共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
邓昭镜 《西南大学学报(自然科学版)》2010,32(1)
首先从热力学角度阐述了系统内能的本质涵义;进一步又对自引力系统(尤其是球对称自引力系统)阐明了自引力系统内能的涵义;最后又以球对称自引力系统为例具体地分析了自引力系统熵的演化取决于系统内能所处的能态,当系统的能态为正能态时,系统的熵按熵增原理演化,反之,当系统的内能处于负能态时,系统的熵必然按熵减原理演化. 相似文献
2.
Winther-Jensen B Winther-Jensen O Forsyth M Macfarlane DR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5889):671-674
The air electrode, which reduces oxygen (O2), is a critical component in energy generation and storage applications such as fuel cells and metal/air batteries. The highest current densities are achieved with platinum (Pt), but in addition to its cost and scarcity, Pt particles in composite electrodes tend to be inactivated by contact with carbon monoxide (CO) or by agglomeration. We describe an air electrode based on a porous material coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), which acts as an O2 reduction catalyst. Continuous operation for 1500 hours was demonstrated without material degradation or deterioration in performance. O2 conversion rates were comparable with those of Pt-catalyzed electrodes of the same geometry, and the electrode was not sensitive to CO. Operation was demonstrated as an air electrode and as a dissolved O2 electrode in aqueous solution. 相似文献
3.
Chueh WC Falter C Abbott M Scipio D Furler P Haile SM Steinfeld A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6012):1797-1801
Because solar energy is available in large excess relative to current rates of energy consumption, effective conversion of this renewable yet intermittent resource into a transportable and dispatchable chemical fuel may ensure the goal of a sustainable energy future. However, low conversion efficiencies, particularly with CO(2) reduction, as well as utilization of precious materials have limited the practical generation of solar fuels. By using a solar cavity-receiver reactor, we combined the oxygen uptake and release capacity of cerium oxide and facile catalysis at elevated temperatures to thermochemically dissociate CO(2) and H(2)O, yielding CO and H(2), respectively. Stable and rapid generation of fuel was demonstrated over 500 cycles. Solar-to-fuel efficiencies of 0.7 to 0.8% were achieved and shown to be largely limited by the system scale and design rather than by chemistry. 相似文献
4.
Chin C Bartenstein M Altmeyer A Riedl S Jochim S Denschlag JH Grimm R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5687):1128-1130
We studied fermionic pairing in an ultracold two-component gas of 6Li atoms by observing an energy gap in the radio-frequency excitation spectra. With control of the two-body interactions through a Feshbach resonance, we demonstrated the dependence of the pairing gap on coupling strength, temperature, and Fermi energy. The appearance of an energy gap with moderate evaporative cooling suggests that our full evaporation brought the strongly interacting system deep into a superfluid state. 相似文献
5.
Hypothalamic mTOR signaling regulates food intake 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Cota D Proulx K Smith KA Kozma SC Thomas G Woods SC Seeley RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5775):927-930
The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) protein is a serine-threonine kinase that regulates cell-cycle progression and growth by sensing changes in energy status. We demonstrated that mTOR signaling plays a role in the brain mechanisms that respond to nutrient availability, regulating energy balance. In the rat, mTOR signaling is controlled by energy status in specific regions of the hypothalamus and colocalizes with neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Central administration of leucine increases hypothalamic mTOR signaling and decreases food intake and body weight. The hormone leptin increases hypothalamic mTOR activity, and the inhibition of mTOR signaling blunts leptin's anorectic effect. Thus, mTOR is a cellular fuel sensor whose hypothalamic activity is directly tied to the regulation of energy intake. 相似文献
6.
Fuel cells are uniquely capable of overcoming combustion efficiency limitations (e.g., the Carnot cycle). However, the linking of fuel cells (an energy conversion device) and hydrogen (an energy carrier) has emphasized investment in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells as part of a larger hydrogen economy and thus relegated fuel cells to a future technology. In contrast, solid oxide fuel cells are capable of operating on conventional fuels (as well as hydrogen) today. The main issue for solid oxide fuel cells is high operating temperature (about 800°C) and the resulting materials and cost limitations and operating complexities (e.g., thermal cycling). Recent solid oxide fuel cells results have demonstrated extremely high power densities of about 2 watts per square centimeter at 650°C along with flexible fueling, thus enabling higher efficiency within the current fuel infrastructure. Newly developed, high-conductivity electrolytes and nanostructured electrode designs provide a path for further performance improvement at much lower temperatures, down to ~350°C, thus providing opportunity to transform the way we convert and store energy. 相似文献
7.
Ebron VH Yang Z Seyer DJ Kozlov ME Oh J Xie H Razal J Hall LJ Ferraris JP Macdiarmid AG Baughman RH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5767):1580-1583
Artificial muscles and electric motors found in autonomous robots and prosthetic limbs are typically battery-powered, which severely restricts the duration of their performance and can necessitate long inactivity during battery recharge. To help solve these problems, we demonstrated two types of artificial muscles that convert the chemical energy of high-energy-density fuels to mechanical energy. The first type stores electrical charge and uses changes in stored charge for mechanical actuation. In contrast with electrically powered electrochemical muscles, only half of the actuator cycle is electrochemical. The second type of fuel-powered muscle provides a demonstrated actuator stroke and power density comparable to those of natural skeletal muscle and generated stresses that are over a hundred times higher. 相似文献
8.
