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1.
The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of the factors initiating feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORLs). Fifty-six teeth (clinically and radiographically unaffected by ORLs) were harvested. Of these, 43 were from cats that had ORLs in other teeth (group A) and 13 were from cats with no clinical or radiographic evidence of ORLs in any teeth (group B). Twenty-six teeth in group A and one tooth in group B showed histological evidence of external root resorption (surface resorption and replacement resorption resulting in ankylosis). Some teeth in group B showed healed cementum resorption. It has previously been assumed that FORLs were similar to lesions associated with peripheral inflammatory root resorption, and were associated with periodontal disease. These histological findings suggest instead that a FORL is a non-inflammatory replacement resorption, resulting in ankylosis. The periodontal ligament of resorbing teeth lacked normal fibrous architecture, but was not inflamed. Resorption was not identified in cervical cementum. However, the histological appearance of the cervical cementum differed between the two groups. Several aetiopathogenetic explanatory models which arise from these observations are discussed. 相似文献
2.
The objective of this study was to examine the spatial arrangement of the fiber apparatus of the equine periodontium which is supposed to meet two contrary requirements: (1) to attach the tooth firmly and elastically to the alveolar bone; and, to be appropriately remodeled and reconstructed in order to facilitate the prolonged eruption of the tooth. Specimens of periodontal ligament were obtained from the buccal and lingual/palatal aspects of the first molars from the maxilla and mandible of 12 horses. The animals were assigned to three age groups. Histological sections were prepared from three specific horizontal levels of the periodontal ligament and examined with conventional and polarized-light microscopy. At the gingival level, collagen fascicles (diameter > 200 microm) were densely packed. Their spatial alignment was the same in all age groups. The architecture of the collagen fiber apparatus differed at the middle and apical levels in the three age groups. There was a clear distinction between fibers, bundles, and fascicles. Bundling of collagen fibers, density of the fiber arrangement, and collagen fascicles with an alveolo-cemental orientation increased with age. The collagen fiber apparatus of the equine periodontal ligament is highly adaptive, responding continuously to the dynamic changes in the periodontal environment. Site-specific arrangements and age-dependent structural variations are assumed to maintain tooth support as the reserve crown gradually decreases in length with progressive dental attrition. Most of the age-dependent changes to the periodontal ligament in teeth examined in this study occurred at the apical level. The apical region of young teeth had no periodontal attachment, while the roots of older teeth were firmly attached to the alveolus. When evaluating periodontal ligament development, the individual tooth's 'dental age' should be considered rather than the animal's age to account for individual tooth eruption times. 相似文献
3.
Immunohistochemical detection of lymphatic capillaries was performed in the periodontium of maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth from 6 horses (aged 3-23 years). Tissue sections of the periodontium were taken at 4 different horizontal levels along the long axis of the tooth. The specimens were processed for immunoreaction with anti-Prox1, in order to distinguish lymphatic endothelium from blood vascular endothelium. Lymphatic vessels were detected in all periodontal tissues except for the dental cementum. Lymphatic capillaries were most densely distributed in the gingiva compared to other tissues of the periodontium. Lymphatic capillaries were found most consistently in samples taken from the gingival and subgingival regions in all horses examined. Within these levels, the gingiva as well as the spongiosa of the maxillary and mandibular bone had the greatest incidence of lymphatic vessels. Considering the distinct distribution of the lymphatic capillaries in the periodontium of the maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth, two complementary lymphatic drainage pathways are proposed: (1) superficial lymph drainage via the gingiva, emptying into the mandibular lymph nodes; (2) deep lymph drainage via the mandibular and maxillary spongiosa, emptying into the mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes, respectively. 相似文献
4.
