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1.
Commercial hunting of Spanish wild ungulates has made them an important economic resource. Wild ungulates may have an important role in the maintenance of ixodid tick populations, and also as reservoirs of pathogens. We studied the ixodid ticks that parasitize Iberian red deer and European wild boar from Spain. Ixodid ticks (n=6,336) were collected from 431 Iberian red deer and 142 wild boar in different regions of Spain. We found 10 different ixodid tick species parasitizing Iberian red deer, mainly Hyalomma marginatum marginatum (63.7%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (7.9%) and R. bursa (7.5%). R. (Boophilus) annulatus was only collected in the province of Cádiz (southern Spain). We found 8 ixodid tick species on the wild boar, mainly Hy. m. marginatum (68.7%), R. bursa (14.6%) and Dermacentor marginatus (9.3%). We found one adult Hy. marginatum rufipes and one adult Hy. anatolicum excavatum parasitizing wild boar from south-central Spain. Mean prevalence of ixodid ticks was 41.3+/-0.08% (n=475) and 31+/-0.09% (n=284) and intensity of parasitization was 13.9+/-0.2 (n=283) and 13.6+/-0.3 (n=130) ticks/animal for Iberian red deer and wild boar, respectively. Only 5 of the 13 ixodid tick species found were shared by Iberian red deer and wild boar. This finding could indicate a host preference when Iberian red deer and wild boar share common habitats. In both Iberian red deer and wild boar from south-central Spain the monthly relative frequencies of Hy. m. marginatum and R. bursa presented an inverse pattern. The highest Hy. m. marginatum relative frequencies coincided with the lowest R. bursa relative frequencies along the year. R. bursa and I. ricinus were present in areas from northern to southern Spain while Hyalomma sp. and D. marginatus were exclusively collected in the two southern thirds of Spain. Haemaphysalis sp. and D. reticulatus were collected in northern Spain. Hy. m. marginatum and R. bursa were present during the whole year in red deer and wild boar from south-central Spain, showing more than one life cycle per year. These results are important for understanding the role of wild ungulates in the maintenance of tick infestations and to improve tick control programmes.  相似文献   

2.
One hundred and seventeen scrub hares, Lepus saxatilis, were examined for ixodid ticks in various regions of the Cape Province. They were infested with 18 tick species and the seasonal abundances of the immature stages of Amblyomma hebraeum, Amblyomma marmoreum, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum and all stages of Rhipicephalus oculatus and the adults of a Rhipicephalus sp. (near R. oculatus) were determined. Seventy-two scrub hares on 3 farms in the Orange Free State harboured 10 ixodid tick species and the seasonal abundances of the immature stages of H. marginatum rufipes and Hyalomma truncatum and all stages of Rhipicephalus punctatus were determined. Thirty Cape hares, Lepus capensis, examined in the northern Cape Province harboured 5 tick species and the seasonal abundances of the immature stages of H. marginatum rufipes and H. truncatum were determined. Thirty-four Cape hares examined in the south-western Orange Free State carried 6 tick species and the seasonal abundance of immature H. marginatum rufipes was determined on these animals. Twenty-eight Smith's red rock rabbits examined on 2 farms in the south-western Orange Free State were infested with 7 tick species.  相似文献   

3.
The tick burdens of 10 crowned guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), shot at approximately 3-monthly intervals in the Mountain Zebra National Park, and of 21 crowned guinea fowl from the Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve, the majority of which were shot at monthly intervals, were determined. No adult ticks were recovered from any of the guinea fowl. The birds in the Mountain Zebra National Park harboured 4 species of ixodid ticks of which Amblyomma marmoreum was the most abundant and most prevalent. Three birds also harboured Hyalomma marginatum turanicum. Six ixodid tick species were present on guinea fowl in the Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve. Of these Amblyomma hebraeum was the most abundant and all the birds were infested. Most of these birds were also infested with A. marmoreum and Haemaphysalis silacea and some harboured Hyalomma marginatum rufipes. The seasonal abundance of ticks on crowned guinea fowl is discussed.  相似文献   

4.
In this study, the hard ticks, whole blood and serum samples collected from small ruminants (sheep and goat) in middle Black Sea region of Turkey where Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) human cases were observed in the past years were surveyed for the presence of RNA and specific IgG antibodies from CCFH virus (CCHFV). CCHFV RNA was found in 30 of 255 tick pools (11.76%) and nine of 105 (8.57%) leucocyte samples. No CCHFV genomic RNA was detected from animals in Yildizeli and Vezirkopru. However, CCHFV RNA was found from animals in Gerze and Resadiye. Seventy-eight of 105 goat and sheep blood serum samples tested were antibody-positive for CCHFV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (goat: 42/63; sheep: 36/42). Viral RNA was detected from tick samples in all of four provinces. Positivity rates for the provinces varied and were as follows: Gerze 13.04%, Resadiye 35.41%, Vezirkopru 1.61% and Yildizeli 6.06%. CCHFV genomic RNA was detected in four of seven tick species tested. These results suggest that these hard ticks may act as a reservoir for CCHFV in northern Turkey.  相似文献   