G Scamarcio F Capasso C Sirtori J Faist AL Hutchinson DL Sivco AY Cho 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,276(5313):773-776
A quantum-cascade long-wavelength infrared laser based on superlattice active regions has been demonstrated. In this source, electrons injected by tunneling emit photons corresponding to the energy gap (minigap) between two superlattice conduction bands (minibands). A distinctive design feature is the high oscillator strength of the optical transition. Pulsed operation at a wavelength of about 8 micrometers with peak powers ranging from approximately 0.80 watt at 80 kelvin to 0.2 watt at 200 kelvin has been demonstrated in a superlattice with 1-nanometer-thick AlInAs barriers and 4.3-nanometer-thick GaInAs quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy. These results demonstrate the potential of strongly coupled superlattices as infrared laser materials for high-power sources in which the wavelength can be tailored by design. 相似文献
9.
以条石鲷幼鱼(初始体重5.46 g)为试验对象,研究不同盐度(17.5‰,22.5‰,27.5‰,32.5‰,37.5‰和42.5‰)和不同温度(18℃,22℃,26℃和30℃)对条石鲷幼鱼生长及能量收支的影响。结果表明：盐度和温度对条石鲷幼鱼的特定生长率、摄食率、转化效率及能量收支分配率均有显著影响,但对吸收效率影响不显著。在盐度为22.5‰,温度为22℃时,条石鲷幼鱼的特定生长率、转化率、摄食率、吸收率及生长能分配率均达到极大值,而排粪能、排泄能及代谢能分配率则处于较低水平。即在盐度22.5‰,温度22℃时,条石鲷幼鱼分别得到最佳的能量分配模式,此时的饵料系数最低,生长最快,是条石鲷幼鱼的最优养殖条件。能量收支方程分别为：100.00C=7.97F+8.66U+26.47G+56.90R(盐度22.5‰);100.00C=11.52F+6.13U+18.96G+63.39R(温度22℃)。研究发现,条石鲷幼鱼属于高代谢、低生长型鱼类。 相似文献
10.
One-dimensionally connected organic nanostructures with dissimilar semiconducting properties are expected to provide a reliable platform in understanding the behaviors of photocarriers, which are important for the development of efficient photon-to-electrical energy conversion systems. Although bottom-up supramolecular approaches are considered promising for the realization of such nanoscale heterojunctions, the dynamic nature of molecular assembly is problematic. We report a semiconducting nanoscale organic heterojunction, demonstrated by stepwise nanotubular coassembly of two strategically designed molecular graphenes. The dissimilar nanotubular segments, thus connected noncovalently, were electronically communicable with one another over the heterojunction interface and displayed characteristic excitation energy transfer and charge transport properties not present in a mixture of the corresponding homotropically assembled nanotubes. 相似文献
11.
Single-particle imaging of structures has become a powerful methodology in nanoscience and molecular and cell biology. We report the development of subparticle imaging with space, time, and energy resolutions of nanometers, femtoseconds, and millielectron volts, respectively. By using scanning electron probes across optically excited nanoparticles and interfaces, we simultaneously constructed energy-time and space-time maps. Spectrum images were then obtained for the nanoscale dielectric fields, with the energy resolution set by the photon rather than the electron, as demonstrated here with two examples (silver nanoparticles and the metallic copper-vacuum interface). This development thus combines the high spatial resolution of electron microscopy with the high energy resolution of optical techniques and ultrafast temporal response, opening the door to various applications in elemental analysis as well as mapping of interfaces and plasmonics. 相似文献
12.
不同能量的氮离子注入棉花种子的诱变效应研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
利用不同能量的氮离子注入棉花种子,分析了Ｍ１代的损伤效应及Ｍ２代的诱变效应。结果表明,３０Ｋｅｖ的氮离子Ｍ１代损伤度显著大于２０Ｋｅｖ,Ｍ２代农艺性状变异谱较２０Ｋｅｖ宽,３０Ｋｅｖ变异率是２０Ｋｅｖ的２－４倍,有较好的诱变效果。 相似文献
13.
为利用甜菜作为生物能源的原料,在其栽培技术方面进行了探索。以淡色火山灰土壤为供试土壤,播种采用直播方式,栽培采用简易耕作栽培技术,以耕起移植区和不耕起直播区为对照,针对不同耕作方式对土壤物理性质及甜菜生长的影响进行了研究。结果表明,不耕起直播区与简易耕直播区比较,土壤结构易紧密化,甜菜易产生侧根。但是,在出苗、生育期以及产量方面的差异不显著。不耕起直播区的根部收获量与现行的耕起移植区相比,减产2.5%~9.2%。对于碎土性较好的淡色火山灰土,耕翻与整地作业可以简略化或者免除,同直播方式进行组合同样可以获得较高的产量。 相似文献
14.
