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1.
干旱胁迫对不同抗旱性小麦种子萌发及幼苗根芽生物量分配的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为探讨冬小麦种子萌发期抗旱性与幼苗生物量分配的关系,以小麦抗旱型品种长旱58和干旱敏感型品种漯麦18为材料,采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫的方法,测定和分析了干旱胁迫后小麦种子发芽率、幼苗根冠比、叶绿素含量等16个指标的变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫后,长旱58种子发芽率无明显变化,漯麦18种子发芽率显著下降。干旱胁迫下长旱58种子发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和干物质转移量显著大于漯麦18,平均发芽时间显著小于漯麦18,长旱58幼苗根、芽的长度和干重及总干重均显著高于漯麦18。干旱胁迫显著增加漯麦18幼苗根冠比,对长旱58萌发第五和第七天的幼苗根冠比无显著影响。干旱胁迫显著降低漯麦18幼苗叶绿素含量,对长旱58无显著影响。由于小麦萌发期幼苗干物质累积取决于种子中营养物质的转移和呼吸消耗,因此推测种子营养物质的快速转移和低呼吸消耗有助于提高小麦萌发期的抗旱能力,促进干旱胁迫下种子萌发和幼苗生长。 相似文献
2.
为了探讨利用物理诱变技术创制小麦抗旱种质资源的可行性,采用60Coγ射线辐射诱变小麦品种涡9722,用30%PEG6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫,对227个M3代株行进行发芽试验和幼苗生长试验,测定发芽指标和幼苗的生长指标、生理指标。结果表明,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、苗高、叶数、根数、主根长、根干重、地上部分干重、根冠比、根含水率、苗含水率、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素含量等15个指标在M3代株行间差异极显著。以综合抗旱系数评价抗旱性,M3群体株行抗旱性的变异倾向于正偏态分布,抗旱性低于亲本的株行占61.2％,高于亲本的株行占38.8％。以超过M3群体株行综合抗旱系数均值±2×标准差筛选变异株行,有9个株行发生正向变异,其中株行176的综合抗旱性表现突出,抗旱萌发和抗旱生长的能力均较好。用类平均法对227个M3代株行进行聚类,当遗传距离为1.59时,M3代株行的抗旱性变异类型可分为6大类。 相似文献
3.
以45个玉米杂交组合为材料,利用20%PEG-6000溶液分别在萌发期和苗期模拟干旱胁迫,萌发期主要考察发芽率、发芽势等7个指标,苗期考察株高、根冠比等9个指标。利用主成分分析和隶属函数法分析萌发期和苗期的抗旱性表现,探讨2个时期的综合抗旱性。结果表明,根据萌发期抗旱性可将供试组合分为4类,瑞玉617等2个组合属于强抗旱型,正红6号等16个属于抗旱型,正红507等23个属于中等抗旱型,ZH719等4个属于干旱敏感型。根据苗期抗旱性可分为3类,ZH733等9个属于抗旱型,正红412等34个属于中等抗旱型,ZH606等2个属于干旱敏感型。根据芽苗期综合抗旱性可分为抗旱、中等抗旱和干旱敏感3类,其中,瑞玉617等14个组合抗旱,正红613等28个中等抗旱,ZH719等3个干旱敏感。分析认为,同时对玉米杂交组合的萌发期和苗期进行抗旱性评价更具有实践指导意义,更有利于针对性地选择适宜播种条件及苗期抗旱管理。 相似文献
4.
抗旱性不同的春小麦品种籽粒萌发期α-淀粉酶活性及其同工酶分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了解春小麦萌发期生理生化变化对干旱胁迫的响应及为早期抗旱筛选鉴定提供科学依据,选用抗旱性不同的9个春小麦品种为材料,在20%聚乙二醇(PEG6000)干旱胁迫下和非干旱胁迫下进行萌发试验,研究了α-淀粉酶活性及其同工酶的表达.结果表明:1)在两种胁迫处理下,α-淀粉酶活性在品种间都存在着差异,但干旱胁迫下抗旱品种α-淀粉酶活性显著高于干旱敏感品种;2)α-淀粉酶活性与胚芽鞘长度之间呈显著正相关;3)在20%PEG6000胁迫下,抗旱品种α-淀粉酶同工酶受抑制较小,条带较多,胚芽鞘长度与主胚根长度受抑制较小.因此认为,抗旱品种在干旱胁迫下有着较高的萌发势,可能与具有表达α-淀粉酶同工酶的强势基因型有关;干旱胁迫下α-淀粉酶活性和r淀粉酶同工酶可以作为春小麦抗旱性筛选和鉴定的指标. 相似文献
5.
