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1.
Nier AO Hanson WB Seiff A McElroy MB Spencer NW Duckett RJ Knight TC Cook WS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1976,193(4255):786-788
Results from the aeroshell-mounted neutral mass spectrometer on Viking I indicate that the upper atmosphere of Mars is composed mainly of CO(2) with trace quantities of N(2), Ar, O, O(2), and CO. The mixing ratios by volume relative to CO(2) for N(2), Ar, and O(2) are about 0.06, 0.015, and 0.003, respectively, at an altitude near 135 kilometers. Molecular oxygen (O(2)(+)) is a major component of the ionosphere according to results from the retarding potential analyzer. The atmosphere between 140 and 200 kilometers has an average temperature of about 180 degrees +/- 20 degrees K. Atmospheric pressure at the landing site for Viking 1 was 7.3 millibars at an air temperature of 241 degrees K. The descent data are consistent with the view that CO(2) should be the major constituent of the lower martian atmosphere. 相似文献
2.
Wentworth P McDunn JE Wentworth AD Takeuchi C Nieva J Jones T Bautista C Ruedi JM Gutierrez A Janda KD Babior BM Eschenmoser A Lerner RA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5601):2195-2199
Recently, we showed that antibodies catalyze the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*) and water. Here, we show that this process can lead to efficient killing of bacteria, regardless of the antigen specificity of the antibody. H2O2 production by antibodies alone was found to be not sufficient for bacterial killing. Our studies suggested that the antibody-catalyzed water-oxidation pathway produced an additional molecular species with a chemical signature similar to that of ozone. This species is also generated during the oxidative burst of activated human neutrophils and during inflammation. These observations suggest that alternative pathways may exist for biological killing of bacteria that are mediated by potent oxidants previously unknown to biology. 相似文献
3.
Paleoatmospheric records of trace-gas concentrations recovered from ice cores provide important sources of information on many biogeochemical cycles involving carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Here, we present a 106,000-year record of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) along with corresponding isotopic records spanning the last 30,000 years, which together suggest minimal changes in the ratio of marine to terrestrial N2O production. During the last glacial termination, both marine and oceanic N2O emissions increased by 40 +/- 8%. We speculate that our records do not support those hypotheses that invoke enhanced export production to explain low carbon dioxide values during glacial periods. 相似文献
4.
花椰菜氮磷钾平衡施肥和阶段施氮效应函数的建立及在配方施肥中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
【目的】建立越冬花椰菜氮磷钾平衡施肥效应和阶段施氮效应函数模型,用于计算推荐施肥量,为花椰菜不同生产目标的测土配方施肥提供理论依据。【方法】以越冬中熟花椰菜品种‘120天’为材料,通过“311-A”拟饱和最优回归设计和单形格子设计,分别开展氮磷钾平衡施肥效应和阶段施氮肥效应的田间试验研究,建立花椰菜氮磷钾平衡施肥的产量、外观成品率和与营养品质有关的硫苷含量效应函数模型,以及阶段施氮肥的产量效应函数模型。在不同地块土壤养分分析基础上,将施肥效应函数模型运用于花椰菜测土配方施肥。【结果】花椰菜产量、外观成品率与氮磷钾肥料施用量码值之间回归关系极显著并存在高度的相关关系。寻优得到最高产量的氮磷钾优化施肥组合为N 372.83、P2O5 89.65、K2O 201.41 kg•hm-2,其最高产量为19 089.25 kg•hm-2,进一步通过频率分析寻优,获得最高产量下基肥、前期追肥、后期追肥的较优施氮比例为0.4313﹕0.2427﹕0.3260。寻优得到最高出口成品率的氮磷钾优化施肥组合为N 434.20、P2O5 90.11、K2O 213.92 kg•hm-2,其最高成品率为84.95%。通过对4-甲基亚磺酰丁基硫苷含量效应函数模型模拟及主效分析,花球中4-甲基亚磺酰丁基硫苷含量主要受氮肥含量的影响,施氮量为394.62 kg•hm-2时,4-甲基亚磺酰丁基硫苷的含量达到极大值。结合施肥模型,在分析土样养分含量基础上,运用推荐施肥量计算函数,完成30份地块不同生产目标的氮、磷、钾施肥量推荐。结果表明,生产目标和土壤基础肥力不同,施肥模型推荐的最优施肥量均有差异。以追求最高产量下不同地块的施肥推荐为例,氮、磷、钾最大推荐施肥量比最小推荐量分别高7.92%、10.21%和68.39%。【结论】建立施肥效应函数模型,结合测土配方施肥的推荐施肥量计算函数,可以对花椰菜不同生产目标下的地块进行施肥推荐。 相似文献
5.
