain high body temperatures during the short intervals they are perched on flowers (as well as while in the nest), bumblebees often expend energy at rates similar to the rates of energy expenditure in flight. Unlike vertebrates, which usually regulate their body temperature at specific set points, the body temperature of insects is labile. It often appears to be maintained near the lower temperature at which the muscles are able to perform the function at hand. The insects' thermal adaptations may not differ as much from those of vertebrates as previously supposed when size, anatomy, and energy requirements are taken into account. 相似文献
2.
Heinrich B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1972,175(4018):185-187
Bombus vagans forages for nectar at 5 degrees C in shade and at 31 degrees C in sunshine. The production of heat while the bumblebee is on flowers, at ambient temperatures below 24 degrees C, helps to maintain a thoracic temperature that is near the minimum for flight between flowers. However, at ambient temperatures above 24 degrees C the thoracic temperature is no longer regulated at 32 degrees to 33 degrees C and rises. 相似文献
3.
Heinrich B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1970,168(3931):580-582
The sphinx moth, Manduca sexta, maintains its thoracic temperature within a degree of 42 degrees C while in free flight over a range of air temperatures from about 17 degrees to 32 degrees C. Tying off the dorsal vessel abolishes temperature control. Moths with tied off vessels overheat and then stop flying at air temperatures of about 23 degrees C. However, flight at this temperature is possible when the thoracic scales are removed. The mechanism of temperature control involves transfer of the heat produced in the thorax to the blood pumped from the dorsal vessel, and the subsequent dissipation of this heat when the blood returns to the relatively cool abdomen. 相似文献
4.
Heinrich B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1979,205(4412):1269-1271
At high ambient temperatures, honeybees regulate head teriperature by evaporative cooling of regurgitated honeycrop contents. Thoracic temperature is secondarily stabilized as heat flows from thorax to head by means of passive conduction and physiological facilitation resulting from accelerated blood flow. The mechanism permits flight at the extraordinarily high ambient temperature of 46 degrees C without overheating the head and thorax despite prodigious amounts of heat produced as a by-product of flight metabolism. In contrast, at low ambient temperatures, thoracic rather than head temperature is regulated; no liquid is regurgitated, and the head is heated passively by conduction both in flight and while stationary. 相似文献
5.
亚洲玉米螟飞翔能力的初步研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
通过配有微机记录系统的飞行磨吊飞方法,测定了亚洲玉米螟(Osirinia furnacaris)的飞翔能力及温度、湿度,气流等不同生态条件对其飞翔力的影响。初步探讨了亚洲玉米螟的飞翔扩散活动及可能的迁飞活动。玉米螟1日龄和2日龄雌蛾可累计飞翔30小时,150公里以上。飞翔速度平均1.5米/秒,最高可达2.4米/秒。雄蛾飞翔力初期稍弱,但3日龄以后强于雌蛾。玉米螟的飞翔适温区为20—30℃,高温低湿不利其飞翔。玉米螟在风速不大于1.53—1.6米/秒时可逆风飞翔,在较大的风速下顺风飞翔时,其自身的飞翔速度随风速增加而渐降,风速9米/秒时停止振翅,随风飘流。 相似文献
6.
Sex pheromone of the winter moth, a geometrid with unusually low temperature precopulatory responses
Roelofs WL Hill AS Linn CE Meinwald J Jain SC Herbert HJ Smith RF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,217(4560):657-659
The sex pheromone for the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), has been identified as the novel compound (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene. The male moths respond to the pheromone at low temperatures (4 degrees to 15 degrees C) and exhibit an upper response limit that coincides with the lower response limit for other reported moth sex pheromone systems. The pheromone attracted two other geometrid species, O. bruceata (Bruce spanworm) and O. occidentalis. 相似文献
7.
