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1.
For the efficient application of haploid induction procedures in cabbage breeding, a sufficient number of regenerants should be achieved in a broad spectrum of genotypes. However, the majority of genotypes are somewhat recalcitrant. The efficiency of microspore culture was tested by crossing a responsive (28.7 embryos per Petri dish) and a non- responsive (0.1 embryo) cabbage cultivar. The embryo yield of one progeny was intermediate (18.9) while two were superior to the best parent cultivar (52.9 and 64.0 embryos). Thus, genes for haploid embryogenesis, present in responsive lines, can be effectively transmitted to responsive × non-responsive hybrids. Abscisic acid-induced desiccation of embryos was used for the efficient regeneration of plants. High germination percentages (54.7-70.6%) followed by normal plantlet development were achieved. Spontaneous genome doubling measured at the plantlet stage differed markedly in untreated genotypes. The percentage of diploids ranged from 21 to 67%. The effects of two antimitotic drugs applied to freshly isolated microspores were determined in two experiments. In the first experiment, trifluralin (0.5 and 1.0 mg:l) had no effect on embryo induction while oryzalin partly (0.125-0.25mg/l) or completely (0.5.mg/l) inhibited the formation of embryos. In the second experiment, higher concentrations of trifluralin increased the proportion of diploidized plants. Application of anti-mitotic drugs to microspores did generally not improve the overall production of haploid plants, which was higher in an untreated control. 相似文献
2.
Brassica rapa (syn. Brassica campestris) ssp. chinensis is an important vegetable crop, but it is relatively recalcitrant to microspore culture. One genotype each of B. rapa ssp. chinensis var. communisand var. utilis were used formicrospore culture. Embryo production of3.8–42.4 embryos/bud was obtained. A high rate of plant regeneration
directly from microspore-derived embryos without subculture was achieved by an improved protocol involving replacement of
culture media and reduction of sucrose concentrations after 48 h of induction,among other modifications. More than 70%of regenerated
plants were spontaneous diploids. Some spontaneous tetraploid plants were also obtained from isolated microspores of both
genotypes tested. These tetraploids may be directly exploited a snew varieties in a Brassica rapabreeding programme.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Efficient production of doubled haploid wheat plants by in vitro treatment of microspores with trifluralin or APM 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Isolated microspore cultures from two doubled haploid (DH) lines of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., were used to develop an in vitro chromosome-doubling protocol. During the initial 24 h or 48 h of culture the microspores were treated with either of the two antimicrotubule herbicides trifluralin or amiprophos-methyl (APM) in concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 10μM. Untreated control cultures yielded 209 embryos per 100000 microspores, which is the equivalent of one spike. Among the regenerated plantlets 67% were green, and 15% of the flowering plants were spontaneously chromosome doubled. Treatments with both the herbicides had a significant effect on chromosome doubling, measured as the percentage of fertile regenerants. With the best combination of treatment duration (48 h) and herbicide concentration (10/μM) the percentage of fertile plants among regenerants could be increased up to 74% with APM and up to 65% with trifluralin. The largest numbers of DH plants per spike could be obtained with herbicide concentrations at 1–3 μM. Treatments with either herbicide at these concentrations resulted in an estimated average between the two genotypes of 27 DH plants per 100 000 microspores. These results demonstrate the high potential of APM and trifluralin as chromosome-doubling agents in isolated microspore cultures. The in vitro treatment integrated into tissue culture procedures will constitute an efficient method for chromosome doubling in future wheat breeding 相似文献
4.
Isolated plant microspores, when stressed and cultured in vitro, can be diverted from their normal gametophytic pathway towards
sporophytic development, with the formation of haploid embryos and ultimately doubled-haploid plants. This process is called
androgenesis or microspore embryogenesis, and is widely used in plant breeding programmes to generate homozygous lines for
breeding purposes. Protocols for the induction of microspore embryogenesis and the subsequent regeneration of doubled haploid
(DH) plants have been successfully developed for more than 200 species. These practical advances stand in stark contrast to
our knowledge of the underlying molecular genetic mechanism controlling this process. The majority of information regarding
the genetic and molecular control of the developmental switch from gametophytic to sporophytic development has been garnered
from four intensely studied (crop) plants comprising two dicotyledonous species, rapeseed (Brassica napus) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and two monocotyledonous species, wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). In these species the efficiency of microspore embryogenesis is very high and reproducible, making them suitable models
for molecular studies. In the past, molecular studies on microspore embryogenesis have focussed mainly on the identification
of genes that are differentially expressed during this developmental transition and/or early in embryo development, and have
identified a number of genes whose expression marks or predicts the developmental fate of stressed microspores. More recently,
functional genomics approaches have been used to obtain a broad overview of the molecular processes that take place during
the establishment of microspore embryogenesis. In this review we summarise accumulated molecular data obtained in rapeseed,
tobacco, wheat and barley on embryogenic induction of microspores and define common aspects involved in the androgenic switch. 相似文献
5.
