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1.
Five red shikonin pigments, deoxyshikonin, shikonin, acetylshikonin, isobutylshikonin, and beta-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin, were isolated from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon cultivated in Korea. The purified pigments were red, purple, and blue at acidic, neutral, and alkaline pH values, respectively. Physical stability of the purified pigments against heat and light in an aqueous solution was examined for possible value-added food colorants. The thermal degradation reactions were carried out at pH 3.0 (50 mM glycine buffer) in 50% EtOH/H(2)O. Deoxyshikonin (t(1/2) = 14.6 h, 60 degrees C) and isobutylshikinin (t(1/2) = 19.3 h, 60 degrees C) are relatively less stable than other shikonin derivatives (t(1/2) = 40-50 h, 60 degrees C). Activation energies of thermal degradation of the isolated pigments were calculated. The activation energy of deoxyshikonin was the highest (12.5 kcal mol(-)(1)) and that of beta-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin was the lowest (1.71 kcal mol(-)(1)) value. Light stabilities of the pigments were similar to each other in that the half-life values of photodegradation for 20000 lx light intensity were 4.2-5.1 h.  相似文献   

2.
Adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis) is a complex process including the coordinated changes in hormone sensitivity and gene expression in response to various stimuli. Natural compounds are known to be involved in the regulation of this process. Here we investigated the effects of dietary apigenin, a plant flavonoid, on adipogenesis. Apigenin suppressed adipocyte differentiation of mouse adipocytic 3T3-L1 cells and reduced the accumulation of intracellular lipids. Quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that apigenin decreased the levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and its target genes such as fatty acid binding protein 4 (aP2) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Apigenin decreased or had no effect on the expression of lipolytic genes such as adipose triglyceride lipase, hormone sensitive lipase, and monoacyl glyceride lipase, thereby reducing glycerol release from adipocytes. Noteworthily, apigenin activated 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in an apigenin dose-dependent manner, which activation is known to suppress adipogenesis. These results provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanism involved in the action of apigenin: the apigenin-induced activation of AMPK leads to decreased expression of adipogenic and lipolytic genes, thus suppressing adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Thus, dietary apigenin may contribute to lower body-fat content and body-weight gain through the activation of AMPK.  相似文献   

3.
Black soybean seed coat extract (BE) is a polyphenol-rich food material consisting of 9.2% cyanidin 3-glucoside, 6.2% catechins, 39.8% procyanidins, and others. This study demonstrated that BE ameliorated obesity and glucose intolerance by up-regulating uncoupling proteins (UCPs) and down-regulating inflammatory cytokines in C57BL/6 mice fed a control or high-fat diet containing BE for 14 weeks. BE suppressed fat accumulation in mesenteric adipose tissue, reduced the plasma glucose level, and enhanced insulin sensitivity in the high-fat diet-fed mice. The gene and protein expression levels of UCP-1 in brown adipose tissue and UCP-2 in white adipose tissue were up-regulated by BE. Moreover, the gene expression levels of major inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were remarkably decreased by BE in white adipose tissue. BE is a beneficial food material for the prevention of obesity and diabetes by enhancing energy expenditure and suppressing inflammation.  相似文献   

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5.
Shikonin is a main constituent of the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon that has antimutagenic activity. However, its other biological activities are not well-known. Shikonin displayed a strong inhibitory effect against human colorectal carcinoma COLO 205 cells and human leukemia HL-60 cells, with estimated IC(50) values of 3.12 and 5.5 microM, respectively, but were less effective against human colorectal carcinoma HT-29 cells, with an estimated IC(50) value of 14.8 microM. Induce apoptosis was confirmed in COLO 205 cells by DNA fragmentation and the appearance of a sub-G1 DNA peak, which were preceded by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cytochrome c release, and subsequent induction of pro-caspase-9 and -3 processing. Cleavages of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and DNA fragmentation factor (DFF-45) were accompanied by activation of caspase-9 and -3 triggered by shikonin in COLO 205 cells. Here, we found that shikonin-induced apoptotic cell death was accompanied by upregulation of p27, p53, and Bad and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L), while shikonin had little effect on the levels of Bax protein. Taken together, we suggested that shikonin-induced apoptosis is triggered by the release of cytochrome c into cytosol, procaspase-9 processing, activation of caspase-3, degradation of PARP, and DNA fragmentation caused by the caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease through the digestion of DFF-45. The induction of apoptosis by shikonin may provide a pivotal mechanism for its cancer chemopreventive action.  相似文献   

