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1.
The myrmecophilus beetle Myrmecaphodius excavaticollis (Blanchard) was found to have species-specific cuticular hydrocarbons acquired-from one of its hosts, the ant Solenopsis richteri Forel. Removal from its ant host resulted in loss of the host hydrocarbons, leaving a cuticular pattern innate to the beetle. When beetles were transferred to colonies of three other Solenopsis species, they acquired the specific hydrocarbons associated with each of the new hosts. This passive integration mechanism is coupled with the beetle's armored exterior to enable it to cope with multiple aggressive hosts. 相似文献
2.
为了揭示藏东南地区蚂蚁群落的分布规律,采用样地调查法和搜索调查法研究了德姆拉山东坡及察隅河谷蚂蚁物种的分布格局。共采集到蚁科(Formicidae)昆虫5亚科,22属,47种,其中猛蚁亚科(Ponerinae)5属7种,伪切叶蚁亚科(Pseudomyrmecinae)1属1种,切叶蚁亚科(Myrmicinae)8属19种,臭蚁亚科(Dolichoderinae)2属2种,蚁亚科(Formicinae)6属18种。在德姆拉山东坡和察隅河谷垂直带上,分布上限超过4 200 m的宽生态幅物种只有6个:棒结红蚁(Myrmica bactriana Ruzsky)、莱曼蚁(Formica lemani Bondroit.)、吉市红蚁(Myrmica jessen-sis Forel)、光亮黑蚁(Formica candida Smith)、红蚁待定种2(Myrmica sp.2)和史密西红蚁(Myrmica smythiesii For-el),而众多的狭生态幅物种分布上限低于2 500 m。在垂直地带上,蚂蚁物种丰富度主要受气温因素制约,同时受到地形和植被因素的影响。原生地带性植被内栖息了更多的蚂蚁物种,而次生性植被内物种相对贫乏。另外,蚂蚁物种对栖息生境、觅食和筑巢场所等微生境表现出明显的选择分化。环境制约和蚂蚁物种选择分化的共同作用促成了区域内蚂蚁群落丰富的分布格局。 相似文献
3.
Koh LP Dunn RR Sodhi NS Colwell RK Proctor HC Smith VS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5690):1632-1634
To assess the coextinction of species (the loss of a species upon the loss of another), we present a probabilistic model, scaled with empirical data. The model examines the relationship between coextinction levels (proportion of species extinct) of affiliates and their hosts across a wide range of coevolved interspecific systems: pollinating Ficus wasps and Ficus, parasites and their hosts, butterflies and their larval host plants, and ant butterflies and their host ants. Applying a nomographic method based on mean host specificity (number of host species per affiliate species), we estimate that 6300 affiliate species are "coendangered" with host species currently listed as endangered. Current extinction estimates need to be recalibrated by taking species coextinctions into account. 相似文献
4.
藏东南色季拉山蚂蚁物种的分布格局 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了揭示藏东南地区蚂蚁的生态学规律,采用样地调查法和搜索调查法首次研究了色季拉山蚂蚁物种的分布格局。在色季拉山记载蚁科昆虫3亚科14属31种,其中,猛蚁亚科2属3种,切叶蚁亚科7属17种,蚁亚科5属11种。在色季拉山地区,大多数蚂蚁物种（大约2/3）对高山环境的适应性较弱,仅分布于3000m以下的低海拔区域;分布于30... 相似文献
5.
The haplodiploid sex-determination system of ants gives rise to conflict between queens and workers over colony sex ratios, and the female-biased allocation ratios seen in many species suggest that workers often prevail in this conflict. We exchanged queens between male- and female-specialist colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. These exchanges quickly reversed the sex-ratio biases of adopting colonies. The sex ratio of queen-laid eggs differed strongly between male- and female-specialist colonies. These findings suggest that queens can force workers to raise male sexuals by limiting the number of female brood and help to explain why sex investment ratios lie between the queen and worker equilibria in this and many other ant species. 相似文献
6.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying differences in beak morphology likely involve interactions among multiple embryonic populations. We exchanged neural crest cells destined to participate in beak morphogenesis between two anatomically distinct species. Quail neural crest cells produced quail beaks in duck hosts and duck neural crest produced duck bills in quail hosts. These transformations involved morphological changes to non-neural crest host beak tissues. To achieve these changes, donor neural crest cells executed autonomous molecular programs and regulated gene expression in adjacent host tissues. Thus, neural crest cells are a source of molecular information that generates interspecific variation in beak morphology. 相似文献
7.