The inflorescence of Philodendron selloum temporarily maintains a core temperature of 38 degrees to 46 degrees C, despite air temperatures ranging from 4 degrees to 39 degrees C, by means of a variable metabolic rate. The heat is produced primarily by small, sterile male flowers that are capable of consuming oxygen at rates approaching those of flying hummingbirds and sphinx moths. 相似文献
8.
The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most serious lepidopteran pests of cotton in the world. This pest invaded China at the onset of the 20th century, possibly through repeated introductions from several different locations worldwide. In this paper, we describe different behavioral parameters of this Hubei P. gossypiella strain under laboratory and field conditions. Using an infra-red video recorder, we observed (nocturnal) emergence, flight and mating activities, and oviposition patterns. Moth emergence started from 13:00 and continued up till 23:00. Under laboratory and field conditions, 2-7-d-old moths initiated flight around sunset, peaked 50 min later and gradually declined until 04:00. Although mating started immediately after darkness (i.e., 20:00), mating behavior was most intense from 23:00 to 03:40. Oviposition also showed distinct time-related patterns, with approx. 70% eggs laid between 20:00 and 22:00. In the studies of the relationship between flight and oviposition, the duration of flight had an effect on oviposition. The 1-d-old moths flown for 6 and 12 h began oviposition earlier than the unflown ones, and the 6-h flight had no effect on the egg production. However, the longevity of the flown moths was shortened after flight. In addition, the peaks of oviposition for the flown moths were advanced 2–3 d. The age when the moths flied affected the oviposition of adult moths. The earlier the moths started to fly after emergence, the greater the fecundity they had. The average egg production of moths flown for 24 h was less than that of non-flown moths which were of the same age. Both flight and delay in mating could advance the oviposition peak. Our study provides detailed insights in nocturnal activities and the reproductive biology of local P. gossypiella populations, which could be employed to fine-tune current pest management programs in China. 相似文献
9.
Heinrich B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1981,212(4494):565-566
Honeybee swarms regulate their core temperature at a high set point (near 36 degrees C) and the mantle at a low set point (near 15 degrees C). The temperature gradient from core to mantle permits considerable energy economy, and it is abolished only shortly before swarm takeoff. 相似文献
10.
Solute concentration gradients in frog muscles at 0 degree C: active transport or adsorption? 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
M C Neville 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1972,176(32):302-303
In isolated frog muscle that has been incubated for 7 days at 0 degrees C invitro K(+) and Na(+) remain at normal concentrations. Amino acids are accumulated against a concentration gradient at this temperature; for example, glycine accumulates in muscle to a concentration ten times that in the external solution. The amount of cycloleucine accumulated is greater at 0 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. These findings, which are difficult to explain on the basis of metabolically linked active transport, are Consiststent with the view that solute accumulation by cell is the result of adsorption on spesific sites. 相似文献
11.
黑水虻虫粉是水产养殖中替代鱼粉的潜在优质蛋白源,在近年来受到较多关注。本实验以初始均重为16.5g的暗纹东方鲀幼鱼为实验对象,利用黑水虻幼虫粉替代饲料中不同比例(0、8%、16%和24%,分别记为HM0、HM8、HM16和HM24)的鱼粉配制成四种等氮等脂的实验饲料。每组饲料投喂3个重复桶,每桶30尾鱼。每天表观饱食投喂3次。实验周期为56天。实验结果表明,黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉并未对实验鱼的生长、机体粗成分、肌肉粗成分、肌肉氨基酸组成、肌肉质地和血清生化指标产生显著影响。与对照组相比,16%替代组增重率提高19%,显示出黑水虻幼虫粉低比例替代鱼粉具有潜在的提高生长性能的作用。与低比例(8%)替代组相比,高比例(24%)替代组降低了饲料效率,且具有升高肝体比和脏体比的趋势。黑水虻幼虫粉中含有较高含量的C12:0和C18:2n-6,能够满足鱼类对能量供应和18碳不饱和脂肪酸的需求;黑水虻幼虫粉的添加提高了鱼体C14:0和n-6脂肪酸的含量。综上结果表明,黑水虻幼虫粉替代暗纹东方鲀幼鱼饲料中24%以内的鱼粉不影响鱼体的生长、体成分、肌肉质地和健康状态;低比例(8-16%)替代还具有潜在的提高生长性能和饲料利用的作用。 相似文献
12.