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7.
It is known that green tea has the ability to prevent obesity, but the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood to date. A preventive mechanism of green tea on obesity in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet was investigated by evaluating the expression levels of obesity-related proteins in mesenteric white adipose tissue by using protein array. An increase in the expression level of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-1 by green tea was found in the white adipose tissues of both control and HF diet-fed mice by protein array and confirmed by Western blot. Moreover, the expression level was negatively correlated with adipose tissue weight. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, treatment with green tea and its major polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, induced the expression of IGFBP-1 in a dose-dependent manner by Western blot. In conclusion, IGFBP-1 in adipose tissue is a novel molecule target for the prevention of obesity by green tea.  相似文献   

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9.
成熟脂肪去分化技术可为研究脂肪细胞分化提供均一的前体脂肪细胞。本研究分离培养了猪成熟脂肪细胞,并去分化为前体脂肪细胞。本实验采用Ⅱ胶原酶消化后离心分离1~3日龄仔猪(Susscrofa)皮下脂肪组织,天花板法培养获得成熟脂肪细胞。显微镜下观察脂肪细胞去分化形态学变化,并在成脂诱导培养液的作用下诱导再分化。采用油红O染色法检测分化不同时期细胞脂滴聚集效率,脂滴的累积随诱导的进行不断增加。RT-PCR检测成熟脂肪细胞标志基因过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体(PPARγ)和和脂肪酸结合蛋白4(FABP4)的mRNA相对表达量,分化早期基因表达水平较低,其表达水平在分化过程中持续增高,在分化后期PPARγ相对表达量与诱导分化前增加了2.8倍,FABP4增加了约62倍(差异显著P<0.05)。说明去分化获得的前体脂肪细胞在成脂诱导培养液作用下,可有效地分化为成熟脂肪细胞。本研究优化了猪成熟脂肪细胞分离和培养体系,并通过去分化获得具有再分化能力的前体脂肪细胞,为进一步深入研究猪脂肪细胞分化与代谢提供技术平台。  相似文献   

10.
Drinking an herbal tea to lose weight is a well-liked concept. This study was designed to examine the possible improvement of obesity phenotype by a new tea represented by its purified components, gallic acid, ellagic acid, and rubusoside (GER). Male obese-prone SD rats were given low-fat diet, high-fat diet, or high-fat diet plus GER at the dose of 0.22 g/kg of body weight for 9 weeks. GER significantly reduced body weight gain by 22% compared to the high-fat diet control group with 48% less abdominal fat gain. Food intake was not affected. Blood glucose was lowered in the GER-treated group, whereas serum triglycerides and cholesterol were significantly reduced by 50%. This improved obesity phenotype may be associated with the attenuated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells. Although other underlying, possibly multiple, mechanisms behind the improved phenotype are largely unknown, the observed improvement of multiple obesity-related parameters by the new tea warrants further investigations.  相似文献   

11.
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12.
In this study, we investigated the antiobesity properties of Petalonia binghamiae extract (PBE) in mice in which obesity was induced with a high-fat diet (HFD). PBE administration (150 mg/kg/day) for 70 days decreased body weight gain, adipose tissue weight, and the serum triglyceride level in mice fed a HFD. PBE reduced serum levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase as well as the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver. PBE restored the HFD-induced decrease in phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in epididymal adipose tissue. PBE increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC and decreased the expression of SREBP1c in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, we further explored the active compound responsible for AMPK activation by PBE in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Fucoxanthin isolated from PBE increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC with increasing LKB1 phosphorylation in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Taken together, these data suggest that PBE (or fucoxanthin) exert improving effects on HFD-induced obesity by promoting β-oxidation and reducing lipogenesis.  相似文献   

