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1.
To shorten the juvenile stage of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) the BpMADS4 gene from silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) was constitutively overexpressed in 25 transgenic apple clones. All clones were characterized by PCR, RT‐PCR and Real Time PCR. Solitary flowers were produced on in vitro shoots of eight transgenic clones and most of them appeared to be morphologically normal. Twenty shoots of each clone were rooted and transferred to a glasshouse. Glasshouse plants of clones T1165, T1187 and T1190 developed flowers. Several plants of T1165 and T1187 started floral initiation within 3–4 months following transfer to the glasshouse. Primary flowers were solitary and in a terminal position on the main shoot. Lateral flower clusters, consisting of three to five individual flowers, were also found. Pollen vitality and tube germination of glasshouse‐grown flowers were investigated, and there were no significant differences compared to pollen of non‐transgenic control plants. Preliminary crosses using flowers of glasshouse plants resulted in small apple fruits. It would seem that this is the first report on in vitro flower induction in transgenic apple. 相似文献
2.
Juliano Lino Ferreira José Eustáquio de Souza Carneiro Alexsandro Lara Teixeira Fabiéli Fortunata de Lanes Paulo Roberto Cecon Aluízio Borém 《Euphytica》2007,153(1-2):165-170
This study was conducted in Brazil in order to assess the potential risk posed by gene escape from transgenic into non-transgenic plants and wild populations. A new methodology was applied to evaluate the gene flow between common bean cultivars, by means of a specially delineated experiment in two stages. The first stage consisted of the planting of one cultivar with violet flowers (BB) as pollen source (‘Diamante Negro’), and a receiver (‘Talismã’) with white flowers (bb), at different distances. The source was sown in the center of the area. The pollen receiver cultivar was sown, in concentrical squares around it. At maturity, the rows were sampled at varied distances from the source in the four cardinal directions. In the second stage, the sampled seeds of the previous stage were sown, and the percentage of outcrossing was evaluated during flowering through the presence of violet flowers (Bb). The highest frequency of natural hybrids, 0.136%, occurred at a distance of 0.5 m between the cultivars. The natural outcrossing rate was practically zero beyond a distance of 3.25 m. 相似文献
3.
Yunfei Jiang Arthur R. Davis Vladimir Vujanovic Rosalind A. Bueckert 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2019,205(3):324-333
Flowering plants are highly sensitive to heat stress during reproductive phase, which covers development from floral initiation to seed maturity. The objectives of this study were to diagnose high temperature effects on pollen production and morphology, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pollen grains and ovules in pea cultivar “CDC Golden.” This study also investigated timing and duration of heat exposure at specific developmental stages of floral buds, open flowers and early set pods on flower and pod abortion, seed development and seed yield in “CDC Golden” and a second cultivar “CDC Sage.” The experiments were conducted in growth chambers with two temperature regimes (24/18°C and 35/18°C day/night temperature for 4–14 days) during reproductive development. Heat stress reduced the number of pollen grains per anther, induced smaller pollen grains and increased ROS production in pollen grains, but it did not affect ROS accumulation in ovules and ovule number per ovary. Heat exposure when young floral buds were visible at the first reproductive node was more detrimental to flower retention, seed set, pod development and seed yield compared to heat exposure started later when flowers at the second reproductive node were fully open. 相似文献
4.
培育抗除草剂和抗旱的转基因玉米种质,通过超声波辅助农杆菌介导花粉非组培法将拟南芥抗旱基因At HDG11导入玉米自交系昌7-2中,获得转基因植株。通过逐代除草剂筛选、分子检测对获得的转基因植株进行检测,获得5株转基因株系。在此基础上,以非转基因自交系昌7-2为对照,对5个转基因株系进行抗旱性鉴测;对苗期和十叶期玉米植株进行干旱胁迫处理,测定转基因植株生理活性物质和光合参数。结果表明,在干旱胁迫条件下,转基因玉米叶片的Pro含量高于非转基因玉米,MDA含量低于非转基因玉米;不论在正常生长条件下还是干旱条件下,转基因株系的光合速率和水分利用率都明显高于对照植株;而转基因株系的蒸腾速率和气孔导度则明显低于对照植株。综合室内与田间的抗旱检测结果表明,超声波辅助农杆菌介导花粉的非组培转基因方法在玉米上是可行的。将拟南芥HDG11基因导入玉米,同样可以有效地提高玉米的抗旱性,为玉米的抗旱育种提供新的种质资源和新的转基因方法。 相似文献
5.