Pettersson A 《Journal of veterinary dentistry》2010,27(4):222-226
The etiology of tooth resorption in the domestic cat remains unknown. The high prevalence and progressive nature of the disease complicates defining healthy control groups. In order to evaluate the possible influence of various life style changes on the prevalence of tooth resorption, healthy control groups are a prerequisite. This paper presents a prevalence study for tooth resorption in a free-ranging wild felidae population. Skulls from 46 free-ranging Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) were examined. The age of the animals had previously been estimated based on cementum annuli in the maxillary right canine tooth. The dental examination included both dental probing and radiographic imaging. Complicated fractures of the canine teeth were found in 9/46 (19.5%) skulls. In one fractured canine, apical root resorption and periapical lucency was detected. The root resorption was attributed to inflammatory resorption as a consequence of the initial dental trauma and necrotic pulp. No signs of tooth resorption were found in the remaining teeth. Supernumerary roots were detected in 18/46 skulls (39.1 %). Supernumerary "peg" teeth caudal to the mandibular first molar tooth were detected in 6/46 (13.0%) skulls. Although further studies on dental ultra-structure are needed, the Swedish Eurasian lynx may, in the future, be useful as a healthy comparative model for studies on the etiopathogenesis of tooth resorption in the domestic cat. 相似文献
5.
Watanabe K Kikuchi M Okumura M Kadosawa T Fujinaga T 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2001,63(8):889-894
Adult dogs have a complex apical delta structure in all root apexes of teeth. This complex structure may affect the formation of apical lesions in the teeth such as apical abscesses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of enamel matrix protein (EMP) which was used for periodontal regeneration therapy after an experimental apicoectomy for an assumed apical lesions of the teeth in dogs. The maxillar canine roots and maxillar fourth premolar buccal mesial roots in five beagles were experimentally apicoectomized under general inhalation anesthesia. After the root apex was exposed and excised, EMP was applied on the surface of the exposed dentin. After 12 weeks, dogs were euthanized. and the experimental teeth together with the surrounding soft and hard periodontal tissues were collected for histological evaluation under a light microscope. In the EMP group, the size of the defect where the root apex was removed was smaller than that of the control group. New cementum was dominantly achieved in the EMP group compared to the control group. Furthermore, new collagen fibers that bridged area between the new cementum and new alveolar bone were detected only in the EMP group. The present results demonstrated marked apical periodontal regeneration after apicoectomy in the EMP group. These results, therefore, suggest that the application of EMP can effectively induce the regeneration of periodontal strUctures in apicoectomized dogs. 相似文献
6.
Carsten Staszyk Astrid Bienert Robert Kreutzer Peter Wohlsein Hubert Simhofer 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2008,178(3):372
A poorly described, painful disorder of incisor and canine teeth, variably causing periodontitis, with resorptive or proliferative changes of the calcified dental tissues, has recently been documented in aged horses. No plausible aetiopathogenesis for this syndrome has been recorded. Eighteen diseased teeth from eight horses were examined grossly and microscopically and showed the presence of odontoclastic cells by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. A chronological sequence of odontoclastic resorption followed by hypercementosis was demonstrated and, consequently, the term equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is proposed for this disorder. EOTRH shares many features with similar dental syndromes described in humans and cats. An aetiological hypothesis proposes mechanical stress of the periodontal ligament as the initiating factor. 相似文献
7.
Colley PA Verstraete FJ Kass PH Schiffman P 《American journal of veterinary research》2002,63(4):546-550
OBJECTIVE: To determine elemental composition of teeth with and without odontoclastic resorption lesions (ORL) in cats. SAMPLE POPULATION: Normal teeth from 22 cadaver cats and ORLaffected teeth from 21 cats admitted to the veterinary hospital for dental treatment. PROCEDURE: An electron microprobe was used to analyze weight percentages of calcium, phosphorus, fluorine, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, potassium, and iron in enamel, dentin, and cementum. RESULTS: Calcium and phosphorus were the most abundant elements. Fluorine, sodium, and magnesium combined were < 5% and sulfur, potassium, and iron combined were < 0.1% of total elemental composition. In enamel of normal teeth, a significant sex-by-jaw location interaction was seen in mean (+/- SD) phosphorus content, which was higher in mandibular teeth of females (1764+/-0.41%) but lower in mandibular teeth of males (16.71+/-0.83%). Mean iron content in dentin of normal teeth was significantly lower in mandibular teeth than maxillary teeth (0.014+/-0.005% vs 0.023+/-0.019%). Mean enamel sodium content was significantly higher (0.77+/-0.046% vs 0.74+/-0.025) and mean enamel iron content was significantly lower (0.017+/-0.008% vs 0.021+/-0.005%) in ORLaffected teeth, compared with normal teeth. In cementum, mean fluorine content was significantly lower (2.98%+/-0.27 vs 2.99+/-0.20%) and mean magnesium content was significantly lower (0.54+/-0.13% vs 0.60+/-0.13%) in ORL affected teeth, compared with normal teeth. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of our study establish baseline mineral content of enamel, dentin, and cementum for normal teeth in cats. Minimal differences in mineral content of enamel and cementum of normal and ORL-affected teeth were detected. 相似文献
8.