13.
Much attention has been focused on food that may be beneficial in preventing diet-induced body fat accumulation and possibly reduce the risk of diabetes and heart disease. Cornelian cherries (Cornus mas) are used in the preparation of beverages in Europe and also to treat diabetes-related disorders in Asia. In this study, the most abundant bioactive compounds in C. mas fruits, the anthocyanins and ursolic acid, were purified, and their ability to ameliorate obesity and insulin resistance in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet was evaluated. Mice were initially fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks and then switched to a high-fat diet containing anthocyanins (1 g/kg of high-fat diet) and ursolic acid (500 mg/kg of high-fat diet) for an additional 8 weeks. The high-fat diet induced glucose intolerance, and this was prevented by anthocyanins and ursolic acid. The anthocyanin-treated mice showed a 24% decrease in weight gain. These mice also showed decreased lipid accumulation in the liver, including a significant decrease in liver triacylglycerol concentration. Anthocyanin and ursolic acid treated mice exhibited extremely elevated insulin levels. Both treatments, however, showed preserved islet architecture and insulin staining. Overall, these data suggest that anthocyanins and ursolic acid purified from C. mas fruits have biological activities that improve certain metabolic parameters associated with diets high in saturated fats and obesity.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
Cinnamaldehyde (CA), one of the active components of cinnamon, has been known to exert several pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and antidiabetic activities. However, its antiobesity effect has not been reported yet. This study investigated the antidifferentiation effect of CA on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and the antiobesity activity of CA was further explored using high-fat-diet-induced obese ICR mice. During 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes, 10-40 μM CA was treated and lipid contents were quantified by Oil Red O staining, along with changes in the expression of genes and proteins associated with adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. It was found that CA significantly reduced lipid accumulation and down-regulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins α (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) in concentration-dependent manners. Moreover, CA markedly up-regulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and these effects were blunted in the presence of AMPK inhibitor, compound C. In the animal study, weight gains, insulin resistance index, plasma triglyceride (TG), nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), and cholesterol levels in the 40 mg/kg of CA-administered group were significantly decreased by 67.3, 55, 39, 31, and 23%, respectively, when compared to the high-fat diet control group. In summary, these results suggest that CA exerts antiadipogenic effects through modulation of the PPAR-γ and AMPK signaling pathways.  相似文献   

16.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on newly developed high-fat/Western-style diet-induced obesity and symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat/Western-style (HFW; 60% energy as fat and lower levels of calcium, vitamin D(3), folic acid, choline bitartrate, and fiber) or HFW with EGCG (HFWE; HFW with 0.32% EGCG) diet for 17 wks. As a comparison, two other groups of mice fed a low-fat diet (LF; 10% energy as fat) and high-fat diet (HF; 60% energy as fat) were also included. The HFW group developed more body weight gain and severe symptoms of metabolic syndrome than the HF group. The EGCG treatment significantly reduced body weight gain associated with increased fecal lipids and decreased blood glucose and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels compared to those of the HFW group. Fatty liver incidence, liver damage, and liver triglyceride levels were also decreased by the EGCG treatment. Moreover, the EGCG treatment attenuated insulin resistance and levels of plasma cholesterol, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), interlukin-6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Our results demonstrate that the HFW diet produces more severe symptoms of metabolic syndrome than the HF diet and that the EGCG treatment can alleviate these symptoms and body fat accumulation. The beneficial effects of EGCG are associated with decreased lipid absorption and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines.  相似文献   

17.
Enhancement of natural pigment extraction using Bacillus species xylanase   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Pigment extracts from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon are used as natural red dyes, as well as basic drugs due to their numerous pharmacological activities. In recent years, the demand for such natural pigment materials has increased; however, in natural dye production, the pigment yield is strongly affected by the source of cultivation, extracting conditions, and solvents. Accordingly, this study proposes a method of enzymatic pigment production based on the introduction of hydrolytic enzymes prior to the usual extraction to avoid repeated pigment extraction. The matrix destruction in the epidermal layer of the root by the enzymes was found to improve the pigment extractability, that is, the increment of K(L), the mass transfer coefficient, representing the pigment mobility in the epidermal layer. The root tissue maceration by the hydrolytic enzymes was also measured to evaluate the pigment extractability, and a linear relationship was observed between the K(L) values and the tissue maceration up to the addition of 3000 units/g of xylanase, indicating that the enzymatic maceration proportionally increases the interfacial area between the pigment and the solvent. Bacillus sp. DX107 xylanase only served to increase the extractability of the pigment by loosening the root shell matrix, without affecting the contents and color properties of the pigment, as almost no difference was found in the color between the pigments extracted using xylanase and those extracted according to the traditional method.  相似文献   