Slanger TG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,202(4369):751-753
Recombination of ground-state oxygen atoms populates six different bound electronic states of molecular oxygen. Of the six optical transitions expected between the three upper states at 4 to 4.5 electron volts and the two lowest states, five have been observed in the afterglow of a conventional helium-oxygen microwave discharge in both 16O(2) and (18)O(2), three of them for the first time in gas-phase spectra. Generation of these emissions from oxygen atoms in a system free of molecular oxygen establishes that atom recombination is the production mechanism. 相似文献
6.
集约化菜地N2O排放及减排——基于文献整合分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了评估中国菜地生态系统N2O排放及其减排潜力,通过搜集已发表的露天及温室菜地N2O减排田间原位观测数据,利用整合分析方法,评估了减施氮肥、配施硝化抑制剂、有机肥替代、施用生物质炭和优化灌溉等几种措施在蔬菜生产中减排N2O的潜力。结果表明:菜地中大量施用氮肥虽然增加蔬菜产量,但也显著增加了菜地N2O排放。在高施氮下,与露天菜地相比,温室菜地降低N2O排放系数和单位产量N2O排放量。与当地常规管理措施相比,各种优化措施均可在不同程度上降低菜地N2O排放,幅度分别为49.4%(减施氮肥)、33.2%(配施硝化抑制剂)、26.6%(有机肥替代)、29.1%(施用生物质炭)和34.3%(优化灌溉),平均达36.6%。在高施氮下,有机肥替代化肥能更有效地降低N2O排放系数和单位产量N2O排放量。菜地N2O排放量随着氮肥减施率的增加而降低,在低施氮土壤中N2O减排效果更好。优化灌溉在不同施氮量下对N2O的减排效果相当,配施硝化抑制剂和施用生物质炭则在低施氮条件下N2O减排效果更好。中国露天和温室菜地生态系统N2O减排潜力大,减施氮肥、配施硝化抑制剂、有机肥替代、施用生物质炭和优化灌溉等几种措施均能有效降低N2O排放。由于温室菜地集约化程度更高,N2O减排效果明显。 相似文献
7.
隆玉2号玉米干物质积累与养分吸收特性研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在中等土壤肥力下对隆玉2号玉米的干物质积累与养分吸收特性进行研究。试验结果表明,植株干物质和养分吸收量随着生育期延长而持续增加,动态变化可用Logistic方程拟合;干物质积累速率前期上升快,至高峰后缓慢下降;氮、钾吸收速率高,上升快,下降也快。磷吸收速率低,上升慢,下降也慢;养分最大吸收速率出现的时间,钾最早,氮次之,磷最晚,但均早于干物质最大积累速率出现时间;抽雄吐丝后N、P2O5主要分配在籽粒中,而K2O在籽粒中的分配量很少;干物质、N、P2O5、K2O的转移率分别为14.28%、40.41%、47.47%、37.04%;每100 kg籽粒吸N 1.65 kg、P2O50.56 kg、K2O 1.40 kg;较佳的施肥方法是:氮肥要多次分期施用,“适量种肥、前轻、中重、后补”;磷肥作基肥或种肥一次施用;钾肥要求“适量种肥,前轻中重”,最好在抽雄吐丝前全部施完。 相似文献
8.
Niemann HB Hartle RE Kasprzak WT Spencer NW Hunten DM Carignan GR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1979,203(4382):770-772
Measurements in situ of the neutral composition and temperature of the thermosphere of Venus are being made with a quadrupole mass spectrometer on the Pioneer Venus orbiter. The presence of many gases, incluiding the major constituents CO(2), CO, N(2), O, and He has been confirmed. Carbon dioxide is the most abundant constituent at altitudes below about 155 kilometers in the terminator region. Above this altitude atomic oxygen is the major constituent, with O/CO(2) ratios in the upper atmosphere being greater than was commonly expected. Isotope ratios of O and C are close to terrestrial values. The temperature inferred from scale heights above 180 kilometers is about 400 K on the dayside near the evening terminator at a solar zenith angle of about 69 degrees . It decreases to about 230 K when the solar zenith angle is about 90 degrees . 相似文献
9.
Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Duce RA LaRoche J Altieri K Arrigo KR Baker AR Capone DG Cornell S Dentener F Galloway J Ganeshram RS Geider RJ Jickells T Kuypers MM Langlois R Liss PS Liu SM Middelburg JJ Moore CM Nickovic S Oschlies A Pedersen T Prospero J Schlitzer R Seitzinger S Sorensen LL Uematsu M Ulloa O Voss M Ward B Zamora L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5878):893-897
Increasing quantities of atmospheric anthropogenic fixed nitrogen entering the open ocean could account for up to about a third of the ocean's external (nonrecycled) nitrogen supply and up to approximately 3% of the annual new marine biological production, approximately 0.3 petagram of carbon per year. This input could account for the production of up to approximately 1.6 teragrams of nitrous oxide (N2O) per year. Although approximately 10% of the ocean's drawdown of atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide may result from this atmospheric nitrogen fertilization, leading to a decrease in radiative forcing, up to about two-thirds of this amount may be offset by the increase in N2O emissions. The effects of increasing atmospheric nitrogen deposition are expected to continue to grow in the future. 相似文献
10.
Brune WH Toohey DW Anderson JG Starr WL Vedder JF Danielsen EF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,242(4878):558-562
In order to test photochemical theories linking chlorofluorocarbon derivatives to ozone(O(3)) depletion at high latitudes in the springtime, several related atmospheric species, including O(3), chlorine monoxide(ClO), and bromine monoxide (BrO) were measured in the lower stratosphere with instruments mounted on the NASA ER-2 aircraft on 13 February 1988. The flight path from Moffett Field, California (37 degrees N, 121 degrees W), to Great Slave Lake, Canada (61 degrees N, 115 degrees W), extended to the center of the polar jet associated with but outside of the Arctic vortex, in which the abundance of O(3) was twice its mid-latitude value, whereas BrO levels were 5 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) between 18 and 21 kilometers, and 2.4 pptv below that altitude. The ClO mixing ratio was as much as 65 pptv at 60 degrees N latitude at an altitude of 20 kilometers, and was enhanced over mid-latitude values by a factor of 3 to 5 at altitudes above 18 kilometers and by as much as a factor of 40 at altitudes below 17 kilometers. Levels of ClO and O(3) were highly correlated on all measured distance scales, and both showed an abrupt change in character at 54 degrees N latitude. The enhancement of ClO abundance north of 54 degrees N was most likely caused by low nitrogen dioxide levels in the flight path. 相似文献
11.
Limits for combustion in low O2 redefine paleoatmospheric predictions for the Mesozoic 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Several studies have attempted to determine the lower limit of atmospheric oxygen under which combustion can occur; however, none have been conducted within a fully controlled and realistic atmospheric environment. We performed experimental burns (using pine wood, moss, matches, paper, and a candle) at 20 degrees C in O2 concentrations ranging from 9 to 21% and at ambient and high CO2 (2000 parts per million) in a controlled environment room, which was equipped with a thermal imaging system and full atmospheric, temperature, and humidity control. Our data reveal that the lower O2 limit for combustion should be increased from 12 to 15%. These results, coupled with a record of Mesozoic paleowildfires, are incompatible with the prediction of prolonged intervals of low atmospheric O2 levels (10 to 12%) in the Mesozoic. 相似文献
12.
秸秆还田对稻麦两熟高产农田净增温潜势影响的初步研究 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
对长江下游稻麦两熟农田生态系统2009—2010年的CH4和N2O排放以及土壤碳固定进行了分析,初步研究了秸秆还田对稻麦两熟高产农田净增温潜势的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田对稻麦两熟高产农田周年CH4和N2O排放总量、土壤碳固定量以及净增温潜势均有显著或极显著影响:秸秆还田条件下周年CH4、N2O排放总量分别为394 kg CH4.hm-2、2.39 kg N2O.hm-2,土壤碳固定量、净增温潜势分别为1.14 t C·hm-2、6383 kg CO2-equivalents·hm-2;较秸秆不还田增加CH4排放总量152%、减少N2O排放总量14%、增加土壤碳固定量531%、增加净增温潜势57%。以上结果表明,秸秆还田使短期内稻麦两熟高产农田的温室效应明显提高,但其长期效果如何还有待观测。 相似文献
13.