A 12.5-year-old dog was presented for severe periodontal disease and bilateral maxillary enlargement. Radiographs of the maxilla showedgeneralized root resorption, ankylosis, and rarefaction of bone with focal radiodense areas. Surgical tooth extraction of multiple maxillary teeth and bilateral incisional biopsies of the periodontal tissue and maxilla in the region of the maxillary fourth premolars were performed. Histopathologic examination showed features typical of fully differentiated periodontal ligament with abundant cementum/alveolar lining bone and sparce odontogenic epithelial cell rests. Histopathology in conjunction with radiographic and clinical signs suggested a diagnosis of bilateral periodontal ligament hamartoma. Examination 3-months postoperatively indicated uncomplicated healing of the extraction and biopsy sites with no resolution of the maxillary enlargement. 相似文献
9.
The structure of peripheral cementum of mandibular and maxillary cheek teeth was studied by gross observation, light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Teeth from four horses aged 4, 8, 17, and 30-years-old were examined. The cementum of the occlusal surface was thicker on the buccal aspect when compared with the lingual aspect of mandibular teeth. The cementum of the occlusal surface was thicker on the palatal aspect when compared with the buccal aspect of maxillary teeth. There was no peripheral cementum on the interdental aspects of either mandibular or maxillary cheek teeth. In the adult tooth, cementum covered the crown and root surfaces. The peripheral cementum of the gingival region showed a dramatic increase in thickness compared with cementum covering the alveolar portion of the embedded tooth. At a microscopic level, three layers (primary, secondary, and tertiary) were identified within cementum. The increase in cementum in the gingival region was of tertiary cementum. All three layers contained vital cementocytes. There was a well-developed vascular system within the cementum. Nerve bundles were also present. Three cementoblast profiles were identified at the junction of the cementum with the periodontal ligament. The results reported in this paper show that cementum is a dynamic vital tissue. These findings should contribute to a greater understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of cemental caries and periodontal disease in the horse. 相似文献
10.
Lommer MJ Verstraete FJ 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2000,217(12):1866-1869
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether odontoclastic resorption lesions were associated with radiographic evidence of periapical lucencies in cats. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 265 feline dental patients. PROCEDURE: Full-mouth radiographs were examined for evidence of odontoclastic resorption lesions, periapical lucencies, periodontitis, and fractured teeth. RESULTS: Odontoclastic resorption lesions affecting 567 teeth were identified in 161 (60.8%) cats. Periapical lucencies were identified in 53 teeth in 35 cats. Periapical lucencies were most commonly associated with fractured teeth (25 teeth with periapical lucencies) and severe periodontitis (21 teeth). None of the periapical lucencies appeared to be specifically associated with resorption lesions. Prevalence of periapical lucencies in cats with resorption lesions was not significantly different from prevalence in cats without. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that although odontoclastic resorption lesions are common in cats, pulpal involvement associated with these lesions does not appear to be associated with development of radiographically detectable periapical lucencies. Crown amputation with intentional root retention may, therefore, be a suitable alternative to extraction in selected cats with odontoclastic resorption lesions. 相似文献
11.
