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1.
We investigated water flow and bromide transport under agricultural field conditions, using TDR and tensiometer measurements as well as a bromide tracer experiment. The soil, an Albic Luvisol consisting of sand covering glacial loam, is highly heterogeneous with polygon nets formed by sand‐filled frost wedges. Water flow and bromide transport are influenced by the thickness of the glacial sand horizon and the soil structure. Both cause a variation of the actual evapotranspiration up to ± 25 mm/yr. Water and bromide are preferentially transported on the inclined soil layer boundaries into the sand wedges. From there infiltrating water may be redistributed into the surrounding glacial till. Approximately, the depths of the bromide centers of mass can be deduced using the piston flow concept. Small‐scale mass balances of the tracer show that vertical sections with bromide deficits and bromide surpluses are well balanced within a horizontal range of 1.8 m to 2.8 m. This distance is interpreted as the lateral influence of the sand wedges. 相似文献
2.
Lester W. Sinton Margaret L. Mackenzie Naveena Karki Rod L. Dann Liping Pang Murray E. Close 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(5):2347-2360
The relative transport and attenuation of bacteria, bacteriophages, and bromide was determined in a 5?m long?×?0.3?m diameter column of saturated, heterogeneous gravel. The average pore velocity (V), longitudinal dispersivity (?? x ), and total removal rate (??) were derived from the breakthrough curves at 1, 3, and 5?m, at a flow rate of 24.8?L?h?1. The experiments largely confirmed the differences in transport and attenuation patterns among bacteria, phages, and bromide, and between colloid-associated and ??free?? microorganisms, previously observed in a study using homogeneous pea gravel. Cultured Escherichia coli J6-2 cells were transported faster than phage MS2 and bromide, consistent with velocity enhancement of the larger particles. The evidence for velocity enhancement of phage MS2 compared with bromide was less conclusive, with some evidence of retardation of the phage as a result of adsorption?Cdesorption processes in the finer media. On average, phage in sewage and adsorbed to kaolin particles were transported faster than free phage, suggesting that most sewage phage are adsorbed to colloids. However, average velocities of cultured and sewage E. coli differed far less, suggesting that most E. coli in sewage exist as individual (non colloid-associated) cells. There was no conclusive evidence that the wider pore size range in the heterogeneous mixture compared with pea gravel increased velocity enhancement effects. Removal rates of free phage were far higher than in the pea gravel, and were attributed to adsorption in the finer materials. Equivalent increases in removal of cultured and sewage E. coli and colloid-associated phage were attributed to straining in finer materials and settling in quiescent zones. Inactivation (??) rates (determined in the pea gravel study) indicated little contribution to removal of either free or attached microorganisms. The results showed the importance of association with colloids in determining the relative transport of bacteria and viruses in alluvial gravels. 相似文献
3.
The ground water of Leon valley, Central Mexico, is contaminated with chromium. A study was carried out to determine the main physico-chemical interactions between chromium and the aquifer solid matrix in the most polluted area. Five boreholes, 30 m deep, were drilled and used as piezometers. Unaltered solid cores were analyzed for Cr(VI), total Cr, Fe and Mn. Cr(VI) was determined in the water from the piezometers. We conclude that reduction of Cr(VI) by iron is important, adsorption of Cr(VI) by sand and gravel layers is negligible, and adsorption by silt and clay layers is significant in the saturated and unsaturated zones. In the saturated zone hexavalent chromium distributes preferentially in the water phase oxidation of chromium by manganese was not detected. A correlation between chromium, manganese and iron concentrations was observed for the aquifer solid matrix in this area, when the source of chromium was not anthropogenic. 相似文献
4.
