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1.
中国东北地区中长期畜禽粪尿资源与污染潜势估算 总被引：35，自引：11，他引：35
规模化畜牧业、农牧分离等引起了一系列问题，尤其是饲养方式改变后，畜禽粪尿养分的循环和处理最值得关注。该文利用统计资料和文献数据，估算了东北三省畜禽粪尿产生量及其中的氮磷养分和COD含量，在此基础上评价和预测了2002～2020年畜禽粪尿资源及其环境风险。结果表明，2003年辽宁省、吉林省、黑龙江省畜禽粪尿耕地承载量分别为24、20、11 t/hm2，耕地畜禽粪尿承载量在空间上分布极不平衡。2003年，辽宁省、吉林省、黑龙江省禽粪尿排泄物进入水体的COD数量占畜禽粪尿、工业、生活排放COD总量的52％、65％、40％。预测表明，2010年、2020年畜禽养殖业对东北三省环境污染的风险将进一步扩大。因此，需要制定相应的政策法规来控制畜禽粪尿污染。 相似文献
2.
基于农户的农业生态系统能流分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
运用生态学原理和系统分析法,以新疆尉犁县达西村40个典型农户的农业生态系统为对象,分析了农田、果园和畜牧业等亚系统能量流动途径、人工辅助能投入、能量产出、能量结构偏差以及能量转化效率等能流特征。结果表明:农户生态系统是综合经营性的、既保留有传统农业精华又具有现代农业特点的系统。由于人工辅助能投入、有机能投入偏低,农田生态系统的光能利用率和产出水平都处于较低水平。增加人工辅助能投入、提高有机能投入比例能够提高能量转化效率、增加能量产出。初级生产系统和次级生产系统之间结构比例不协调、能流结构偏差很大,既造成初级生产提供的生物能流失和浪费严重,又使初级生产系统缺乏足够的有机肥源。扩大农户畜禽饲养规模,大力发展农区畜牧业,是优化农户生产结构、协调各亚系统之间关系的重要方向和有效途径。 相似文献
3.
猪的舍饲散养清洁生产工艺及其关键技术 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
积极开展工业化健康养殖模式的研究与产业化示范，对推动养猪业的现代化，实现养猪业的跨越式发展具有极其重要的意义。该文分析了中国养猪业现状及其存在的主要问题，提出了一套融猪的生理、生态、行为、习性于一体的舍饲散养清洁生产工艺模式，并就其技术特点、关键技术内容及其配套设施设备进行了全面介绍。该工艺模式是在充分考虑动物福利的基础上，通过将养猪工艺与节能节水型干清粪方式和动物福利的有机结合，来改善猪的饲养环境条件、增进猪只健康水平、节约水资源、节省人工，使现代养猪生产更赋予自然化、人性化。为提高中国畜禽养殖业工业化发展水平，建立安全、优质、高效、节耗、环境友好型畜禽养殖业技术体系，增强中国畜产品的国际市场竞争能力提供了技术支撑。 相似文献
4.
为摸清东北地区畜禽粪污处理技术与资源化利用模式应用现状,该研究采用问卷调研与现场评估相结合的方式,对黑龙江、吉林和辽宁3省272个规模化养殖场进行了调研,分析了养殖畜种与存栏量、粪污产生量、粪污处理技术、粪污处理设施设备以及粪肥还田参数等数据,总结了东北地区畜禽粪污处理技术应用现状和资源化利用模式特点。结果表明：东北地区主要粪污收集工艺为干清粪,占比达94.35%。固体粪便以堆沤肥工艺为主,占所调研养殖场的86.93%,各畜种粪便存储设施面积符合畜禽规模化养殖场粪污资源化利用设施建设规范要求。液体粪污主要处理方式为粪水贮存,占所调研养殖场的68.18%;奶牛养殖场粪水贮存设施小于建设规范要求。东北地区粪肥还田主要种植作物为玉米,占所有种植作物的78.13%,现有配套土地面积普遍低于畜禽粪污土地承载力测算需求面积。固体粪肥主要施肥方式为人工施肥,占比达88.00%;液体粪肥主要施肥方式为漫灌和喷灌,占比分别为54.17%和37.50%。整体来看,东北地区粪污处理与资源化利用主要技术模式为“干清粪+粪便堆沤+粪水贮存”。研究结果可为东北地区粪污处理和资源化利用模式推广和政策制定提供参考。 相似文献
5.
通过对国外先进养鸡设备、工艺、技术的考察，结合我国养鸡业的现状，通过对比、分析，说明要实现养鸡生产的现代化、集约化，机械设备是关键的一环。机械设备是工艺、技术的载体，先进的饲养工艺、技术必须有先进的机械设备的支持才能实现。因此，要实现畜牧业的现代化，首先要从系统工程的角度研究和实现畜牧机械的现代化。 相似文献
6.