为了解不同麦类种质的抗旱性,进一步发掘小麦近缘种的优势性状以改良小麦品种,2018—2019年在兰州新区和武威黄羊镇对引自国际玉米小麦改良中心（CIMMYT）的灌溉圃小麦、干旱半干旱圃小麦、合成小麦、硬粒小麦和小黑麦设置了正常灌溉和水分胁迫两种处理,在拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期对心叶或旗叶进行了叶绿素荧光动力学参数测定,并进行了农艺性状鉴定和产量测定,分析了不同生育期叶绿素荧光参数的变化及其与抗旱指数的关系。结果表明,水分胁迫对不同麦类作物产量构成因素的影响程度不同导致其抗旱性有差异。水分胁迫下,PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）、PSⅡ反应中心最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率（F′q/F′m）均较正常灌溉下降低,而非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）升高。随小麦发育进程推移,Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、F′q/F′m呈先升后降的趋势,NPQ呈上升趋势。荧光参数的变化说明,干旱胁迫导致PSⅡ结构受损,反应中心受到破坏,光能转化效率降低,电子传递受阻。灰色关联度分析显示,灌浆期荧光参数与抗旱指数的关联度较高,其次为抽穗期、拔节期,各荧光参数与抗旱指数关联度为Fv/Fm>F′q/F′m>Fv/Fo>NPQ。基于农艺性状、抗旱指数和叶绿素荧光参数,得出不同麦类种质的抗旱性强度依次为小黑麦、干旱半干旱圃小麦、灌溉圃小麦、合成小麦;筛选出9份优异材料,可用于今后小麦育种。 相似文献
6.
为探讨鉴定大豆品种抗旱性的简易方法,依据吸水后48h的发芽率对109个大豆种质材料进行抗旱性分级。继而在萌发期、营养生长期(V3)和生殖生长期(R4)进行盆栽控水试验,根据抗旱等级验证大豆植株的抗旱性。结果发现,大豆品种间抗旱性存在显著差异。种子吸水量与抗旱性无关,吸水后48h发芽率与抗旱性密切相关。幼苗侧根数量、主根长度和根系干重与抗旱性呈显著(P0.05)相关。对萌发后幼苗供水24h后,随即停水24h,反复干旱处理,抗旱品种存活率显著高于普通品种。在V3期对盆栽植株进行暂时萎蔫(土壤含水量为9%～11%)的水分胁迫处理,发现停水后普通品种叶片首先发生萎蔫,且株高、茎直径及叶面积下降的程度均高于抗旱品种。水分胁迫下,抗旱品种株高、茎直径和叶片面积均显著(P0.05)高于普通品种,其中茎直径和叶片面积达到极显著水平(P0.01)。在R4期暂时萎蔫的水分胁迫下,抗旱品种根的生物量和分枝的生物量显著(P0.05)高于普通品种。鼓粒期(R6)普通品种发生永久萎蔫、植株死亡,而抗旱品种仍能保持生长能力。研究结果表明,大豆种子48h发芽率可作为大豆品种抗旱性的鉴定和筛选方法,鼓粒期大豆对水分胁迫最敏感。 相似文献
7.