Yutaka Nakahara Kiyokazu Ozaki Tomoya Sano Yasushi Kodama Tetsuro Matsuura 《Journal of toxicologic pathology》2014,27(2):123-129
Several recent studies have reported that alloxan-treated rats with long-term
hyperglycemia can develop naturally occurring periodontal disease (PD). Our previous
studies detected dental caries in the same model. Therefore, these two lesions of
different etiologies are expected to occur concurrently. In this study, we evaluated the
use of diabetic rats as a PD model by employing a selective COX-2 inhibitor reported to be
effective against PD. Six-week-old female F344 rats were divided into 3 groups: intact
rats (control), alloxan-induced diabetic rats fed a standard diet (AL) and alloxan-induced
diabetic rats fed a diet containing 0.01% etodolac (AL+Et). The animals were euthanized at
26 weeks of age, and their oral tissues were examined histopathologically. Gingivitis,
marginal periodontitis and alveolar bone resorption were markedly enhanced along with
dental caries in the AL group compared with the control group. However, the COX-2
inhibitor had no effect on periodontal inflammation in the AL+Et group. In addition, in
the AL group, periodontitis was notably nonexistent around the normal molars, and
gingivitis was scarcely worse than that in the control group. In the diabetic rats, the
progression of periodontal inflammation was closely correlated with the severity of
adjacent dental caries, and marginal periodontitis was frequently continuous with apical
periodontitis. In conclusion, an alloxan-induced diabetic rat is not a model of PD but of
dental caries. It is probable that in this model, hyperglycemia may enable crown caries to
progress to apical periodontitis, while the associated inflammation may rostrally expand
to surrounding periodontal tissue. 相似文献
12.
Reasons for performing study: With the advent of detailed oral examination in horses using dental mirrors and rigid endoscopy, secondary dentinal lesions are observed more frequently. More information regarding the association of secondary dentinal defects with apical dental disease would improve the sensitivity of oral examination as a diagnostic aid for pulpitis. Objectives: To assess prevalence and severity of secondary dentinal defects observed on examination of occlusal surfaces of cheek teeth (CT) from horses showing clinical signs of pulpitis compared to asymptomatic controls. Methods: Records from all cases of equine CT exodontia at the University of Bristol over a 4 year period were examined. Case selection criteria included the presence of clinical signs of pulpitis, an intact extracted tooth and availability of a complete history and follow up. Cases where coronal fracture or periodontal pocketing featured were excluded. CT from cadavers with no history of dental disease served as normal controls. Triadan positions and eruption ages of control teeth were matched with those of teeth extracted from cases. CT from selected cases and control teeth were examined occlusally. Secondary dentinal defects were identified and graded. Prevalence of occlusal lesions in CT with pulpitis and controls was compared. Results: From the records of 120 horses where exodontia was performed, 40 cases matched selection criteria. Twenty‐three mandibular and 21 maxillary CT were extracted from cases. The controls consisted of 60 mandibular and 60 maxillary CT from 7 cadaver skulls. Secondary dentinal defects were significantly over‐represented in CT extracted from cases of pulpitis (P<0.001). Of diseased mandibular CT, 56.5% had defects compared to none of the controls. Of diseased maxillary CT, 57% had defects compared with 1.6% of controls. Multiple defective secondary dentinal areas and severe lesions were more prevalent in diseased mandibular CT compared with diseased maxillary CT. Conclusions and practical significance: Careful examination of occlusal secondary dentine is an essential component in investigation of suspected pulpitis in equine CT. 相似文献
13.
K F Lyon 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1992,22(6):1417-1432
A commonly recognized dental problem in cats is the resorption of tooth structure and subsequent loss of the tooth. These tooth defects are often very painful, because the sensitive dentin layer is exposed. The destruction of the tooth through odontoclastic resorption is considered a consequence of inflammatory resorption, probably secondary to periodontal inflammation. Because these resorptive lesions are progressive in nature, it is best to stage this progression of resorption in order to address treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a group of 58 cats with resorptive lesions to determine the outcome of treatment 6 months or longer after restoration. In 81% of the cats, there was loss of the tooth, evidence of further resorption, or loss of the restoration at one or more resorption sites. Of the 154 teeth restored, only 33% showed no further evidence of loss of tooth structure. 相似文献
14.