Telfer S Lambin X Birtles R Beldomenico P Burthe S Paterson S Begon M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6001):243-246
Most hosts, including humans, are simultaneously or sequentially infected with several parasites. A key question is whether patterns of coinfection arise because infection by one parasite species affects susceptibility to others or because of inherent differences between hosts. We used time-series data from individual hosts in natural populations to analyze patterns of infection risk for a microparasite community, detecting large positive and negative effects of other infections. Patterns remain once variations in host susceptibility and exposure are accounted for. Indeed, effects are typically of greater magnitude, and explain more variation in infection risk, than the effects associated with host and environmental factors more commonly considered in disease studies. We highlight the danger of mistaken inference when considering parasite species in isolation rather than parasite communities. 相似文献
8.
The diversity of tropical herbivorous insects has been explained as a direct function of plant species diversity. Testing that explanation, we reared 2857 flies from flowers and seeds of 24 species of plants from 34 neotropical sites. Samples yielded 52 morphologically similar species of flies and documented highly conserved patterns of specificity to host taxa and host parts. Widespread species of plants can support 13 species of flies. Within single populations of plants, we typically found one or more fly species specific to female flowers and multiple specialists on male flowers. We suggest that neotropical herbivorous insect diversity is not simply a function of plant taxonomic and architectural diversity, but also reflects the geographic distribution of hosts and the age and area of the neotropics. 相似文献
9.
Cultivation of fungi for food by fungus-growing ants (Attini: Formicidae) originated about 50 million years ago. The subsequent evolutionary history of this agricultural symbiosis was inferred from phylogenetic and population-genetic patterns of 553 cultivars isolated from gardens of "primitive" fungus-growing ants. These patterns indicate that fungus-growing ants succeeded at domesticating multiple cultivars, that the ants are capable of switching to novel cultivars, that single ant species farm a diversity of cultivars, and that cultivars are shared occasionally between distantly related ant species, probably by lateral transfer between ant colonies. 相似文献
10.
拟石斛(Oxystophyllum changjiangense)为海南岛特有的珍稀濒危附生兰科植物。为阐明其附生特性,笔者以分布于海南省霸王岭国家自然保护区的拟石斛为例,在系统调查其资源现状、生境特征及宿主种类的基础上,对其附生宿主的专一性、在宿主上的分布特点及附生个体数量与宿主胸径、树皮特性的相关性等进行分析。结果表明,86.6%的拟石斛个体分布在海拔800~1 000 m且主要附生在山地雨林中水源附近的高大乔木上;附生宿主18种,多见于木兰科、壳斗科、漆树科及梧桐科的植物;附生指数在0.32~0.94之间,其中白花含笑、长柄梭罗和红锥的附生指数接近于1;拟石斛全都分布在宿主的一级分支或二级分支处,二者差异性不显著;附生数量与宿主胸径呈显著性正相关(R=0.397,P0.05),拟石斛对树皮特性选择具有偏好性。 相似文献
11.
Hölldobler B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1976,192(4242):912-914
Many species of ants engage in physical fighting when territorial borders are challenged. In contrast, colonies of the honeypot ant species Myrmecocystus mimicus conduct ritualized tournaments, in which hundreds of ants perform highly stereotyped display fights. Opposing colonies summon their worker forces to the tournament area by means of an alarm-recruitment system. When one colony is considerably stronger than the other, the tournament quickly ends, and the weaker colony is raided and its ants "enslaved." This is the first example of intraspecific slavery recorded in ants. 相似文献
12.
海南省番石榴根结线虫病病原的种类鉴定及其寄主范围的测试 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
对源白海南省3地侵染番石榴的9个根结线虫群体进行了形态观察和同工酶分析，对4个代表性群体在10种常见经济作物15个品种上的繁殖力进行了测试。同工酶鉴定结果表明，病原线虫为象耳豆根结线虫（Meloidogyne enterolobii）。生物测试发现或证实：携带Mi基因的抗性番茄以及菜豆、豇豆、茄子、黄瓜、西瓜、辣椒、烟草为供试象耳豆根结线虫群体的高度适宜寄主，大豆为低度适宜寄主，棉花为非寄主。寄主范围的测试结果提示，象耳豆根结线虫可潜在地对农业生产造成巨大的经济损失。 相似文献
13.
Smiley J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,201(4357):745-747
Larval growth rates of Heliconius butterflies do not closely parallel host plant choice, an indication that factors other than host plant chemistry are important in evolving host specificity. High growth rate in one species is correlated with reduction in number of palatable host species. This suggests a mechanism by which ecologically restricted species become progressively biochemically specialized. 相似文献
14.
首次对滇中、滇南、滇西以及滇西南地区不同宿主、生境的野生裂褶菌Schizophyllum commune资源进行采集,并阐述了裂褶菌宿主特性以及生长地的生境条件。分离到不同宿主、生境的裂褶菌菌株407个,宿主植物共75种,分属于30科,其中单子叶植物4种,双子叶植物64种,裸子植物7种。菌株生态分布的海拔范围为372～3321m。 相似文献
15.