5.
A total of 48 springbok, 48 gemsbok, 23 kudus and 6 giraffes were examined for ticks and lice, while 9 Burchell's zebras and 6 Hartmann's mountain zebras were examined only for ticks. Springbok and gemsbok were shot in both the Etosha National Park in the north and the Hardap Nature Reserve in the south of Namibia. All the other animals were shot in the Etosha National Park. A total of 7 ixodid tick species and 8 lice species were recovered. The springbok carried few ticks. The adults of a Rhipicephalus sp. (near R. oculatus) were most numerous on the gemsbok, especially during November. The kudus were the only animals harbouring Rhipicephalus zambeziensis. Adult Hyalomma truncatum, followed by adult Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, were most abundant on the giraffes and adult Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus were commonest on the zebras.  相似文献   

6.
The study reports the frequency of infestation and the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in feeding adult ticks detached from cattle in two climatic zones of the Black Sea region of Turkey. A total of 2160 adult ticks were collected during 2007-2008. Of these, 1062 were randomly selected, divided into 224 pools, and tested for the presence of bovine Theileria, Babesia, and Anaplasma species. Eleven tick species were recognized on cattle in the study. Hyalomma marginatum was widely disrubuted in the semi-arid bioclimatic zone, but few specimens were collected in the humid bioclimatic zone. The most prevalent tick species in the humid climatic zone was Ixodes ricinus. Infection rates were calculated as the maximum likelihood estimation with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Overall, 4% (CI 2.87-5.44) of 224 tick pools were found to be positive for the pathoges by Reverse line blot. Maximum likelihood estimation of the infection rate varied among tick species, ranging from 2.68% (CI 0.16-12.68) in Haemaphysalis sulcata to 10.49% (CI 4.07-23.66) in Rhipicephalus bursa. The most prevalent tick-borne pathogen was Anaplasma phagocytophilum at 6.78% (CI 3.41-12.18) followed by A. centrale (6.56%, CI 0.42-31.47), Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp. (3.61%, CI 1.99-6.06), Babesia spp. (3.33%, CI 1.65-6.03), and T. buffeli/orientalis (2.71%, CI 0.73-7.18). Sequencing results indicated that Babesia spp. shared 99% to 100% similarity with the unnamed Babesia sp. Kashi 1 and 2, Babesia sp. Kayseri 1 and Babesia sp.CS58. Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp. were 98% and 100% identical to Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia sp. Omatjenne strain, respectively.  相似文献   

7.
In this comparative study unfed nymphs of four Hyalomma tick species (Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, Hyalomma detritum and Hyalomma marginatum marginatum) were allowed to engorge on calves experimentally infected with Theileria annulata. The infection prevalence in the salivary glands of the adult female and male ticks of each Hyalomma species used in the study were assessed. The infection prevalence with T. annulata was high and did not vary markedly in the four Hyalomma tick species. The mean number of infected acini per tick in female and male ticks was different with female ticks having higher numbers of infected acini than the male ticks. The sex difference was more significant between H.a. anatolicum and H.a. excavatum than between H. detritum and H.m. marginatum. This study clarifies the roles of four Hyalomma tick species, and their sex, in the development of T. annulata.  相似文献   

8.
The objective of this study was to assess the host status of the three largest southern African wild ruminants, namely giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis, African buffaloes, Syncerus caffer, and eland, Taurotragus oryx for ixodid ticks. To this end recently acquired unpublished data are added here to already published findings on the tick burdens of these animals, and the total numbers and species of ticks recorded on 12 giraffes, 18 buffaloes and 36 eland are summarized and discussed. Twenty-eight ixodid tick species were recovered. All stages of development of ten species, namely Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, Haemaphysalis silacea, Ixodes pilosus group, Margaropus winthemi, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum, Rhipicephalus maculatus and Rhipicephalus muehlensi were collected. The adults of 13 species, of which the immature stages use small mammals as hosts, namely Haemaphysalis aciculifer, Hyalomma glabrum, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Hyalomma truncatum, Ixodes rubicundus, Rhipicephalus capensis, Rhipicephalus exophthalmos, Rhipicephalus follis, Rhipicephalus gertrudae, Rhipicephalus lounsburyi, Rhipicephalus lunulatus, Rhipicephalus pravus group and Rhipicephalus simus, were also collected.  相似文献   