甘蓝型黄籽油菜与黑籽油菜苗期生理特性的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
油菜苗期的植株长势与抗性及后期产量密切相关。为探索甘蓝型黄籽油菜抗逆性较弱和产量较低的原因,以2对不同遗传来源的甘蓝型黄、黑籽油菜近等基因系为材料,研究了苗期植株的主要生理特性。结果表明,甘蓝型黄籽油菜苗期生长势弱,叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量,光合速率和叶面积指数（LAI）均比相同遗传背景下的黑籽油菜低;与黑籽油菜相比,甘蓝型黄籽油菜无论是在不同的叶龄期,还是在植株的不同部位,均表现出“糖高氮低”的代谢特点,且越冬期叶片的硝态氮含量和硝酸还原酶活性也低;根颈粗和单株干物质重也明显小。甘蓝型黄籽油菜苗期生长势弱,冬前干物质积累偏少,进而影响其春后的生殖生长,这可能是其产量较低的重要原因之一。 相似文献
6.
W. Rygulla W. Friedt F. Seyis W. Lühs C. Eynck A. von Tiedemann R. J. Snowdon 《Plant Breeding》2007,126(6):596-602
Resynthesized (RS) forms of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.; genome AACC, 2n = 38) generated from interspecific hybridization between suitable genotypes of its diploid progenitors Brassica rapa L. (syn. campestris; genome AA, 2n = 20) and Brassica oleracea L. (CC, 2n = 18) represent a potentially useful resource to introduce resistance against the fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum into the gene pool of oilseed rape. Numerous cabbage (B. oleracea) accessions are known with resistance to V. longisporum; however, B. oleracea generally has high levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates in the seed, which reduces the suitability of resulting RS rapeseed lines for oilseed rape breeding. In this study resistance against V. longisporum was identified in the cabbage accession Kashirka 202 (B. oleracea convar. capitata), a zero erucic acid mutant, and RS rapeseed lines were generated by crossing the resistant genotype with two spring turnip rape accessions (B. rapa ssp. olerifera) with zero erucic acid. One of the resulting zero erucic acid RS rapeseed lines was found to have a high level of resistance to V. longisporum compared with both parental accessions and with B. napus controls. A number of other zero erucic acid RS lines showed resistance levels comparable to the parental accessions. In the most resistant RS lines the resistance and zero erucic acid traits were combined with variable seed glucosinolate contents. Erucic acid‐free RS rapeseed with moderate seed glucosinolate content represents an ideal basic material for introgression of quantitative V. longisporum resistance derived from B. oleracea and B. rapa into elite oilseed rape breeding lines. 相似文献
7.
Condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins, PAs) in the seed meal of oilseed rape can potentially have a negative impact on non-ruminant
livestock nutrition, particularly because of their ability to form indigestible, astringent or bitter-tasting complexes with
proteins. One option to overcome this problem is the breeding of oilseed rape varieties with reduced condensed tannins in
the seed coat. This might be achievable via selection of genotypes with thinner seed coats and consequently reduced condensed
tannin accumulation (seed coat structural cell mutants), or alternatively by selection of genotypes with reduced biosynthesis
of condensed tannins (flavonoid biosynthesis mutants). Both types of transparent testa (TT) mutants are well-characterised
in Arabidopsis; however the genetic basis of the yellow-seed trait in the polyploid genome of rapeseed is still not completely understood.