The teeth of 63 skulls of brown bears (Ursus arctos spp.) that had lived in the Bernese bear pit between 1850 and 1995 were examined and radiographed for occlusion, loss of teeth, calcified dental plaque and calculus, attrition, and caries. Dental pathology and periodontal status were evaluated with respect to age and location in the dentition. Further techniques such as computed tomography, microhardness testing, histologic sectioning, and scanning electron microscopy were used in selected cases to verify the macroscopic and radiographic diagnoses. Fourteen skulls originating from free-ranging wild Alaskan brown bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) were examined as a control group. For zoo bears over 10 yr old, severe enamel and dentinal attrition has been observed in canine teeth, with exposed pulp and proximal lesions in molar teeth. Deposits of calcified dental calculus were found in various locations and increased with age. A much lower degree of calculus deposition was found in the Alaskan grizzlies, whose average caries frequency was higher but with large individual variation and different locations in canine teeth and occlusal lesions in molar and premolar teeth. Radiographic evaluation of perialveolar osteolytic processes revealed a greater frequency of apical and combined apical-marginal lesions of the alveoli in zoo bears over 10 yr old. Stereotypical behavior like cage chewing is a suspected cause of canine tooth and secondary alveolar lesions, whereas a nutritionally inappropriate diet and inadequate opportunities for tooth-cleaning activities are responsible for the lack of natural cleaning and the extensive calculus formation that results. The methods used in this study are useful in assessing and comparing the dental health status of free-ranging bears, and those living in zoological gardens, by evaluating anesthetized bears or bear skull collections representing both groups. 相似文献
15.
Nemec A Pavlica Z Stiblar-Martincic D Petelin M Erzen D Crossley D 《Journal of veterinary dentistry》2007,24(4):212-223
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the pulp of dog teeth affected by advanced periodontal disease. Histological examination was done on demineralized teeth extracted during clinical treatment of mature, client owned small and medium-size breed dogs with either good periodontal health or with advanced naturally occurring periodontal disease. Routinely stained sections from 5 clinically normal teeth and 22 teeth with advanced periodontitis from dogs between 5 and 12-years of age were examined using light microscopy. The pulp cavities of most teeth were narrow with low cellularity and some fibrosis of the pulp. Findings specific to periodontally affected teeth included acute and chronic pulpitis, vascular congestion, and pulp necrosis. A glomus body was identified in the pulp of one tooth and areas of poorly mineralized cementum were seen in both normal and diseased teeth. Age related changes in dog teeth appear similar to those reported for man and the rat. In addition to age related changes, the pulp of dog teeth with advanced periodontal disease were frequently inflamed or necrotic. This may reflect the advanced periodontitis affecting these teeth or a mechanical effect related to excessive tooth mobility. Further study is required to determine the etiology and significance of these findings and to investigate pulp status in less severely diseased teeth. 相似文献
16.
Cordes V Gardemin M Lüpke M Seifert H Borchers L Staszyk C 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2012,193(2):391-396
Periodontal diseases occur frequently in equine dentistry and excessive strain in biological tissues is assumed to be a predisposing factor in their development. Finite element (FE) analysis enables strains and stresses occurring in the periodontium to be calculated and is a useful tool for testing this hypothesis. The current study aimed to establish reliable 3-D models from equine maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth for use in FE simulations, with particular attention to the detailed construction of the periodontal ligament (PDL). Age-related morphological aspects of the teeth and the periodontium were also considered by constructing different models for three defined age groups. Finally, the biomechanical behaviour of the equine PDL was examined during experimental tooth intrusion (i.e. axial displacement of the tooth into its alveolar socket). The results showed an increase in intrusion with increasing age due to age-related changes in the periodontal elastic properties. The general stress level in PDL and surrounding bone also increased with age. Reliable FE models were established to calculate aetiologically relevant biomechanical effects occurring in the equine periodontium. 相似文献
17.