丹顶鹤群体的驯化放飞技术 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了能够更好地保护鹤类和引导良性的野生动物娱乐,扎龙保护区通过人工繁育建立了丹顶鹤观赏群体。结合丹顶鹤的生物学特征,从2月龄雏鸟开始建立群体并进行训飞训练。对2003—2004年9次放飞结果的分析表明:丹顶鹤最适飞翔温度为15～20℃,但低温不会严重影响飞翔,在高于30℃高温时,丹顶鹤拒绝飞翔的比率达到60%左右;雨雪天气丹顶鹤多数拒绝飞翔。丹顶鹤最适飞翔风力为3～4级,风力大于6级时,丹顶鹤拒绝飞翔。在提供30只丹顶鹤飞翔时,场地起降区面积应不少于1000m2,且应保证约30°的起降角。放飞地点空中的可移动物体和放飞场地内及附近过大的噪音会严重影响放飞效果。 相似文献
13.
L K Miller 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1969,166(901):105-106
The adult carabid beetle Pterostichus brevicornis tolerates freezing under natural conditions. Laboratory tests confirm that winter beetles tolerate temperatures below -35 degrees C, whereas summer beetles die if frozen at -6.6 degrees C. Winter beetles can be cooled to about -10 degrees C before freezing, and they thaw near -3.5 degrees C. Summer beetles thaw at -0.7 degrees C. To avoid freezing damage even in winter beetles, cooling rates must be near 20 degrees C per hour or less. 相似文献
14.
Triops (Entomostraca) eggs killed only by boiling 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
D B Carlisle 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1968,161(838):279-280
Temporary rainpools near Khartoum, Sudan, are inhabited by the notostracan crustacean Triops which completes its life cycle within 4 weeks. The annual rains fall in late summer, and throughout the winter and early summer the eggs of Triops remain in the dried mud or dust where they may be exposed to temperatures up to 80 degrees C. Laboratory experiments show that they can withstand temperatures up to within 1 degrees C of boiling, but are killed in partial vacuum by 70 degrees C, at atmospheric pressure by 100 degrees C, or under pressure by 105 degrees C. Exposure to high temperature seems to be necessary to break the egg diapause. 相似文献
15.
Freeze avoidance in a mammal: body temperatures below 0 degree C in an Arctic hibernator 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
B M Barnes 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,244(4912):1593-1595
Hibernating arctic ground squirrels, Spermophilus parryii, were able to adopt and spontaneously arouse from core body temperatures as low as -2.9 degrees C without freezing. Abdominal body temperatures of ground squirrels hibernating in outdoor burrows were recorded with temperature-sensitive radiotransmitter implants. Body temperatures and soil temperatures at hibernaculum depth reached average minima during February of -1.9 degrees and -6 degrees C, respectively. Laboratory-housed ground squirrels hibernating in ambient temperatures of -4.3 degrees C maintained above 0 degree C thoracic temperatures but decreased colonic temperatures to as low as -1.3 degrees C. Plasma sampled from animals with below 0 degree C body temperatures had normal solute concentrations and showed no evidence of containing antifreeze molecules. 相似文献
16.
Under standard conditions of temperature, humidity, and (artificial) diet, loss in flight ability is paralleled by a decline of up to 66(2/3) percent in activity of enzymes dephosphorylating organophosphorous compounds in the thoracic flight muscle. Concomitantly, the content of adenosine triphosphate in the flight muscle increases five times, while the content of adenosine monophosphate correspondingly diminishes. 相似文献
17.