通过对花粉管通道法获得的T7转MvNHX1基因的10个棉花株系和转MvP5CS基因的3个棉花株系与对照非转基因棉花D5在温室内盐和干旱胁迫下的发芽率、生理生化指标以及田间花期干旱胁迫下农艺性状和纤维品质进行分析发现:温室内盐和干旱胁迫后,转基因棉花叶片叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量均高于对照,而丙二醛含量低于对照;田间花期干旱胁迫下,2种转基因植株果枝数、有效果枝数、铃数、有效铃数、铃重、子棉、皮棉、衣分、子指和衣指均高于对照,说明转MvNHX1基因和转MvP5CS基因植株在干旱逆境下的产量高于非转基因;经花期干旱胁迫后,2种转基因棉花的纤维断裂伸长率、短纤维率、马克隆值和纺纱一致性指数优于非转基因棉花D5。综合分析表明:2种转基因棉花的耐盐抗旱性均有提高,其中转MvNHX1基因棉花的耐盐性优于转MvP5CS基因棉花植株,而转MvP5CS基因棉花植株的抗旱性优于转MvNHX1基因棉花植株。 相似文献
6.
Tobacco transgenic lines belonging to four cultivars modified with three genetic constructions providing the resistance to
Potato virus Y (PVY) had been described as regards their agronomic and biological traits. The constructions included viral genes: the coat
protein gene of Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) and the replicase gene of PVY used in sense and antisense orientation. Evaluation of the chosen farm traits of the
transgenic tobacco lines was performed by comparing them with their nontransgenic equivalents. The traits such as growth and
development rate, height of stalks, leaf area, morphology of plants, course of meiosis and pollen viability were described.
The cured leaves were analysed as regards to their physical traits and chemical composition. The individual transgenic lines
differed from control cultivars to a little extent. Only insignificant changes, mainly in the quality of raw material were
observed. Genetic modification did not cause any changes in the course of meiosis and pollen viability. 相似文献
7.
明确甘蓝型油菜温敏核雄性不育系160S花器形态变化、花药败育的时期和细胞学特征,初步探究败育的原因,为深入研究不育系160S的内在分子调控机制提供理论基础,也对其在油菜两系杂交育种中的实际应用具有指导意义。本研究在15℃和28℃条件下培养试验材料160S,利用体式显微镜分别观察花发育形态特征;采用醋酸洋红染色方法观察各时期小孢子发育形态;通过石蜡切片和苏木精-伊红染色对可育植株(MaleFertile/160S-MF)和不育植株(MaleSterile/160S-MS)花药细胞学特征进行显微观察;TUNEL染色法检测花药发育各时期绒毡层细胞凋亡情况。160S-MF在15℃表现为可育,雄蕊正常发育,成熟的花药呈黄色,形态饱满,正常开裂,表面一层有活性的花粉附着在上面;28℃条件下, 160S-MS花朵的雌蕊、萼片与160S-MF花朵无差异,但花瓣变小,花丝变短,雄蕊明显退化,花药干瘪呈黄褐色,无花粉粒附着在花药上,表现出雄性完全不育。160S-MF的小孢子能正常发育为成熟有活力的花粉。而160S-MS由于雄蕊完全败育,未观察到小孢子和花粉粒。160S-MS花药在造孢时期和花粉母细胞时期与160S-MF无明显差异,但在减数分裂期,160S-MS花药绒毡层形态和结构出现异常,绒毡层细胞排列不整齐,细胞空泡化,伴随提前解体。同时花粉母细胞发育受阻,无四分体结构形成,最终在减数分裂期完成前形成空的花粉囊。TUNEL检测发现, 160S-MS花药绒毡层细胞在减数分裂期开始凋亡。本研究结果表明, 160S属花粉母细胞败育型不育系,败育时期发生在减数分裂期,绒毡层异常降解,绒毡层未向腺质型转化,不能提供花粉母细胞发育所需要的营养物质,致使花粉母细胞发育受阻无法形成四分体结构,从而导致小孢子无法形成,花药形成空的花粉囊,产生雄性不育。 相似文献
8.