The distribution and arrangement of oxytalan fibres were examined in periodontal specimens of cheek teeth from seven horses. Oxidation prior to aldehyde fuchsin exposition permitted a selective staining of the oxytalan fibres, which are a distinct component of the elastic fibre system. On three horizontal levels of the periodontium--(a) subgingival, (b) middle third and (c) apical--two oxytalan fibre groups were shown histologically: 'blood vessel-related' and 'independent' oxytalan fibres. In levels a and b, both groups were arranged in a typical occluso-apical alignment along the reserve crown. Single oxytalan fibres deviated from their general course in order to attach to the cementum. In these cemental entheses the oxytalan fibres ran parallel to collagen fibre bundles. The interpretation of such morphological features emphasized the oxytalan fibres' capacity to improve the stability of periodontal blood vessel walls during masticatory movements. Level c, especially in regions next to the persisting epithelial root sheath, is the site of oxytalan fibre generation. This is a prerequisite for the facilitation of periodontal regeneration and reorganization during dental growth and eruption. 相似文献
18.
Eroshin VV Reiter AM Rosenthal K Fordham M Latney L Brown S Lewis JR 《Journal of veterinary dentistry》2011,28(1):8-15
Ferrets have increased in popularity as pets, and a growing number are seen in companion animal practice. Domestic ferrets are commonly used as animal models for research of human oral conditions. The present study evaluated the prevalence of oral pathology in rescued ferrets which - to the authors' knowledge - has not yet been described in the scientific literature. Conscious oral examination was performed on 63 ferrets, of which 49 underwent general anesthesia for further examination. The most common clinical findings included malocclusion of mandibular second incisor teeth (95.2%); extrusion of canine teeth (93.7%); and abrasion and attrition of teeth (76.2%). Tooth fractures were exclusively associated with canine teeth and found in 31.7% of ferrets. Pulp exposure was confirmed in 60.0% of fractured teeth. The normal gingival sulcus depth measured < 0.5-mm in 87.8% of anesthetized ferrets. Clinical evidence of periodontal disease was present in 65.3% of anesthetized ferrets (gingivitis or probing depths > 0.5-mm), however advanced periodontal disease (i.e. periodontal pockets > 2-mm or stage 3 furcation exposure) was not found upon clinical examination. There was no evidence of tooth resorption, dental caries, stomatitis, or oral tumors in the examined group of ferrets. 相似文献
19.
Kuntsi-Vaattovaara H Verstraete FJ Kass PH 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,220(6):775-780
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate results of root canal treatment in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 127 tooth roots in 64 dogs. PROCEDURE: Radiographs obtained before surgery, immediately after surgery, and during follow-up examinations after surgery were evaluated by 2 individuals. Treatment was considered successful if the periodontal ligament space was normal and possible preoperative root resorption, if present, had ceased. Treatment was considered to show no evidence of failure if possible preoperative root resorption had ceased but a preexisting periapical lesion had remained the same or only decreased in size and not complete resolved. Treatment was considered to have failed if a periapical lesion or root resorption developed subsequent to endodontic treatment, if a preexisting periapical lesion had increased in size, or if possible preoperative root resorption appeared to continue after endodontic treatment. RESULTS: Follow-up time ranged from 1 to 60 months (mean, 13 months). Treatment was classified as successful for 87 (69%) roots, as showing no evidence of failure for 33 (26%) roots, and as having failed for 7 (6%) roots. The success rate was lower for canine teeth than for maxillary fourth premolar teeth. Roots with a preexisting periapical lucency or preexisting root resorption had lower success rates. The use of intracanal medication and the method and quality of obturation were not associated with outcome. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that root canal treatment offers a viable option for salvage of periodontally sound but endodontically diseased teeth in dogs. 相似文献