9.
Four to 10 Dorper sheep on each of 12 farms in the Cape Province and 3 farms in the Orange Free State were examined for adult ixodid ticks at approximately 2- to 4-weekly intervals over periods varying from 4 to 18 months, commencing during January, February or April 1989. The farms in the Cape Province were located in the north-west, south-west and south of the province. Those in the Orange Free State were situated in the north-east and in the south. The sheep in the Cape Province harboured 10 species of ixodid ticks and the seasonal abundances of Ixodes rubicundus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus gertrudae and Hyalomma truncatum were determined. The animals in the Orange Free State were infested with 7 tick species and the seasonal abundances of I. rubicundus, R. evertsi and Hyalomma marginatum rufipes were determined.  相似文献   

10.
Ticks were collected at approximately bi-monthly intervals between June 1996 and June 1997 from crested francolins, Francolinus sephaena, and from the vegetation on a mixed cattle and wildlife farm in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The birds were infested with the immature stages of 13 tick species, of which Amblyomma hebraeum, Amblyomma marmoreum and Hyalomma marginatum rufipes were the most numerous and prevalent. Ten ixodid tick species were collected from the vegetation, of which the immature stages of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi were the most numerous. No adult ticks were collected from the birds and only two from the vegetation. The restricted home range of crested francolins implies that they could serve as a source of tick infestation only for other animals within the same habitat as the birds.  相似文献   

11.
Ticks parasitizing wild carnivores and the tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) that they transmit may affect domestic carnivores and humans. Thus, investigating the role of wild carnivores as tick hosts is of relevance for understanding the life cycle of ticks in natural foci and the epidemiology of TBPs shared with domestic animals and humans. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the ixodid tick fauna of wild carnivores in Peninsular Spain and the environmental factors driving the risk of wild carnivores to be parasitized by ixodid ticks. We hypothesized that the adaptation of tick species to differing climatic conditions may be reflected in a similar parasitization risk of wild carnivores by ticks between bioclimatic regions in our study area. To test this, we surveyed ixodid ticks in wild carnivores in oceanic, continental-Mediterranean, and thermo-Mediterranean bioclimatic regions of Peninsular Spain. We analyzed the influence of environmental factors on the risk of wild carnivores to be parasitized by ticks by performing logistic regression models. Models were separately performed for exophilic and endophilic ticks under the expected differing influence of environmental conditions on their life cycle. We found differences in the composition of the tick community parasitizing wild carnivores from different bioclimatic regions. Modelling results partially confirmed our null hypothesis because bioclimatic region was not a relevant factor influencing the risk of wild carnivores to be parasitized by exophilic ticks. Bioclimatic region was however a factor driving the risk of wild carnivores to be parasitized by endophilic ticks. Spanish wild carnivores are hosts to a relevant number of tick species, some of them being potential vectors of pathogens causing serious animal and human diseases. Information provided herein can be of help to understand tick ecology in Spanish wildlife, the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases, and to prevent the risks of TBPs for wildlife, domestic animals, and humans.  相似文献   

12.
A total of 13 ixodid tick species, Boophilus microplus, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Haemaphysalis cornupunctata, Haemaphysalis himalaya, Heamaphysalis montgomeryi, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma marginatum isaaci, Hyalomma (Hyalommina) brevipunctata, Hyalomma (Hyalommina) hussaini, Nosomma monstrosum, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, and R. turanicus were collected off 424 buffaloes from the northwestern states of India. Ten tick species, Amblyomma testudinarium, B. microplus, Haemaphysalis anomala, Haemaphysalis arborensis, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Haemaphysalis intermedia, Haemaphysalis nepalensis, Haemaphysalis neumanni, R. haemaphysaloides, and R. turanicus parasitising 194 buffaloes were collected from the northeastern states of India. In addition to tick-buffalo relationships, the incidence of haemoparasites in buffalo from these two regions was studied and the possible role of these ticks in disease transmission was discussed. Examination of blood films and lymph smears revealed Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina in 6.2 and 2.6%, respectively, of buffaloes tested in the northeastern states, and 14.9 and 4.7%, respectively, in the northwestern states.  相似文献   