厚轴茶雄性不育株花药败育的生物学特性和细胞学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
JIANG Hui-Bing YANG Sheng-Mei LIU Yu-Fei TIAN Yi-Ping SUN Yun-Nan CHEN Lin-Bo TANG Yi-Chun 《作物学报》2020,46(7):1076-1086
为明确厚轴茶(Camellia crassocolumnaH. T. Chang)雄性不育株花器发育形态、花药和花粉败育时期及兵细胞学特征,利用体视显微镜、石蜡切片技术、染色体制片和DAPI染色法,对厚轴茶雄性不育株和可育株开花迚程、花器形态、花药发育过程、花粉母细胞减数分裂及小孢子发育过程比较观察。结果显示,厚轴茶花属于完全花,花药其四室、呈蝶形,花药壁发育为基本型,绒毡层细胞其双核,于四分体时期形成分泌型细胞,单核花粉期开始降解,花粉母细胞经过减数分裂Ⅰ、减数分裂Ⅱ和胞质分裂后形成四面体型四分体,小孢子呈三角形,成熟花粉为二细胞型花粉。花蕾发育早期,不育株雄蕊发育正常,与可育株无明显差异。花蕾发育后期,不育株花丝弯曲,花药粘连、干瘪、褐化、坏死,不裂药。不育株减数分裂期绒毡层细胞异常增生、排列混乱,单核至双核花粉期绒毡层延迟降解。不育株花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中存在环状单价体、滞后染色体、染色体桥、染色体缺失、不均等分离、微核和多分体等异常现象。不育株小孢子胞质紊乱,单核期花粉粒相互粘附,花粉壁皱缩变形,花粉细胞质和细胞核模糊不清,成熟花粉细胞空瘪凹陷。研究结果表明,厚轴茶雄性不育花器形态属雄蕊萎缩型和花药异常型,花药发育受阻于减数分裂至单核花粉期,存在花粉母细胞败育型和单核败育型。单核花粉期是兵花药败育的主要时期。花药绒毡层异常发育和延迟降解,花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为异常,小孢子和花粉粒发育异常可能是兵花药败育的主要原因。 相似文献
9.
In vitro germination and viability of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) pollen 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
An in vitro method for the germination of common buckwheat pollen was developed. Pollen grains were successfully germinated
in an artificial medium consisting of 0.2 g each of MnSO4, Ca(NO3)2.4H2O and KNO3, 0.04 g H3BO3, 15 g sucrose and 30 g polyethylene glycol (molecular weight approximately 20,000) dissolved in 100 ml of double distilled
water. The viability of pollen was assessed by in vivo and in vitro germination tests at 20 °C and 25 °C over a 38 h time
period. Pollen grains were collected and germinated at 4 h intervals from freshly harvested flowers grown under 16 h day length
and a constant temperature. Maximum pollen viability was found 2 h and 6 h after first light when plants were maintained at
25 °C and 20 °C, respectively. Viability, as measured by germination percentage, was similar at both temperature regimes.
Some pollen remained viable for approximately 34 to 38 h in intact flowers, but all pollen lost viability in less than an
hour when stored at room temperature without humidity control.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
为观察野生茶树雄性不育株开花生物学特性,探讨野生茶树雄性不育表型特征。以野生茶树雄性不育株及可育株为试材,田间观察了野生茶树的开花物候期、单花发育进程和花器形态特征,并采用离体萌发法、染色法测定其花粉活力和柱头可授性。结果表明：野生茶树雄性不育株开花物候期为9月上旬—10月上旬,全花期持续约29~33天,花期与对照材料相近。雄性不育花从花芽分化至花瓣凋谢平均历时约107天,比对照长14天。雄性不育花器结构具有典型的雄不育特征,表现为花冠开展度小,花丝弯曲畸形,花药彼此粘连,皱缩干瘪,不裂药,花药内无花粉或有微量败育花粉。雄性不育花雌性器官发育正常,柱头从开花前1天至开花后4天具有可授性,最佳授粉时间为开花后1天。所调查的野生茶树雄性不育类型属于花药败育型和花粉败育型。 相似文献
11.