Land disposal of treated human and animal effluent through pumice sand soils is a common practice around Rotorua, in the central North Island of New Zealand. There is increasing concern about the possibility of contamination of shallow pumice sand aquifers associated with this practice. In this study, we investigated the transport and attenuation of F-RNA bacteriophages and Escherichia coli in saturated pumice sand aquifer media using a field tracing experiment, and laboratory batch and column studies. The influence of dissolved organic carbon on microbial transport was also investigated by conditioning the 18 cm-long column with ultrafiltered sewage. The CXTFIT curve-fitting program was used to model the experimental data and to determine transport and attenuation parameters. Batch studies showed more than 90% adsorption of both microbial indicators onto pumice sand. High mass removal of microbial indicators was shown in the field (>99% for phage MS2 and E. coli at 2 m down gradient of the injection well; not detected at 6 m) and in the ‘clean sand’ column (65% for phage MS2 and 90% or E. coli). These results suggest that uncontaminated pumice is an effective sorbent capable of retaining microbial contaminants due to high surface area and porosity. However, in the column, with additional dissolved organic carbon, phages showed a progressive reduction in mass removal and retardation between experiments (93%, 75%, and 63% removal; retardation factor: 3.5, 2.5 and 1.2). This suggests that the organic matter competed with phages for the sorption sites, thus promoting phage transport. As a result, viral transport rates may be significantly greater in contaminated compared with uncontaminated pumice sand aquifers. 相似文献
5.
The movement of bacteria and bacteriophages into and through an alluvial gravel aquifer was investigated at a bordered strip effluent irrigation scheme near Christchurch, New Zealand. Irrigation of one set of strips resulted in the contamination, by faecal coliform bacteria, and somatic and F-RNA coliphages, of two bores, approximately 60 m and 445 m downstream of the centre of the strips. F-RNA coliphages showed the greatest attenuation between the soil surface and the first bore, and faecal coliforms the least. Estimates of percolation times through the 13 m vadoze zone (based on times to peak concentration in the groundwater) ranged from 1.6 to 10.5 hr, with travel times for the bacteriophages being 1.4–3.4 times longer than for the bacteria. Injection of oxidation pond effluent containing rhodamine WT dye into the first bore resulted in contamination of the second bore (385 m downstream) by the dye, F-RNA coliphages, and faecal coliforms. In a second experiment, injection (into the same bore) of a mixture of phage MS-2, the bacterial tracerEscherichia coli J6-2, and rhodamine WT dye, produced a similar result in the downstream bore and in a newly-installed bore, 401 m downstream. In both injection experiments, the phages exhibited the shortest times to peak concentrations in the downstream bore(s), followed by the bacteria, and then the dye. Attenuation of the bacteria and phages was similar, but the microbes exhibited 100-fold greater reduction than the dye. Flow direction and longitudinal dispersivity were determined in a preliminary analysis using an idealised 2-D dispersion model. This information, and other measured and reported data, were then used as inputs in a 3-D dispersion model. The predicted concentration curves were matched to the observed curves by trial and error adjustment of the decay constant (λ). The best curve fits were obtained with λ values higher than those reported elsewhere. It is suggested that many of the reported microbial decay values underestimate microbial reductions in groundwater because they do not account for other removal mechanisms, such as filtration, sedimentation and irreversible adsorption. 相似文献
6.
Variability of soil properties can have major influence on the results of solute transport models when applied to field conducted experiments. The objective of this study was to determine spatial variability of transport and degradation parameters for a bromide tracer and atrazine herbicide in a 0.1 ha field of alluvial soils under no-till management. The soil investigated was a Sarpy (mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamment) with surface texture varying from sand to loam. The field was classified into three areas (Area I, sand; Area II, sandy loam; and Area III, loam) according to surface texture. Atrazine and bromide were applied at rates of 1.8 kg ha− 1 and 115 kg ha− 1, respectively. Soil cores were extracted at selected dates, segmented into 75 mm increments, and analyzed for each chemical separately. Soil physical and chemical properties were determined as a function of soil depth from additional soil cores removed when the transport study was completed. The value of the average pore water velocity, v, estimated using bromide concentrations was 6.0 mm day− 1 which was about 29% lower than the value computed from meteorological information, 8.5 mm day− 1. The average bromide dispersion coefficient (D), 508 mm2 day− 1, was 80 times higher than that for atrazine, 6.13 mm2 day− 1. The bromide v and D parameters were found to be spatially autocorrelated with ranges between 20 and 23 m and 12 and 24 m, respectively. Atrazine retardation and degradation parameters were found to have spatial structure for only one sampling date each with a range between 18 and 24 m. Soil textural parameters were found to have spatial structure for the first three depths (0–45 cm) of the five depths monitored (0–75 cm). This study found spatial autocorrelation within about 20 m for bromide transport parameters and a few atrazine transport parameters for an alluvial site. 相似文献
7.