In this study, genetic and chemical analyses of PAs were performed in 166 doubled haploid (DH) rapeseed lines from the segregating
Brassica napus doubled haploid population YE2-DH (black seed × yellow seed). Using these analyses, the relationship between seed colour
and PA fractions in B. napus was investigated with a view to improving the rapeseed meal quality. Proanthocyanidin contents were estimated by vanillin
and HPLC assays and the obtained values were used to identify quantitative trait loci. Closely linked molecular markers that
were identified during this study for the target traits (seed colour, condensed tannins) can be valuable tools for breeding
of new oilseed rape cultivars with reduced levels of antinutritive PA compounds. 相似文献
8.
In vitro chromosome doubling with colchicine during microspore culture in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Isolated microspores of two DH lines of wheat were treated with 8 different colchicine concentrations up to 3 mM for either
24 h or 48 h during microspore culture. Untreated control cultures produced on average 220 embryos per spike (100,000 microspores),
68% of the regenerated plantlets were green, and 15% of the flowering plants were fertile. The colchicine treatments had a
significant effect on chromosome doubling as measured by the percentage of fertile regenerants. Using colchicine concentrations
around 1 mM the percentage of fertile plants among the regenerants was increased up to 53%. The highest number of embryos
and regeneration rates were observed after 24 h colchicine treatment, while the highest frequencies of green plants and fertile
plants were obtained with 48 h colchicine treatments. The highest number of DH plants per spike was found after treatment
with colchicine concentrations of 300 to 1000 μM. Such treatments resulted in an estimated average between the two genotypes
of 23 doubled haploid plants per spike.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
Genetic variation for sinapate ester content in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and development of NIRS calibration equations 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Increasing the meal and protein quality of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) for food and feed purposes is gaining importance in rapeseed breeding programmes. Rapeseed meal has a high content of phenolic acid esters, mainly sinapate esters, which have been shown to cause a dark colour and a bitter taste in rapeseed meal and derived protein products. The aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic variation for individual and total sinapate ester content, to develop Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopic (NIRS) calibrations, and to identify genotypes with a low sinapate ester content after testing in the field. The following sinapate esters were analysed by HPLC: sinapoylcholine (sinapine), sinapoylglucose, and a minor group of ‘other sinapate esters’ which includes free sinapate. A genotypically diverse set of seed samples of winter oilseed rape (old and new cultivars, breeding lines, resynthesized rapeseed) from different years and locations was collected, their NIRS spectra recorded and the samples were further analysed by HPLC. The complete NIRS calibration seed sample set (n = 575) showed a large variation in total sinapate ester content, ranging from 3.2 to 12.7 mg sinapate equivalents per g seeds. The NIRS calibration equations showed high fractions of explained variances in cross validation () ranging from 0.75 (other sinapate esters) to 0.85 (sinapoylglucose). The standard errors of cross validation (SECV) ranged from 0.38 (other sinapate esters) to 0.70 mg/g seed (total sinapate esters). In validation and in independent validations the predicted results were not always acceptable, indicating that the NIRS calibrations need to be extended by analysing samples from new populations. Following replicated field experiments, a doubled haploid line obtained from the old Dutch cultivar Mansholts’ Hamburger Raps, and related DH lines from the cross DH Mansholts’ × Express were confirmed to have a 30–40% lower sinapate ester content compared to check cultivars. 相似文献
10.
油菜抗咪唑啉酮类除草剂基因BnALS1R是从抗性突变体M9中克隆获得,抗性基因BnALS1R与野生型基因BnALS1存在1处SNP,即乙酰乳酸合酶第638位丝氨酸残基被天冬酰胺酸替代。为获得油菜抗除草剂基因BnALS1R的分子标记,根据该处点突变,结合获得的BnALS3与BnALS1序列,开发30条等位基因特异PCR (allele-specific PCR,AS-PCR)引物,采用筛选出的3条AS-PCR引物在F2、BC1和BC2群体中进行PCR扩增。结果表明,该标记有效检测出群体中存在的3种基因型,其分离比分别为1∶2∶1、1∶1、1∶1,均遵循单基因遗传规律。应用该标记对获得的抗性恢复系进行PCR扩增,结果发现所有抗性恢复系均能扩增出抗性基因BnALS1R目的条带,表明3条标记引物可应用于抗性基因的检测。AS-PCR标记的获得将促进以抗性基因进行油菜抗除草剂分子标记辅助选择育种。 相似文献
11.