M. E. Cisneros-López L. E. Mendoza-Onofre H. A. Zavaleta-Mancera V. A. González-Hernández L. Córdova-Téllez M. Hernández-Martínez & G. Mora-Aguilera 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2009,195(6):464-471
In A-lines of sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), seed production under field conditions with manual pollination is generally lower than that in self-pollinated B-lines. This may be associated with floral differences. Six pairs of A/B-lines and four R-lines were evaluated during 2005 and 2006 at Montecillo, State of México (2240 m altitude). Rachis length, number of primary branches and fertile flowers per panicle, 100-seed weight, seed number, seed yield and seed set per panicle were evaluated. In the A-lines, the pistil characteristics were also measured and in the male-fertile lines, the size of anthers and the amount and size of viable pollen were recorded. Compared with the A- and B-lines, the R-lines exhibited significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) numbers of flowers, seed set and seed yield per panicle and they also produced more pollen grains of larger size and with greater viability during their longer flowering period (FP). Between A- and B-lines, there were differences (P ≤ 0.05) in most of the yield traits, which also interacted with year. The proportion of viable pollen in B- and R-lines (75 %) was not considered to be a factor that might account for their low seed production. Chilling temperatures (3.5–8.4 °C) during the FP could have affected stigma receptivity in the three different line types and thus may have reduced seed set in the male-fertile lines. 相似文献
12.
Summary The pollen viability of onions in a glasshouse was recorded from May to October 1975, using the fluorescein test. The average viability was 60–95% for most of this period but fell to less than 1% during the last two weeks of August. There was great variation in pollen viability between anthers within a flower and between flowers within a head. Attempts to induce pollen inviability by low temperature treatments at various stages of inflorescence development were unsuccessful. Low levels of pollen inviability appear to be a characteristic feature of onions, but the high level of inviability which was found both in this and in a previous season was associated particularly with the August period. 相似文献
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Matthias Pohl-Orf Ulrike Brand Sarah Drießen Peter René Hesse Marcus Lehnen Claudia Morak Thomas Mücher Christiane Saeglitz Cornelia von Soosten Detlef Bartsch 《Euphytica》1999,108(3):181-186
The potential impact of transgenic crops on community ecology will depend on the distribution and establishment of the new transgenic traits, on the sexual transfer of their new genes to the environment (Bartsch &; Pohl-Orf, 1996) and on the potential ecological impact of the transgenic trait. Flowering and pollen dispersal is important for outcrossing of the genetically engineered trait. For a biennial plant, like the cultivars of Beta vulgaris L., overwintering is normally necessary to become generative and to produce pollen and seeds (Abe et al., 1997), which usually does not happen with sugar beet as a field crop harvested in autumn (Longden 1989). The starting point for the project was a transgenic sugar beet, Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris (Lange et al., 1998), with rhizomania and herbicide ( Basta®, Liberty®) resistance. Cold tolerance is one of the most important factors for survival of sugar beet in Central- and North-Europe. Among other ways, spreading of transgenic traits into weed beet (Boudry et al., 1993) or wild beet can occur if genetically engineered – biennial – plants