响应面法在薄壁结构碰撞吸能上的应用 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
运用响应面法，以碰撞吸收能量最大为目标，薄壁结构几何尺寸为设计变量，碰撞作用力为约束，对薄壁结构进行结构优化。利用有限元程序ANSYS／LS-DYNA计算大变形的高度非线性碰撞问题。根据正交试验设计法安排每个试验点，最小二乘法拟合响应面，利用DOT程序得到该响应面的最优值。不断重复整个过程，直到获得薄壁结构的优化设计参数。研究结果表明响应面法应用于碰撞吸能的结构优化问题上是可行的，具有提高计算效率，节省计算机时间等优点。 相似文献
15.
Self-assembled monolayer chemistry was used in combination with either multistream laminar flow or photolithography to pattern surface free energies inside microchannel networks. Aqueous liquids introduced into these patterned channels are confined to the hydrophilic pathways, provided the pressure is maintained below a critical value. The maximum pressure is determined by the surface free energy of the liquid, the advancing contact angle of the liquid on the hydrophobic regions, and the channel depth. Surface-directed liquid flow was used to create pressure-sensitive switches inside channel networks. The ability to confine liquid flow inside microchannels with only two physical walls is expected to be useful in applications where a large gas-liquid interface is critical, as demonstrated here by a gas-liquid reaction. 相似文献
16.
基于农村采暖散煤消耗量及秸秆露天焚烧比例的实地调研结果,从资源数量的角度验证了将露天焚烧的秸秆加工为秸秆成型燃料并用于替代北方农村地区采暖散煤使用的可行性,同时定量计算了替代后产生的能源环境影响,给出了散煤消耗的减少量和污染物减排量清单。结果表明,北方大部分省份能够通过将露天焚烧的秸秆加工为成型燃料来实现对农村采暖散煤的替代。替代后北方各省总计能够减少散煤使用量8 603.6万t,分别减少SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(2.5)、CO_2排放量32.3万、27.47万、613.76万、63.30万、25 195.29万t,其中黑龙江、河南、新疆、山东、河北、辽宁节能减排效果最显著。研究显示,秸秆成型燃料替代农村地区采暖散煤的能源环境影响显著,对我国能源短缺、农村废物处理、大气环境污染等问题能起到很好的改善作用,建议加强成型燃料在农村地区的应用和研究。 相似文献
17.
Helander MG Wang ZB Qiu J Greiner MT Puzzo DP Liu ZW Lu ZH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6032):944-947
In organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), a stack of multiple organic layers facilitates charge flow from the low work function [~4.7 electron volts (eV)] of the transparent electrode (tin-doped indium oxide, ITO) to the deep energy levels (~6 eV) of the active light-emitting organic materials. We demonstrate a chlorinated ITO transparent electrode with a work function of >6.1 eV that provides a direct match to the energy levels of the active light-emitting materials in state-of-the art OLEDs. A highly simplified green OLED with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 54% and power efficiency of 230 lumens per watt using outcoupling enhancement was demonstrated, as were EQE of 50% and power efficiency of 110 lumens per watt at 10,000 candelas per square meter. 相似文献
18.
The diurnal course of chlorophyll fluorescence parameter and active oxygen metabolism of flag leaves in PEPC transgenic and untransformed rice Kitaake were studied. The results showed that the photosynthetic rate under high light intensity has been increased by 50% and photoinhibition of photosynthesis in PEPC transgenic was alleviated after the introduction of PEPC gene from maize into rice. It was demonstrated that the increment of photosynthesis in PEPC transgenic was related to the introduction of PEPC gene using specific inhibitor of PEPC. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in different genotypes exists at noon under natural condition. PEPC transgenic rice exhibited a less decrease in Fv/Fm, a less photoinhibition and a higher efficiency of light energy conversion to chemical energy and lower thermal energy dissipation.These results provided the physiological basis on the mechanism of tolerance to photoinhibition and rice breeding with high photosynthetic efficiency. 相似文献
19.
Four strains of anaerobic nitrogen-fixing, cellulose-fermenting bacteria were isolated in pure culture from freshwater mud and soil. Nitrogenase activity was demonstrated in these strains and also in several previously described anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria isolated from various natural environments. These are the first anaerobic bacteria known to use cellulose as an energy source for nitrogen fixation. Because cellulose is a plant polysaccharide that abounds in nature, these results raise the possibility that nitrogen-fixing, cellulose-fermenting bacteria may be widespread and thus play a major role in carbon and nitrogen cycling. 相似文献
20.
Lasing action in organic vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (OVCSEL) structures is demonstrated. Optically pumped OVCSELs with an active layer composed of a thin-film organic semiconductor tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) doped with DCM laser dye produced very narrow linewidth (0.2 +/- 0.1 angstrom), high-power (3 watts) emission that could be varied in different devices from orange to red. The efficient energy transfer from Alq3 to DCM results in a threshold input energy of 300 microjoules per square centimeter. An operational lifetime >10(6) laser pulses was achieved for a device operated well above threshold in atmosphere. The linewidths above threshold are Fourier transform-limited and could potentially be narrowed further. 相似文献