L. W. Sinton 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1986,28(3-4):407-425
The effects of two methods of septic tank effluent disposal on the microbial quality of alluvial gravel aquifers were investigated at an experimental site in the Canterbury Plains, New Zealand. The movement of faecal coliform bacteria 9 m from a 5.5 m deep soakage pit into an unconfined aquifer, and 42 m from an 18 m deep injection bore into a confined aquifer was recorded. Partial sealing of the soakage pit sidewalls was evident, but approximately 80% of the effluent appeared to percolate rapidly into the unconfined groundwater through a permeable pathway in the unsaturated zone. There was evidence of groundwater mounding beneath the soakage pit and around the injection bore and the consequent radial spread of leachate from both disposal structures. In both the confined and unconfined aquifers, the most heavily contaminated bores exhibited marked diurnal fluctuations in faecal coliform concentrations in response to periods of effluent discharge. First arrival velocities of a rifampycin-resistantEscherichia coli tracer of approximately 15 m day?1 in the unconfined groundwater and 151 m day?1 in the confined groundwater were recorded. Implications of the findings for the monitoring and management of groundwater quality beneath unsewered communities on alluvial gravel formations are briefly discussed. 相似文献
8.
Jürg Hosang 《Geoderma》1993,60(1-4):119-133
The results from a solute transport study done near Basel, Switzerland are reported. The experimental site was a 3.25 ha corn field consisting of well drained silt loam. A bromide tracer was applied to the surface of 40 plots, located at regular intervals on a grid. Soil cores were taken twice at each plot during the experiment. The first time, samples were collected at 10 cm intervals from the surface to 50 cm. During the second sampling, soil cores were taken to a depth of 100 cm in 20 cm increments. Four plots were sampled twice each time to assess small-scale heterogeneities. Solute transport was described as a convective-dispersive process with highly variable parameters within the test field. A poor correspondence between the apparent fraction of the soil volume that is active in transport and volumetric water content was found. This was interpreted as resulting from effects such as stagnant water, locally three-dimensional flow and infiltration water which bypasses the regions of the soil which contain the main mass of the tracer. The spatial distribution of the transport parameters within the test field could not be explained on the basis of soil physical properties. The fields of the transport properties showed spatial dependence and locally estimated parameters were interpolated over the entire test field by kriging. 相似文献
9.
砂石覆盖粒径对土壤蒸发的影响 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：12
为研究不同粒径砂石覆盖对土壤蒸发过程的影响,进行模拟试验.试验以砂石粒径大小为因子,设3个粒径水平:0.5,2.5,4.5 cm,以裸土为对照.结果表明:地面砂石覆盖能够有效抑制土壤蒸发,在土壤含水率较高的阶段,抑制作用更加明显;砂石覆盖对蒸发的抑制作用与砂石粒径密切相关,在相同的覆盖厚度(5 cm)和同一含水率条件下,砂石覆盖的粒径越大,对蒸发的抑制能力越低;砂石覆盖能明显改变土壤蒸发过程,覆盖条件下的土壤蒸发与裸土相比不仅降低而且更加平稳;在41d的连续蒸发过程中,覆盖条件下的累计土壤蒸发量与时间呈近似线性关系,而裸土为对数关系. 相似文献
10.