survive the winter, flower in spring and spread their pollen. Field experiments were performed with transgenic breeding lines and their hybrids, transgenic and non-transgenic hybrids with Swiss chard and three conventional beet cultivars to evaluate winter survival rates at seven different field sites. We could show that survival of sugar beet – transgenic as well as conventional ones – in Germany and at the Dutch border is possible. Survival rates were well correlated with temperature data and were unexpectedly high. Differences between sugar beet hybrids and breeding lines could be detected but not within different breeding lines or hybrids. There were no differences detectable between transgenic and non-transgenic plants. The data are crucial for the risk assessment of the release of transgenic sugar beet and are the basis for further experiments towards outcrossing and establishment. 相似文献
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WRKY蛋白属于锌指型转录调控因子,能够参与植物多种逆境响应。本研究利用前期野生大豆盐碱胁迫RNA-seq测序数据,从构建的碱胁迫基因调控网络中筛选并克隆到GsWRKY15基因。分析GsWRKY15在碱胁迫下野生大豆根中的表达模式,发现该基因受碱胁迫诱导显著上调表达,且在胁迫后1 h表达量最高。分析GsWRKY15基因在野生大豆各组织中的表达特异性,发现该基因在各组织中均有表达,花中表达量最高。采用根癌农杆菌侵染苜蓿子叶节方法,将GsWRKY15转化肇东苜蓿,获得39株抗性植株。通过PCR、Southern blot和RT-PCR方法分析抗性植株,获得了超量表达GsWRKY15基因的转基因株系并对其进行了耐碱性分析。在150 mmol L–1 Na HCO3处理2周后转基因苜蓿生长状态良好,而非转基因苜蓿出现萎蔫、变黄,甚至死亡;非转基因苜蓿的相对质膜透性和丙二醛含量显著高于转基因苜蓿,而叶绿素含量显著低于转基因苜蓿;同时分析碱胁迫下转基因植株中胁迫相关基因的表达模式,发现H+-Ppase、NADP-ME、KIN1、RD29A基因的表达量高于非转基因苜蓿。结果表明GsWRKY15基因的超量表达能够显著增强苜蓿的耐碱能力。 相似文献
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类受体激酶基因Os SIK1具有通过激活抗氧化系统,增强水稻对于干旱和盐胁迫抗性的作用。为了丰富可利用的作物抗旱基因,获得具有较高抗旱水平的玉米新种质,通过超声波辅助花粉介导法,将水稻类受体激酶基因Os SIK1导入玉米自交系郑58中,并对转化株进行卡那霉素筛选及T1、T2、T3的PCR及Southern Blotting杂交等分子检测,获得转化植株并在T3获得转基因纯合株系。对T3转基因玉米和非转基因玉米对照以16.1%的PEG模拟水分胁迫进行抗旱性分析。结果表明,与对照相比,在水分胁迫处理下,转基因玉米株系叶片相对含水量提高了7.4%~19.8%,叶绿素含量提高了11.3%~106.9%,SOD活性上升45.8%~93.4%,而转基因玉米叶片的相对电导率下降了35.4%~58.1%,MDA含量下降了25.7%~50.4%,说明转Os SIK1基因玉米植株抗旱性得到提高,其中,5个转化株系与对照在抗旱性方面有显著差异,且生长状况明显优于对照。综上所述,研究最终获得5个转Os SIK1基因玉米株系,并证明导入水稻Os SIK1基因可以提高玉米植株的抗旱性。 相似文献
19.
为了了解美国梾木花粉活力及萌发特性,采用扫描电镜技术对13个美国梾木无性系花粉形态进行观测与方差分析,并采用荧光显微技术和TTC染色法对无性系2号花粉萌发特性及花粉活力进行观察。结果显示:(1)不同无性系间花粉大小差异不显著,但外壁纹饰差异较大,极面沟距的变异系数最高且遗传最为稳定。(2)花序开花率为75%时花粉活力最高,整花4℃条件下短期保存花粉活力较高。(3)授粉后,多数花粉可在柱头上正常萌发,72 h后花粉管即可进入子房。研究认为,花粉外壁及极面沟距可作为鉴定美国梾木无性系的形态指标,美国梾木花粉活力及萌发特性是抗逆及丰产杂交组合的重要保证。 相似文献
20.
Masako Akutsu Satomi Kitamura Ryo Toda Ichiro Miyajima Keiichi Okazaki 《Euphytica》2007,155(1-2):143-152
Tetraploid varieties of lilies have superior agronomic traits such as large flowers and resistance to physiological disorders.
In the present study, we attempted to induce 2n pollen of Asiatic hybrid lilies by arresting the meiotic process with nitrous oxide (N2O) gas. To determine which meiotic stage is optimal for induction of 2n pollen, plants with attached buds at different meiotic stages were treated with N2O for 24 h in a pressure-tolerant cylinder. A few 2n pollen grains were induced using plants with anthers in prophase I, whereas mixed pollen grains of differing size were produced
using plants undergoing meiotic metaphase predominantly in anthers. Although normal lily pollen grains are elliptical, nitrous
oxide exposure induced giant pollen grains that appeared spherical. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the giant pollen grains
were diploid. When mixed pollen that included normal and giant pollen was crossed to tetraploid cultivars, the resulting seedlings
were tetraploid and aneuploid, indicating that the giant pollen grains were diploids that could generate tetraploid seedlings
through fusion to diploid eggs supplied from a tetraploid female parent. Thus, treatment with N2O is useful for the production of 2n lily pollen and may provide a new approach for tetraploid lily breeding. 相似文献