Nitrogen management improves lodging resistance and production in maize (Zea mays L.) at a high plant density 
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下载免费PDF全文 Irshad AHMAD Maksat BATYRBEK Khushnuma IKRAM Shakeel AHMAD Muhammad KAMRAN Misbah Raham Sher KHAN HOU Fu-jiang HAN Qing-fang 《农业科学学报》2023,22(2):417-433
Lodging in maize leads to yield losses worldwide. In this study, we determined the effects of traditional and optimized nitrogen management strategies on culm morphological characteristics, culm mechanical strength, lignin content, root growth, lodging percentage and production in maize at a high plant density. We compared a traditional nitrogen (N) application rate of 300 kg ha–1 (R) and an optimized N application rate of 225 kg ha–1 (O) under four N application modes: 50% of N applied at sowing and 50% at the 10th-leaf stage (N1); 100% of N applied at sowing (N2); 40% of N applied at sowing, 40% at the 10th-leaf stage and 20% at tasseling stage (N3); and 30% of N applied at sowing, 30% at the 10th-leaf stage, 20% at the tasseling stage, and 20% at the silking stage (N4). The optimized N rate (225 kg ha–1) significantly reduced internode lengths, plant height, ear height, center of gravity height and lodging percentage. The optimized N rate significantly increased internode diameters, filling degrees, culm mechanical strength, root growth and lignin content. The application of N in four split doses (N4) significantly improved culm morphological characteristics, culm mechanical strength, lignin content, and root growth, while it reduced internode lengths, plant height, ear height, center of gravity height and lodging percentage. Internode diameters, filling degrees, culm mechanical strength, lignin content, number and diameter of brace roots, root volume, root dry weight, bleeding safe and grain yield were significantly negatively correlated with plant height, ear height, center of gravity height, internode lengths and lodging percentage. In conclusion, treatment ON4 significantly reduced the lodging percentage by improving the culm morphological characteristics, culm mechanical strength, lignin content, and root growth, so it improved the production of the maize crop at a high plant density. 相似文献
14.
晚稻测土配方施肥“3414”肥效试验 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了探索广西田东县晚稻生产的最佳经济施肥量和最高产量施肥量2,009年在该县祥周镇百渡村那中屯开展晚稻测土配方施肥＂3414＂肥效试验。结果表明,N是影响水稻分蘖数量及产量的主要养分因子;供试田块土壤中有效养分丰缺程度表现为低N、高P、高K;田东县晚稻生产每公顷最佳经济施肥量为：N 174.4 kg、P2O5 70.4 kg、K2O 114.9kg,最高产量施肥量为：N 177.4 kg、P2O5 70.9 kg、K2O 119.6 kg。 相似文献
15.
[目的]以柑橘皮渣为主要原料采用与辅料不同配比方案制备生物有机肥。[方法]通过前期对废渣进行细化、pH调节,按照3种不同的配比方案与辅料混合处理（废渣占65%~75%、辅料占25%~35%）,再分别通过分段式和一步式处理方法堆肥发酵,约28~35 d完全腐熟后,检测不同试验组生物有机肥的各项指标。[结果]采用分段式处理在堆肥发酵过程中升温迅速,高温腐熟持续时间长,完成堆肥发酵总时间仅需29 d,有效活菌总数（cfu）达1.85亿/g、有机质含量（以干基计）达68.42%、总养分（N＋P2O5＋K2O）达5.6%,均优于国家农业部颁布的生物有机肥NY/T 884-2004标准。[结论]以柑橘皮渣为主要原料特别适合作为柑橘专用生物有机肥,具有促进增产、改善产品品质的作用,该研究使橙汁工业废渣变废为宝,既保护环境,又提高了综合效益,具有良好的经济效益和生态效益。 相似文献
16.