针对填砾抽灌同井流贯通、热贯通及温度锋面运移研究的不足,该文在已验证的数值模型中建立监测点、线、面和体对以上问题进行量化分析,并将热源井回水经过回填砾石直接流入抽水管的流量占总回水流量的百分比定义为流贯通强度。研究结果表明,填砾抽灌同井回水进入含水层后的流速可以用某一方向的分速度代替;该模型中的流贯通强度为1.2%,热贯通发生与完全形成的时间分别为模型运行2.5和12 min,抽水温度变化较剧烈的时刻与热贯通形成发展的时刻基本一致。在地下水渗流速度大于1×10~(-3)m/s的区域,速度锋面运移较温度锋面运移快;反之,温度锋面运移快于速度锋面运移。通过对填砾抽灌同井流贯通、热贯通及温度锋面运移的量化分析,为进一步探索填砾抽灌同井最优运行策略和更高换热效率提供了理论基础。 相似文献
11.
The dynamics of water flow in soils influences the transport behaviour of solutes. Transport of bromide and herbicides through undisturbed soil columns was investigated under conditions of unsaturated steady-state and transient water flow. Effective transport parameters were obtained from fitting the convection–dispersion equation to curves of concentration against cumulative drainage, and these enabled us to interpret the observed behaviour. Under both steady-state and transient flow bromide and herbicides were transported through similar parts of the pore volume of a homogeneous single grain soil (Bv horizon). However, in aggregated Ah and Ap horizons preferential transport occurred during transient flow but not during steady-state flow. For preferential flow the mean transport volume seemed to depend on the prevailing pore system and the fraction of preferentially flowing water. Solute leaching was more efficient under steady-state than under transient flow for bromide in all soils and for herbicides in the Bv horizon. However, when transient flow caused preferential transport, herbicide loss was greater under transient flow than during steady-state flow. Under preferential flow conditions a three-step herbicide concentration development recurred in successive drainage events. This behaviour was not observed for the non-reactive tracer. It seemed to be caused by sorption. A steady-state model with cumulative drainage as independent variable instead of time can predict the transport of non-reactive and adsorbed solutes in homogeneous soils without features of preferential flow. Otherwise constant effective input parameters cannot be assessed a priori. 相似文献
12.
细菌和病毒等致病微生物广泛存在于化粪池、污水污泥、废水等源头。由于病毒比细菌和原生动物包囊小得多，在通过多孔土壤时不容易被过滤净化，地下水资源的病毒污染已引起各国科学家的高度关注，在过去的几十年间已经进行了较多的研究工作。也有了一些有关病毒在土壤中迁移行为及其影响机理的文献报道。本文的主要目的是在对过去国内外的一些研究结果作一综述，重点探讨影响病毒在土壤中迁移的主要因素，包括（1）影响病毒迁移的水动力学因素；（2）病毒吸附机理及其影响因素；（3）影响病毒生存或死亡的因素。土壤物理性质的不均一性是导致微生物和非反应物质之间的迁移行为差异的主要因素。影响病毒在土壤中吸附和死亡的因素很多，比如：土壤类型、病毒类型、pH、离子强度和多价阳离子、有机质、温度、土壤含水量、微粒、微生物活动等，对它们的影响机理进行了一一描述和解释。在指示病毒的选择上，噬菌体（比如MS2、PRD1、ФX174）已经被广泛用来研究病毒在土柱和田间条件下的迁移行为，并认为它们比较吻合指示病毒所需的各种条件。根据上述综述资料，在文章的最后对病毒迁移的进一步研究提出了一些建议。 相似文献
13.