13.
In a cross sectional survey conducted during the period June 2001 to July 2002, the geographical distribution of ticks on cattle in the Sudan was determined. Seventeen locations were surveyed from Northern, Central, Eastern, Western, Blue Nile and White Nile Provinces. Total body collections of ticks were made from 20 cattle at each location. Four tick genera and 11 species were identified. The tick species collected included Amblyomma lepidum, Amblyomma variegatum, Boophilus decoloratus, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma impeltatum, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Hyalomma truncatum, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus sanguineus group and Rhipicephalus simus simus. Major ecological changes have occurred due to extensive animal movement, deforestation, desertification and establishment of large mechanized agricultural schemes. These factors have certainly affected the distribution of ticks and tick-borne diseases in the Sudan. The absence of A. variegatum and A. lepidum in northern Sudan was not surprising, since these tick species are known to survive in humid areas and not in the desert and semi-desert areas of northern Sudan. The absence of B. annulatus in northern and central Sudan is in accordance with the finding that this tick species is restricted to the southern parts of the central Sudan. The presence of H. anatolicum anatolicum in Um Benin in relatively high abundance is an interesting finding. The present finding may indicate that the southern limit of this species has changed and moved southwards to latitude 13 degrees N. It is concluded that major changes in tick distribution have taken place in the Sudan.  相似文献   

14.
The present study was carried out to detect tick species that infest cattle, and Theileria and Babesia species transmitted by these ticks in Kayseri province (Turkey). A total of 300 cattle were examined for tick infestations. Of the 300 cattle, 117 (39%) were infested with ticks. A total of 1160 ticks belonging to 11 Ixodid genera were collected from the infested animals and their shelters. The most prevalent tick species was Boophilus annulatus 26.37% (306/1160) followed by Hyalomma marginatum marginatum 21.12% (245/1160) and Rhipicephalus turanicus 18.7% (217/1160). The collected ticks were separated into 43 tick pools, according to their species. These pools were examined for bovine Theileria and Babesia species (Theileria sp., Babesia sp., Theileria annulata, T. buffeli/orientalis, Babesia bigemina, B. bovis and B. divergens) by using the reverse line blotting method (RLB). Of the 43 tick pools examined, 6 (14%) were infected with B. bigemina, 4 (9.3%) with T. annulata, and 1 (2.3%) with Babesia sp., whereas 1 (2.3%) displayed mixed infection with T. annulata + B. bigemina. The sequence and phylogenetic analyses of Babesia sp., which could not be identified to the species level by RLB, were performed. In the phylogenetic tree, Babesia sp. (Kayseri 1) grouped with Babesia sp. (Kashi 2), Babesia sp. (Kashi 1), Babesia sp. (Xinjiang) and B. orientalis with 96.8-100% identity.  相似文献   

15.
Seventy-six helmeted guineafowls (Numida meleagris) were shot in the Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve and on an adjacent farm in the eastern Cape Province during the period May 1985 to January 1987 and their tick burdens determined. A total of 10 ixodid tick species were recovered, of which Amblyomma hebraeum, Amblyomma marmoreum and Haemaphysalis silacea were the most abundant. The seasonal abundances of these 3 species and of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes were ascertained. A marked difference between the total number of A. hebraeum recovered from the birds in the reserve and those on the farm is ascribed to the treatment of domestic stock on the farm with an acaricide. The tick burdens of 118 helmeted guineafowls, shot in the southern part of the Kruger National Park, eastern Transvaal Lowveld, from August 1988 to August 1990, were also determined. Ten ixodid tick species and the larvae of an argasid species were recovered. A. hebraeum, A. marmoreum and the Argas sp. were the most abundant and their seasonal abundances and that of Rhipicephalus zambeziensis were determined. Only 2 of the 54,659 ixodid ticks recovered from the birds at the 3 localities were adults and the presence of these is ascribed to accidental infestations.  相似文献   

16.
The tick burdens of 115 Merino sheep, slaughtered over a period of 15 consecutive months on a farm in the north-eastern Orange Free State, were determined. A total of 7 ixodid and 1 argasid tick species were recovered and the seasonal abundances of Boophilus decoloratus, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Margaropus winthemi and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi were determined. One hundred and forty-nine Merino sheep were slaughtered over periods varying from 10 to 25 months on 3 farms in Eastern Province Thornveld in the eastern Cape Province and their tick burdens determined. Fourteen ixodid tick species were recovered from these animals and the seasonal abundances of Amblyomma marmoreum, B. decoloratus, Haemaphysalis silacea, R. evertsi evertsi and Rhipicephalus nitens were ascertained. On a farm in Valley Bushveld in the eastern Cape Province, 2 Dorper sheep were slaughtered each month for a period of 24 consecutive months. These 48 sheep harboured 10 ixodid tick species and the seasonal abundances of A. marmoreum, H. silacea, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum were determined. A total of 17 ixodid tick species, of which 12 had reached the adult stage, where recovered from the sheep on the 5 farms.  相似文献   