Introduction of an amylose-free (amf) mutant into breeding of cultivated potato,Solanum tuberosum L. 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Summary Using an amylose-free (amf)mutant of diploid potato (Solanum tuberosum), diploid and tetraploid clones with different genotypes at the amf-locus were produced. In order to make use of the diploid material in analytic breeding of amf-potatoes, clones were selected that produced a considerable frequencies of 2n-pollen and 2n-eggs. Successful attempts were made to select normal synaptic as well as desynaptic clones producing 2n-gametes. Based on the phenotype of starch in the microspores, tetraploid clones with nulliplex, simplex and duplex genotypes at the amf-locus were selected. Prospects of using this material in conventional as well as in analytic breeding of potato are discussed. 相似文献
12.
Wheat anther cultures have a history of almost 30 years and are nowemployed efficiently in many countries of the world for the developmentof doubled haploid lines for breeding. The present paper discusses keyquestions of the elaboration and perfection of the method: cytologicalaspects of in vitro androgenesis, the conditions required for theembryogenic development of microspores and the applicability of anthercultures in the Martonvásár wheat breeding programme. 相似文献
13.
David Pink Liz Bailey Sandy McClement Paul Hand Evy Mathas Vicky Buchanan-Wollaston Dave Astley Graham King Graham Teakle 《Euphytica》2008,164(2):509-514
Double haploid (DH) plants of Brassica spp. can be produced via anther culture or culture of microspores. This paper reviews the uses of double haploids in crop
improvement research in vegetable brassicas (B. oleracea). Applications of DH lines are described for breeding; construction of linkage maps; genetic analysis of quantitative traits
and capturing genetic variation. The advantages and disadvantages of DH lines are discussed 相似文献
14.
Sixteen lines of Brassica carinata were evaluated for microspore culture and plant regeneration. The highest values of cell division and embryo yield resulted from buds between 2.5 and 3.5 mm long with 3 days of pretreatment at 32°C and plating densities of 100 000-150 000 microspores/ml. Ten out of 16 lines tested (63%) responded positively to microspore culture. In all breeding and F1 lines, both cell division and embryo yield varied over a wide range, but embryogenic response was higher in F1 lines than in the breeding lines. 相似文献
15.
Jingjing Xu Chinedu Charles Nwafor Nadil Shah Yuanwei Zhou Chunyu Zhang 《Plant Breeding》2019,138(5):624-634
Tocopherol is an essential fat‐soluble nutrient for humans. Increasing the tocopherol content in Brassica napus seeds can add value to rapeseed vegetable oil; this has become an important breeding target. However, there is no efficient and non‐destructive method for selecting rapeseed accessions with high tocopherol contents. Here, we report the first near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)‐based technique for predicting rapeseed tocopherol content. Individual seed tocopherol compositions were estimated from 373 rapeseed genotypes of different origins. This method and chemical methods produced comparable predicted values of the tocopherol constituents in the seeds. Three equations were generated for the prediction of tocopherol content by using a modified partial least squares (MPLS) model. The total tocopherol content for the determination coefficient of cross‐validation (R2cv) (0.74), determination coefficient (RSQ) (0.76) and one minus the ratio of unexplained variance to total variance (1‐VR) (0.65) values indicates a strong correlation between the calibration and validation sets. Overall, our model confirmed the NIRS method as feasible for predicting tocopherol content in rapeseed and as an efficient screening tool for future breeding programs. 相似文献
16.
A spontaneous male‐sterile mutation affecting microspore development has been found in BR97‐13509H line of the official Brazilian soybean breeding programme. Slightly abnormal and irregular chromosome segregation occurred in both meiotic divisions, albeit insufficient to explain total pollen sterility. The main cause of male sterility was the absence of cytokinesis after telophase II. Instead of the typical tetrads of microspores, four‐nucleate coenocytic microspores were formed. Coenocytic microspores resulting from the absence of cytokinesis have also been described in ms1 and ms4 male‐sterile soybean mutants, although with certain differential characteristics. In the BR97‐13509H mutant line, after interphase the four nuclei were rejoined in one or two metaphase plates and progressed through the first pollen mitosis. Pollen then underwent a progressive process of degeneration characterized by continuous cytoplasmic shrinkage. The second pollen mitosis failed to occur, and pollen sterility became total. 相似文献
17.