我国河流N2O饱和度与释放系数变化及其与河流氮水平的关系研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过选择我国3个不同流域的河流,研究了河流N2O饱和度与释放量的时空变化及其与河流氮水平的关系,并评估了IPCC关于河流N2O的释放系数.结果显示,河流硝态氮和氨氮的浓度变化范围分别为0.023～5.24(均值1.29±0.822)mg N·L-1和0.020～40.3(均值2.54±5.47 )mg N·L-1;相应地,河流N2O饱和度和释放量的变化范围分别为90％～8213％(均值407％±1010％)及0.250～1960(均值58.3±221)μg N·m-2·h-1.不同河流N2O饱和度均呈现明显的季节变化特征,N2O饱和度几乎持续处于过饱和状态,表明河流N2O是大气N2O的源.不同类型的河流,其氮浓度水平、N2O饱和度与释放量均有显著差异,城市纳污型河流——南淝河,其氨氮浓度、N2O饱和度和释放量显著高于其他河流,均值分别达(12.5±6.10)mg N·L-1、1760％±2620％及(363±548)μg N m-2·h-1.研究发现,除南淝河外,所有径流主导型的河流,其N2O饱和度与NO3-含量存在显著线性正相关关系,说明高NO3-含量的河流能增加N2O的表观产量.除南淝河以外的河流N2O释放系数变化范围为0.05％～0.87％,均值为0.20％,较为接近IPCC的参考值0.25％.但我们的研究建议采用修正后的河流N2O释放系数(均值为0.10％),该系数更能体现河流释放N2O的实际情况. 相似文献
17.
稻田生态系统氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放微生物调控机制研究进展及展望 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
氧化亚氮(N_2O)是第三大温室气体,对全球气候变化具有显著影响。稻田是重要的N_2O排放源,追踪稻田N_2O产生及排放关键过程的微生物调控机制,可以为农田土壤氮素循环研究以及稻田N_2O减排提供有价值的信息。微生物调控的硝化作用和反硝化作用是稻田N_2O排放的主要来源。基于此,我们在过去十年的研究中,依托中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站,以水稻田淹水-落干和施肥为关键过程,从水稻根际、土层深度、反应底物浓度等方面探明了土壤硝化反硝化过程和N_2O排放特征及其微生物调控机制;提出了开发稻田土壤微生物资源,提高土壤N_2O消纳能力的可能策略;构建了可以有效降低稻田氮素损失和N_2O排放的基于化肥一次性深施的减氮控磷施肥技术,并在实际农业生产中进行了示范推广。本文对上述研究取得的成果,以及国内外相关研究结果进行了全面综述。结合分子生物技术在土壤科学研究中的应用,今后的研究工作将会从以下几个方面开展:1)解析土壤微生物与土壤生产力和生态环境之间的关系;2)在基因组和转录组水平构建农田土壤碳氮循环功能微生物分析平台;3)解析土壤微生物分布与生态功能之间的关联机制;4)根系—土壤—微生物之间的协同机制以及植物—内生菌—土壤微生物之间相互影响的分子机制;5)加强对实用技术的研发,把基础研究成果转化为生产力,服务农业生产和生态文明建设。 相似文献
18.
硝化和反硝化过程对林地和草地土壤N2O排放的贡献 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
【目的】明确好气条件下硝化和反硝化过程对林地和草地土壤N2O排放的贡献,比较温度变化对两个过程排放贡献的影响。【方法】通过室内好气培养试验（60%WHC）,采用15N同位素标记技术测定林地和草地土壤在10℃和15℃下铵态氮、硝态氮和N2O的15N丰度,计算硝化和反硝化过程对N2O排放的贡献。【结果】好气培养条件下,林地和草地土壤中的硝化作用和反硝化作用同时发生,硝化作用对N2O排放的贡献为53.1%―72.0%,是N2O排放的主要过程。培养期间林地土壤中反硝化过程对N2O排放的平均贡献为44.9%,显著大于草地土壤（28.9%）,而硝化过程对N2O排放的平均贡献为55.1%,显著小于草地土壤（71.1%）。温度增加显著促进了土壤中N2O的排放,但是对硝化和反硝化过程的N2O排放贡献没有影响。【结论】好气条件下硝化作用是土壤中N2O排放的主要过程,但反硝化作用仍占有很大比例。 相似文献
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为给养殖业和食用菌种植业废弃物的无害处理和资源利用以及鸡粪堆肥的规模化生产提供技术支撑,研究了低C/N条件下鸡粪堆肥技术的应用效果。试验以鸡粪、蘑菇渣按照鲜质量比2∶1,初始含水率56%,C/N为16.2配比,进行了周期为58d的条垛式高温好氧堆肥。结果表明,堆肥开始后48h内堆体温度升高到65.0℃,55.0℃以上高温持续37d,物料彻底无害化。堆肥产品全氮、全磷和全钾含量分别为20.20、22.74和18.80g/kg,有机质含量456.80g/kg,符合有机肥农业行业标准,含水率、pH值、C/N等指标趋于稳定,腐熟效果较好。 相似文献