Effect of non-linear adsorption on the transport behaviour of Brilliant Blue in a field soil 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
The food dye Brilliant Blue FCF (Color Index 42090) is often used as dye tracer in field studies for visualizing the flow pathways of water in soils. Batch studies confirmed findings of other researchers that non‐linear sorption is important for Brilliant Blue, especially at small concentrations (< 10 g l?1 for our soil), and that retardation increases with decreasing concentrations as well as with increasing ionic strength of solutions. Therefore, it is not obvious if it can be used as an indicator for water flow paths as is often done. In this study, we compared the mobility of Brilliant Blue in a field soil (gleyic Luvisol) with that of bromide. Brilliant Blue and potassium bromide were simultaneously applied as a 6‐mm pulse on a small plot in the field, and the tracers were displaced with 89 mm of tracer‐free water using a constant intensity of 3.9 ± 0.2 mm hour?1. Both tracer concentrations were determined on 144 soil cores taken from a 1 m × 1 m vertical soil profile. The transport behaviour differed in both (i) mean displacement and (ii) spatial concentration pattern. We found the retardation of Brilliant Blue could not be neglected and, in contrast to the bromide pattern, a pulse splitting was observed at the plough pan. Numerical simulations with a particle tracking code revealed that the one‐dimensional concentration profile of bromide was represented fairly well by the model, but the prediction of the double peak in the Brilliant Blue concentration profile failed. With additional assumptions, there were indications that Brilliant Blue does not follow the same flow paths as bromide. However, the question of Brilliant Blue taking the same flow pathways as bromide cannot be adequately answered by comparing both concentration distributions, because we look at two different transport distances due to the retardation of Brilliant Blue. It became obvious, however, that Brilliant Blue is not a suitable compound for tracing the travel time of water itself. 相似文献
14.
蒸发条件下浅层地下水埋深夹砂层土壤水盐运移特性研究 总被引：30，自引：7，他引：23
针对西北地区土壤剖面多呈层状和春季强烈返盐土壤多处于裸露状态的特点,通过室内土柱实验,研究了浅层地下水埋深条件下夹砂层土壤中砂层的层位、厚度以及级配等因素对水盐迁移特性的影响。结果表明,砂层位于底层即层位为0时可加速水盐运动;层位为10 cm时可抑制其运动;层位为35 cm时砂层对潜水蒸发量和土壤表层返盐的抑制率可达70％～80％左右。砂层对水分和盐分的抑制率随蒸发历时的延长而减小,但层位为35 cm的砂层对盐分的抑制率随蒸发历时的延长而增加;同一历时砂层对水分的抑制率小于对盐分的抑制率。相同层位时,水盐的抑制率随砂层厚度的增加以及级配的变差而增大。该研究为层状土区盐碱地的改良以及灌溉和排水等措施的制定提供了参考。 相似文献
15.
Poorly constructed wells (leaky or without a gravel pack) and abandoned wells can behave as conduits for the interconnection of aquifers at different depths and facilitate the transfer of contaminants between these aquifers. This is the case with Campo de Cartagena (SE Spain) where the primary land use is intensive irrigated agriculture, along with a high density of wells. The unconfined aquifer is heavily impacted by a high concentration of nitrate associated with agricultural activities. The present work provides a methodological approach to evaluate the impact of the unconfined aquifer on the water quality of the confined aquifer caused by leaky wells in high-density areas of production wells. The research approach included the use of geochemical and isotopic tools; specifically, nitrate was used as a tracer for evaluating the impact, and the code MIX_PROGRAM was used for mixing calculations. Results show an increase of the impact of the unconfined aquifer on the confined aquifer along the groundwater flow direction toward the coast, although this general pattern is controlled by local factors (pumping, intensity of agricultural practices, density of wells, and groundwater residence time). 相似文献
16.
17.
尾矿风蚀是影响周边环境空气质量和人体健康的重要原因。以喀拉通克铜镍矿加乌尔尾矿库尾矿为研究对象,通过风洞实验,在不同风速条件下对不同含水率和结皮量尾矿的风蚀率、输沙结构和输沙率、颗粒碰撞数和能量进行研究。结果表明：尾矿风蚀率、输沙率、颗粒碰撞数和能量随着实验风速的增加而增加,随着尾矿含水率和结皮量的增加而减小。首次出现颗粒碰撞的风速随着尾矿含水率和结皮量的增加而增加。尾矿输沙主要集中在3cm高度内,占总输沙的50%以上。在结皮不被吹破的情况下,结皮的抗风蚀效果要优于含水率,因此,对于不同的风速,达到较好抗风蚀效果所需结皮量不同,10m/s以下风速任何结皮量均能有效降低地表风蚀,12m/s需25g以上结皮量,14m/s需要50g以上结皮量,而尾矿含水率在实验风速下需达到2.72%以上才有较好的抗风蚀效果。 相似文献
18.