小麦萌发期对水分和盐胁迫敏感，对该时期水分和盐胁迫下种子萌发性状进行QTL定位具有重要的意义。本研究以小麦“泰农18×临麦6号” RIL群体为材料，以20%PEG-6000溶液和100 mmol·L-1 NaCl溶液分别模拟水分和盐胁迫环境，对种子萌发期10个性状进行了QTL定位。结果表明，在正常、水分胁迫和盐胁迫3种不同处理下各性状变异较大。相关分析表明，抗旱和耐盐可能是两个独立遗传的性状，胚芽鞘长可以作为节水抗旱的鉴定指标。3种处理下共检测到10个萌发相关性状的103个QTL，其中，17个为相对高频QTL（RHF-QTL），分布在7条染色体（1A、3A、3B、4B、7A、7B和7D）上，平均贡献率为7.55%~15.97%。这些RHF-QTL形成4个QTL簇（QTL cluster,QC），分布在3A、7A和7D染色体上。其中，7A染色体上的QC2包括3个RHF-QTLs（ QSdw-7A.1、 QGf-7A.1和 QGi-7A.1），均与小麦耐盐性相关；7D染色体上的QC3包括2个RHF-QTLs（ QGi-7D.1、 QGdrc-7D.1），均与小麦节水抗旱性相关。这2个QCs增加效应均来自母本泰农18。本研究获得的RHF-QTLs和QCs，可为小麦萌发期节水抗旱和耐盐分子标记辅助选择提供理论和技术支持。 相似文献
8.
不同玉米自交系萌发期抗旱性鉴定 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以35份玉米自交系为试验材料,采用渗透压为0.4 MPa的PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫,以发芽势、发芽率、萌发抗旱指数、贮藏物质转运率、胚根数、胚根长、胚芽长作为测定指标,利用抗旱系数(DC值)、主成分分析和聚类分析对玉米自交系的抗旱能力进行综合评价和分类。结果表明,干旱胁迫对玉米各项指标均产生不同程度影响,结合主成分分析和聚类分析,鉴定出抗旱型材料4份,分别为1153、1245、1246和PHT11;干旱敏感型材料3份,分别为PHJR5、LH284和A14242;其他28份分别为较抗旱型和干旱较敏感型材料。 相似文献
9.
小麦专用复方抗旱型浸种剂和包衣剂抗旱机理的初步研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为探讨小麦复方抗旱型浸种剂和包衣剂的抗旱机理及给其推广应用提供理论依据,以小麦品种临麦2号为材料,研究了干旱胁迫条件下小麦用复方抗旱型包衣剂和浸种剂及普通包衣剂处理后小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长、光合等生理指标的变化.结果表明,与普通包衣剂处理和对照相比,抗旱型包衣剂处理的小麦种子萌发率、发芽势降低,而抗旱型浸种剂处理的种子萌发率、发芽势升高,两种抗旱型种子处理剂处理下小麦幼苗根数和根长均显著增加.除气孔间隙CO2浓度外,抗旱型浸种剂和抗旱型包衣剂处理的幼苗地上部干重、叶片持水力和MDA含量低于对照和普通包衣剂处理,根干重、根冠比、叶绿素含量、气孔导度、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性均明显高于后二者,其中抗旱型浸种剂处理效果较佳.说明在干旱胁迫下复方抗旱型包衣剂和浸种剂处理可显著增加小麦幼苗根系生长、抗氧化、硝态氮利用和光合性能,浸种剂还可促进种子萌发,从而降低干旱胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害,提高小麦抗旱能力;抗旱型浸种剂表现优于包衣剂. 相似文献
10.
大豆种质资源苗期抗旱性评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用室内盆栽干旱胁迫方法,对11份大豆材料进行抗旱性分析,测定与抗旱性相关的茎干重、根干重、主根长、总根长、根冠比、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、相对含水量共8项生理和形态鉴定指标,以干旱胁迫与非干旱胁迫条件下获得的生理和形态指标,来评价各指标与苗期抗旱性的关系,结合灰色关联分析对不同大豆材料抗旱性进行分析。结果表明:抗旱性较强的是东农47、L-79、黑农44、Conrad,灰色关联度ri0.8为抗旱性较强的品种;嫩丰11、绥04-5804、石大豆1号、绥农29的关联度为0.8~0.6,为较抗旱品种;中黄10号和垦04-8579为较敏感品种,ri为0.6~0.5;方正秣食豆为敏感品种,关联度ri0.439。 相似文献
11.
12.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
14.
15.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
16.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
17.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
18.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献
19.
Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase). 相似文献
20.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献