17.
Tick infestation of Borana cattle in the Borana Province of Ethiopia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A study was conducted to identify and determine burdens of ticks infesting Borana cattle in the Borana Province of Ethiopia. Rhipicephalus pulchellus, Rhipicephalus pravus, Rhipicephalus muhsamae, Rhipicephalus praetextatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Amblyomma gemma, Amblyomma variegatum, Amblyomma cohaerens, Amblyomma lepidum, Hyalomma truncatum, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes and Boophilus decoloratus were identified on the cattle. Their burdens ranged from 658-1,554 with a mean of 1,205 ticks per animal. Out of the total 6,025 ticks collected, about 82% were R. pulchellus, followed by R. pravus (about 8%) and A. gemma (5%). The other nine species of ticks accounted for only 5% of the total burdens. It is suggested that a strategic tick control method, aimed mainly at reducing the R. pulchellus burdens, with the objective of allowing a reasonable number of ticks to remain on cattle for the maintenance of endemic stability to tick-borne diseases be instituted.  相似文献   

18.
A total of 2388 cattle and 442 shelters, from two provinces (Elazig and Malatya) endemic for tropical theileriosis in the east of Turkey, were studied for Hyalomma tick populations from July 1993 to July 1995 in Elazig and from May 1998 to January 1999 in Malatya. Four thousand five hundred and eighty one of 7455 Hyalomma ticks were collected from cattle, the other ticks (2874) were collected from shelters. All of the ticks collected from shelters were Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Two thousand eight hundred and ninety five (63.1%) of 4581 Hyalomma ticks collected from cattle were H.a. anatolicum. 23.8% (1047/4581), 11.7% (536/4581) and 0.6% (3/4581) of Hyalomma ticks were Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, Hyalomma detritum and Hyalomma marginatum marginatum, respectively. A total of 5909 Hyalomma adult ticks collected from cattle (3362/5909) and shelters (2447/5909) were dissected and salivary glands were stained with Methylgreen/Pyronin method. Thousand one hundred and fifty (46.9%) of 2447 H.a. anatolicum collected from shelters and 412 (19.1%) of 2147 H.a. anatolicum collected from cattle were positive for Theileria infection. Twenty (2.4%) of 820 H.a. excavatum and 23 (4.6%) of 495 H. detritum collected from cattle were positive. The mean number of infected acini per infected male and female ticks collected from cattle were 11.3 and 22.4 in H.a. anatolicum, 4 and 6.8 in H.a. excavatum, 17.9 and 18.3 in H. detritum, respectively. In H.a. anatolicum collected from shelters, the above rates were 11.8 and 17.6 in male and female ticks, respectively. The prevalence and intensity of Theileria infection was greater in female ticks than in males.  相似文献   

19.
A reverse line blot hybridisation (RLB) of 21 oligonucleotides with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified regions of 16S rRNA (Ehrlichia/Anaplasma group) or 18S rRNA (Babesia/Theileria group) genes of haemoparasites detected Theileria annulata, T. buffeli/orientalis, Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, Ehrlichia bovis, Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale and unknown species within the Rickettsia tribe.A very high prevalence of mixed infections was detected, which indicated that animals infected with Babesia spp. were also infected with Theileria spp. and/or Anaplasma spp.The tick distribution appeared to be seasonal with Hyalomma marginatum as the most frequently observed tick and Boophilus annulatus and Ixodes ricinus as the least frequently observed ticks. Other species identified in the 818 ticks collected during the five sampling periods between April 1998 and November 1999 included H. lusitanicum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus group, R. bursa, Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis punctata, B. annulatus and I. ricinus.  相似文献   

20.
A survey was carried out to investigate the prevalence of hard tick species (Acari: Ixodidae) on cattle and sheep southeast of Iran. A total of 972 ticks were collected from 280 infested cattle and 1,207 ticks were collected from 632 infested sheep during activating seasons of ticks in 2008–2009. The species collected from cattle were Hyalomma marginatum marginatum (50.92%), Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (25.61%), Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (8.12%), Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum (1.85%), and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (13.47%) while the species collected from sheep were R. sanguineus (36.37%), H. marginatum marginatum (30.65%), H. anatolicum excavatum (19.05%), H. asiaticum asiaticum (10.52%), Hyalomma detritum (3.14%), and Dermacentor marginatus (0.24%). The results show that, H. marginatum marginatum, H. anatolicum excavatum, and R. sanguineus are dominant tick species in the surveyed area.  相似文献   

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