Bromide transport at two tile- drained field sites Within comparative studies on solute movement in tile drained agricultural fields in Schleswig-Holstein a bromide field test was conducted at two field sites. The soil of site ‘Bokhorst’ shows both spatial and profile heterogeneity with significant clay and silt contents (loam) whereas site ‘Hohn’ had a homogeneous particle size distribution within the profile with sand being the dominating particle fraction (sand) but with neglible spatial variability. Rainfall amount, drain discharge and bromide concentrations in drain outflow were monitored over a 6 months period. A rapid response of drain discharge on rain events was observed for the loamy site but not for the sand. The simple water balance yielded + 8.7 mm of drain discharge for site Bokhorst (loam) and ?43 mm for the sandy site Hohn (sand). Largest bromide concentrations were detected shortly after chemical application at the loamy site. The bromide loss curve was characterized by simultaneous in- and decrease of flow rate and bromide concentrations. This solute behaviour was named ‘event-dependent’. Bromide occurred in drain outflow at the sandy site not before 30 mm discharge and maximum concentrations were observed at the end of the monitoring period. Mass balance calculations revealed that 70.5% (loam) and 33% (sand) of the applied solute mass were transported from the fields via the tile drains. A two dimensional, advection dispersion equation based simulation model was applied to predict solute behaviour at site Bokhorst. Computed bromide concentrations were not in line with the observed preferential breakthrough curve. Consequences of preferential transport conditions in tile-drained field soils on surface water quality are briefly discussed, especially concerning the displacement of plantprotective agents and methodical difficulties. 相似文献
19.
阿特拉津在饱和砂质壤土中非平衡运移的模拟 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：8
针对农药阿特拉津在稳定流场饱和砂质壤土中的运移 ,根据平衡与非平衡假设条件下对流—弥散方程数学模型的解析解 ,基于易混合置换实验获得的阿特拉津和示踪溶质Br- 的穿透曲线及批量平衡法求得的阻滞因子 ,应用CXTFIT 2 0软件 ,通过拟合土柱实验中溶质的出流浓度变化 ,估算了模型的有关参数 ,在此基础上模拟分析了实验土柱不同埋深处阿特拉津的出流浓度和累积淋溶量动态 ,结果表明 ,化学非平衡的两点模型对本文实验条件下阿特拉津运移的仿真具有较高的精度 相似文献
20.
冬小麦/夏玉米轮作中NO3-N在土壤剖面的累积及移动 总被引：41，自引：0，他引：41
通过田间试验研究了冬小麦 /夏玉米轮作中NO- 3 N在土壤剖面的累积及移动 ,结果表明 ,尿素施入旱地土壤后 ,硝化作用一般在 7d之内完成 ,NH 4 N只在施肥后的短期内保持较高浓度 ,其它时期NH 4 N含量基本在 1～ 3mgkg- 1 范围内 ,土壤剖面不同层次NH 4 N一般也低于 4mgkg- 1 ,NH 4 N的含量不能反映土壤有效氮的水平。土壤剖面中的NO- 3 N随施氮量的增加而显著升高。在低施氮量条件下 (N <12 0kghm- 2 ) ,NO- 3 N主要在 0～ 40cm土层内移动 ,但当施氮量高于N 2 40kghm- 2 时 ,冬小麦季即有相当数量的氮移出 0～ 10 0cm土体。NO- 3 N在土体中的移动存在着很大的年际变化 ,在干旱年份 ,即使夏玉米季 ,NO- 3 N向深层移动的可能性也很小。试验年份中 ,除 1999年夏玉米季发生了较严重的气体损失以外 (该季节特别干旱 ) ,其余季节损失的肥料氮主要以NO- 3 N的形式在深层土壤剖面中累积 ,这在两个试验点的结果相当一致。 相似文献