18.
Safflomide (N-caffeoyltryptamine) is a phenolic amide with serotonin receptor antagonist and antioxidant activities. We investigated the potential effects of safflomide on the expression of adipokines in vitro and in vivo. Safflomide did not affect the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1/CCL2 in hypertrophic 3T3-L1 cells but upregulated adiponectin mRNA 1-5-fold at concentrations between 1 and 20 μM (p < 0.05). Because safflomide is a non-selective 5-HT receptor antagonist and because the expression of 5-HT2A receptor is often inversely correlated to adiponectin expression, the potential effects of 5-HT receptor antagonist activity of safflomide on the expression of adiponectin was further investigated in 3T3-L1 cells. At the concentration of 10 μM, safflomide was able to increase adiponectin protein production in 3T3-L1 cells more than 4-fold (p < 0.05), which was greater than the 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin. The upregulation was partially suppressed by treatment with 5-HT2A agonists (serotonin and α-Me-5-HT), suggesting that safflomide may upregulate adiponectin expression more than by blocking 5-HT2A receptors in 3T3-L1 cells. Likely, the upregulation was also attributed to the antioxidant activity of safflomide because two safflomide analogues (N-cinnamoyltryptamine and N-coumaroyltryptamine) with less antioxidant activity were not as potent as safflomide. Rats supplemented with safflomide (3 mg/day) in a high-fat diet showed a significant plasma adiponectin increase (more than 30%) with a significant reduction in body weight, visceral fat, and improved insulin resistance compared to non-supplemented rats, demonstrating the in vivo activity of safflomide. These data suggest that safflomide may have beneficial effects on obesity-related conditions, such as low adiponectin, visceral obesity, and insulin resistance.  相似文献   

19.
The montane grassland soils of Europe store significant amounts of nitrogen (N), and climate change might drive their volatilization due to the stimulation of gaseous nitrous oxide (N2O) and dinitrogen (N2) losses. Hence, a thorough, mechanistic understanding of the processes responsible for N loss and retention such as denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) in these soils is urgently needed. Here we aimed to explore the relationships between denitrifier gene abundance and expression with N2 and N2O production and the importance of DNRA versus denitrification in nitrate consumption and N2O production for typical montane grassland soils of Southern Germany. In a laboratory incubation experiment with glucose and nitrate addition, we combined direct measurements of N2O and N2 production with a molecular analysis of the denitrifier communities involved in nitrite, nitric oxide (NO) and N2O reduction and with the quantification of DNRA. The soils originated from a space-for-time climate change experiment, where intact plant-soil mesocosms were exposed for three years either to ambient conditions at a high elevation site (“HE” control treatment) or to predicted climate change conditions (warming, reduced summer precipitation and reduced winter snow cover) by translocation to lower elevation (“LE” climate change treatment).The abundance (DNA) of cnorB genes was significantly reduced in LE soils, whereas the abundance of nosZ genes did not differ between the HE and LE soils. However, the decreased abundance of cnorB genes unexpectedly resulted in slightly increased rather than decreased potential N2O emissions. This effect could be explained by the increased levels of cnorB mRNA and, therefore, the higher physiological activity of the NO reducers in the LE soils. In contrast with the DNA levels, the dynamics of the cnorB mRNA levels followed N2O emission patterns, whereas the nosZ expression was strongly correlated with the N2 emission (R2 = 0.83). The potential rates of DNRA were approximately one-third of the rates of denitrification, and DNRA was not a source for N2O.We conclude that DNRA significantly competes with denitrification in these soils, thus contributing to N conservation. This work demonstrates that the molecular analysis of nosZ gene expression has great potential to contribute to solving the enigmatic problem of understanding N2 loss from soil.  相似文献   

20.
王莹  张婷  黄璐璐 《核农学报》2019,33(8):1569-1574
为探究葡萄籽原花青素(GSP)对营养肥胖模型大鼠肠粘膜通透性的影响,本试验设置了正常、模型、低剂量、中剂量及高剂量5个处理组,其中正常组投喂普通饲料,灌胃3 mL蒸馏水;模型组和低、中、高剂量组选用32只高脂饲料诱导的肥胖大鼠,模型组灌胃蒸馏水,低、中、高剂量组分别灌胃75、162.5、250 mg·kg-1BW·d-1GSP,灌胃处理6周再禁食12 h后处死,经解剖后测定各处理组大鼠的生理生化相关指标。结果表明,高脂饲料造模成功率48.75%;与模型组相比,低、中、高剂量组大鼠D-乳酸、乳果糖/甘露醇排出率显著降低,回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度、紧密连接蛋白Occludin和 ZO-1 表达量显著升高;高剂量组大鼠的回肠杯状细胞数显著升高。综上,葡萄籽原花青素可以改善肥胖应激导致的大鼠肠道粘膜屏障损伤,这在一定程度上揭示了葡萄籽原花青素减肥降脂的作用机理。  相似文献   

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