通过对国外先进养鸡设备、工艺、技术的考察，结合我国养鸡业的现状，通过对比、分析，说明要实现养鸡生产的现代化、集约化，机械设备是关键的一环。机械设备是工艺、技术的载体，先进的饲养工艺、技术必须有先进的机械设备的支持才能实现。因此，要实现畜牧业的现代化，首先要从系统工程的角度研究和实现畜牧机械的现代化。 相似文献
7.
规模化笼养蛋鸡舍冬季氨气和颗粒物排放特征研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
畜禽养殖的氨气(NH3)和颗粒物(particulatematter,PM)排放已成为危害人畜健康,并可能造成环境风险的重大问题。该文选择北京郊区一典型规模化蛋鸡养殖舍,对典型冬季条件下蛋鸡舍的NH3和PM排放进行了连续8d的监测;并根据二氧化碳平衡原理,对NH3及PM的排放通量进行了估算。研究结果表明,蛋鸡舍出风口处NH3平均质量浓度为(4.58±3.29)mg/m3,每只鸡NH3排放通量为(32.2±12.5)mg/d。蛋鸡舍出风口处PM2.5、PM10和总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particulates, TSP)质量浓度为(0.13±0.06)、(0.81±0.16)、(3.28±1.32)mg/m3,每只鸡PM2.5、PM10和TSP排放通量分别为(0.7±0.4)、(6.3±1.4)、(27.6±12.5)mg/d。氨气以及PM的排放均随着舍内1次/2 d的机械清粪频率呈现2 d的周期变化趋势。除清粪作业、鸡群日间活动等影响外,舍内PM2.5浓度一定程度上受舍外环境本底值影响。舍内PM2.5与PM10的比例在10.4%~20.4%之间。舍内PM2.5颗粒上所含的K+、Mg2+含量均显著高于舍外环境本底PM2.5(P0.05)。同时舍内及舍外PM2.5颗粒上解析出来的阳离子所带的电荷量均高于阴离子。研究结果可为畜禽养殖NH3和PM排放清单的编制提供基础参数;同时对畜禽舍PM的组分研究,可为后续开展二次无机气溶胶形成机理以及颗粒物源解析的研究提供支撑。 相似文献
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9.
随着中国农村人居环境整治力度的不断增强，农村厕所环境得到了极大改善。但中国寒冷、干旱地区受制于地理气候条件限制，导致传统"水冲式厕所+污水处理厂"的处理模式无法大规模使用，而传统旱厕又很难满足当前对粪污处理的卫生及无害化要求，亟需研发建设适合于寒冷、干旱地区的卫生旱厕。该研究对全国57个县（市、区）进行了走访调研，结合文献资料，结果如下：针对目前国内寒冷、干旱地区常用的卫生旱厕处理技术进行了归纳总结，主要包括好氧发酵技术和兼氧贮存技术两种，涵盖了堆肥式厕所、微生物降解式厕所、粪尿分集式厕所、双坑交替式厕所、太阳能干化式厕所5种类型厕所，对5种类型厕所进行卫生学和经济学对比评价，发现采用好氧发酵技术的微生物降解式厕所和生物堆肥式厕所对比其余3种采用兼氧贮存技术类型的厕所粪污处理效果显著，尤其是在粪污病原微生物的处理效果方面，具有灭活效果显著且处理时间短等优点。采用兼氧贮存技术的3种类型厕所在采购成本、运行成本及经济效益方面优势显著，但粪污处理效果不够理想。以上结果为后续研究基础，以期为中国农村"厕所革命"下一阶段厕所改造过程中卫生旱厕的选择提供参考。 相似文献
10.
概述了国内外利用农林废弃木质纤维素、能源作物和生活垃圾等生物质制备生物液体燃料的发展现状和工程进展动态,着重讨论了美国、巴西、欧洲、加拿大等国促进生物液体燃料发展的政策和法规,介绍了各国在纤维素乙醇、油脂加氢、气化-费托合成液态烃等生物液体燃料制备技术的大型运行及在建工程装置,分析了中国该领域的基础,分析了生物液体燃料发展中存在的主要障碍,如原料成本高及供给不确定,高生产成本及政策不确定性。提出继续研发高效的生物液体燃料技术路线、加大中试和示范工厂建设和投入、开展生物液体燃料生产企业与航空公司及与传统能源化工公司的合作等促进其未来发展的建议与方向。同时应立足国情,加强国家层面的生物液体燃料使用目标,完善政策保障,建立反映各类能源环境成本的能源价格和税收制度,为生物液体燃料能源产业发展建立公平的竞争环境。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
18.
Dhritiman Ghosh Velusamy Srinivasan Olli H. Tuovinen Aaron Peacock Mark Radosevich 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(6):1331-1334
We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg−1 buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg−1 in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation. 相似文献
19.
Pilar García Juan-Vicente Monte Carlos Casanova Consuelo Soler 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(1):103-109
Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed. 相似文献
20.
The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants. 相似文献