Flying insects have evolved sophisticated sensory capabilities to achieve rapid course control during aerial maneuvers. Among two-winged insects such as houseflies and their relatives, the hind wings are modified into club-shaped, mechanosensory halteres, which detect Coriolis forces and thereby mediate flight stability during maneuvers. Here, we show that mechanosensory input from the antennae serves a similar role during flight in hawk moths, which are four-winged insects. The antennae of flying moths vibrate and experience Coriolis forces during aerial maneuvers. The antennal vibrations are transduced by individual units of Johnston's organs at the base of their antennae in a frequency range characteristic of the Coriolis input. Reduction of the mechanical input to Johnston's organs by removing the antennal flagellum of these moths severely disrupted their flight stability, but reattachment of the flagellum restored their flight control. The antennae thus play a crucial role in maintaining flight stability of moths. 相似文献
18.
Model studies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin formation during municipal refuse incineration 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Toxic chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins are known to be formed in incinerators that burn municipal refuse. These compounds were synthesized by surface-catalyzed reactions on fly ash particulates taken from incinerators. Dioxins were produced catalytically from chlorinated phenol precursors, from non-chlorinated compounds that were chemically dissimilar to dioxins, and from reaction of phenol with inorganic chlorides. The relative amounts of dioxins formed from [13C6]pentachlorophenol with different fly ashes that had been cleaned of all organic compounds corresponded well with those amounts originally found on the samples as received from the incinerators. The optimum temperature range for the formation of dioxins from pentachlorophenol was 250 degrees to 350 degrees C. 相似文献
19.
红枣桃小食心虫发生规律 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
[目的]明确红枣桃小食心虫发生规律。[方法]采用性诱剂诱捕的方法,研究红枣桃小食心虫成虫的发生消长动态。[结果]红枣桃小食心虫在陕西延川1 a发生1~2代,其中大部分1 a发生1代,个别的发生2代;越冬代成虫在6月中下旬开始羽化;有世代重叠现象;在枣树高度1.0~2.0 m范围内诱集到的成虫数量有一定差异,2.0 m处分布最多,在运用性诱剂诱杀红枣桃小食心虫成虫时,应尽量将诱捕器放置在枣树近2.0 m高处,以达到更好的诱捕效果;成虫活动时间主要在20:00~24:00和0:00~4:00时间段,其中在0:00~2:00时段活动更频繁、更活跃。[结论]试验结果为有效测报和防治红枣桃小食心虫提供了理论依据。 相似文献
20.
基于MODIS大气廓线产品分析晚霜冻对冬小麦产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
晚霜冻是一种突发性的低温农业气象灾害,在我国黄淮小麦区几乎每年都有不同程度的发生,对冬小麦的稳产影响巨大。针对商丘市2013年发生的冬小麦严重晚霜冻,利用MODIS大气廓线产品分析晚霜冻对冬小麦产量要素的影响,以探究晚霜冻对冬小麦产量要素的影响特征。在获取MYD07_L2产品中的表面温度ST和低空可降水量WVL的基础上,分析晚霜冻过程与温湿度时间序列的关系,结合受冻小麦的实测数据,构建温湿度特征空间,分析低温低湿对产量要素的影响特征。结果表明:ST和WVL可以很好地反映研究区冬小麦生长的气象环境条件,其极端低温日期与实际的晚霜冻发生日期匹配良好,能很好地反映晚霜冻发生时冬小麦的低温低湿状态;晚霜冻发生过程中温湿度对穗粒数有显著的影响,最低温对穗粒数的影响明显,0℃以下的低温也呈现显著的叠加效应,对穗粒数影响显著;低温和低湿的共同作用对穗粒数有明显影响,小于0℃低温叠加与极端最低温对穗粒数的显著影响相似,能反映晚霜冻对穗粒数的明显影响。研究结果可对冬小麦拔节后晚霜冻造成产量影响的早期预判提供依据。 相似文献