Eleven interspecific hybrids of cassava with the wild relatives Manihot glaziovii, M. pseudoglaziovii. M. dichotoma and M. anomala were examined to detect unreduced microspores. The frequency of dyads and triads was counted, as well as pollen viability. Of these hybrids, the second generation progeny of cassava×M. glaziovii showed a high frequency of unreduced microspores (3.7%) permitting their selection for further manipulation of this character. An association of vegetatively-reproduced genotypes and the occurrence of unreduced microspores has also been observed. 相似文献
18.
Xu Wang Charles Y. Chen Phat Dang Joshua Carter Shuli Zhao Marshall C. Lamb Ye Chu Corley Holbrook Peggy Ozias-Akins Thomas G. Isleib Yucheng Feng 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2023,209(2):228-241
Drought stress is one of the major environmental factors limiting peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) productivity. Peanut response to drought varies depending on genotypic characteristics, crop growth stages, and environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of drought stress and rehydration on symbiotic nitrogen fixation and carbon isotope discrimination in peanut genotypes with varying drought tolerance. Experiments were conducted for 2 years in rainout shelters under three irrigation regimes: irrigated control, middle-season drought with rehydration, and late-season drought with rehydration. Reduction in percentages of shoot N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) occurred under both drought treatments in both years; a greater reduction occurred under middle-season drought than under late-season drought. Middle-season drought negatively affected carbon isotope discrimination in both years, although there were no significant differences under late-season drought. Variabilities in %Ndfa and carbon isotope discrimination were found among different genotypes. Under middle-season drought, both %Ndfa and carbon isotope discrimination were higher in drought-tolerant lines than drought-susceptible lines. The most drought-tolerant lines had the highest N-fixing capacity under both drought treatments. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between %Ndfa and carbon isotope discrimination under both drought treatments. In most genotypes, %Ndfa remained unchanged after rehydration; only a few genotypes showed a slight increase in %Ndfa after rehydration following both drought treatments. Our data suggested that symbiotic nitrogen fixation in many peanut genotypes was negatively affected by drought and may not recover from the damage caused by drought upon rehydration. 相似文献
19.
The stability of biochemical constituents and their association with resistance to shoot fly (Atherigona soccata Rondani) was evaluated for reducing sugars, total sugars, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, chlorophyll and moisture contents at weekly intervals of seedling growth (7, 14, 21 and 28 days after emergence) in 14 selected grain sorghum genotypes [five resistant accessions (IS nos. 1054, 2146, 2312, 3962 and 4664); three susceptible checks (CK 60B, CSV 1 and CSH 1); one national variety (CSV 8R); and five post-rainy advanced generation (F6) breeding lines (148 × CS 3541, SPV 103 × IS 4664, CSV 8R × SPV 104, SPV 104 × M 35-1, and PD 3-1-11 derivative)]. The genotypes IS 2312 and IS 4664 showed stability of antixenosis for oviposition during post-rainy season advanced generation lines compared to the susceptible checks. Deadheart formation was low and the expression of resistance was stable across different seedling growth stages in IS 1054 and IS 2146. Depletion in levels of reducing sugars and phosphorus in resistant genotypes played a significant role in deadheart formation in the test genotypes. Positive association of nitrogen and potassium with oviposition at early seedling stages indicated their role in releasing chemical cues for oviposition. Low levels of reducing sugars and total sugars seemed to enhance the degree of resistance to sorghum shoot fly. The total chlorophyll content had no relationship with antixenosis for oviposition. No relationship was observed between moisture content of sorghum seedlings and shoot fly resistance. Low concentrations of reducing sugars, total sugars, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in sorghum seedlings greatly enhanced the degree of antixenosis for oviposition/feeding and deadheart formation, and can be used as selection criteria for resistance to shoot fly. 相似文献
20.
Summary
Hordeum spontaneum, the wild progenitor of cultivated barley, has previously been examined in various studies as a germplasm resource in breeding for grain protein content and related nutritional traits.The nitrogen content and dry weight of leaf and stem (stem plus sheath) at anthesis, and the final grain size and grain protein content were measured in 33 H. spontaneum and two H. vulgare genotypes. H. spontaneum was generally higher in nitrogen content of leaves and stems, but lower in dry weight at anthesis. Consistent with previous reports, the H. spontaneum genotypes were considerably higher in grain protein than the cultivars. There was wide variation between and within populations of H. spontaneum suggesting that for breeding purposes lines combining high vegetative nitrogen content, dry weight and grain protein content can be selected.Incumbent of the Seagram Chair for Plant Science 相似文献