从1990年10月上旬至1991年4月中旬,在丰都县进行了角倍蚜最适宜越冬寄主匐灯藓类人工藓盘植藓养蚜越冬效果对比试验,并于野外调查不同种的匐灯藓上自然越冬的角倍蚜越冬世代存活情况,筛选出丰都县角倍蚜最优冬寄主为侧枝匐灯藓(侧枝匐灯藓凹顶变种)及钝叶匐灯藓。同时调查了该县该三种藓类分布广泛而丰富的自然资源状况,为大面积发展五倍子人工经营的可能性提供了倍蚜虫冬寄主资源状况方面的依据。 相似文献
16.
Social insects live in societies that include both reproductive and nonreproductive adults. Understanding the factors that determine which individuals become successful reproductives is necessary to explain the evolution of these societies. The phenotypic effects of the gene Pgm-3 (or a closely linked gene) that may cause workers of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta to selectively execute all queens of a specific genotype were investigated. These effects, which involve differences in queen reproductive development, are expressed only in colonies exhibiting a particular type of social organization (multiple-queen colonies), and it is only in such colonies that selective execution on the basis of genotype occurs. This is an unusual example of genotype-environment interaction in gene expression in which the environmental component is the social environment. The queens executed are, surprisingly, those with the greatest reproductive development. Thus, there is a counterintuitive relation between the potential and realized reproductive success of queens in multiple-queen societies of this ant. 相似文献
17.
【目的】明确梨火疫病病原菌（Erwinia amylovora ）三型分泌系统（type Ⅲ secretion system,TTSS）的所在区域、相关基因及Erwinia spp.的HrpA（hypersensitive response and pathogenicity gene A）选择压水平。【方法】利用生物信息学方法,通过BLAST程序对梨火疫病菌基因组的核苷酸数据库进行同源比对,同时对Erwinia spp.与宿主互作的表面蛋白HrpA进行选择压分析。【结果】TTSS分析结果显示在40 kb大小的毒力岛上有27个TTSS相关基因。通过与看家基因及毒力岛上的致病性相关的重要基因HrpN的比较、选择压分析、多序列比较,发现HrpA基因处于较强的选择压作用下,且HrpA蛋白N端主要受正向选择,C端主要受净化选择。NJ法构建的HrpA系统发育树显示Erwinia spp.形成两个明显的分支,表明HrpA基因可能在种间分化后产生了不同的选择压变化。【结论】梨火疫病病原菌基因组3.14－3.18 Mb为其TTSS分布区域。该病原菌通过TTSS侵染寄主植物,在其病原菌表面有一种类鞭毛结构的TTSS蛋白HrpA,HrpA作为传输者起着将效应分子输送到宿主内部的功能,在进化上受到了较强的选择压影响。 相似文献
18.
Enchenopa binotata is a complex of six treehopper species that have diverged along host plant lines. When females were forced to oviposit on "adopted" host plants, few eggs were deposited. Fewer eggs hatched on "adopted" hosts and those that did hatch did so in response to the phenology of the "adopted" host. Mortality of nymphs on "adopted" hosts was substantially higher than on native hosts. These and other data support a sympatric model of speciation through shifts in host plants. 相似文献
19.
Differences in the distribution of parasitized and unparasitized hosts has been used to infer modification of host behavior by insect parasitoids. Data are presented showing that not only do parasitized hosts behave differently from unparasitized ones, but that the behavior of parasitized hosts varies in function of the physiological state of the parasitoid. Aphids containing nondiapausing parasitoids leave the aphid colony and mummify on the upper surface of the leaves, whereas those containing diapausing parasitoids leave the host plant and mummify in concealed sites. Modification of host behavior by diapausing parasitoids results in the selection of a suitable microhabitat that reduces the incidence of hyperparasitism and should decrease the action of adverse climatic conditions during the lengthy dormant period. 相似文献
20.
深圳市蚂蚁区系与分类研究(膜翅目:蚁科) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为揭示深圳市的蚂蚁区系特点,采用样地调查法在其6个行政区海拔3～944 m范围11类生境9种植被类型中采集蚂蚁标本32 255头。经分类鉴定,有4亚科,18属,35种,发现14个广东省新记录种,暗首姬猛蚁(Hypoponera opaciceps(Mayr))为中国大陆新记录种。列出了物种名录和地理分布,分析了蚂蚁物种的分布类型和区系成分。深圳市的蚂蚁区系具有典型的东洋界特征,具有入侵能力的物种有13个。红火蚁(Solenopsis invicta Buren)是最危险的入侵物种,其繁殖和扩散能力强,防治难度大,在未来的预防和防治工作中应当高度重视。 相似文献