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1.
The ability of auxin-treated T. scleroxylon cuttings to root was affected by the prior management of potted stockplants. In undecapitated single-stem stockplants more cuttings from upper rather than lower mainstem nodes rooted; a difference paralleled by leaf water potential immediately after severance, although there was also a positive relationship with internode length. The rooting percentage of mainstem cuttings from unpruned stockplants ranged from 15% to 43% whereas that of cuttings from the lateral shoots of pruned stockplants ranged from 40% to 83%. Considerably more cuttings rooted from stockplants which were severely pruned than from those where decapitation removed only the top node; there seemed to be an inverse relationship with the number of shoots per plant and the carbohydrate: nitrogen ratio. However, in tall pruned stock- plants, more cuttings from lower lateral (basal) than from upper (apical) shoots rooted, although the differences between cuttings from basal and apical lateral shoots were less when the stockplants’ mainstems were orientated at 45° or kept horizontal, instead of vertically. Adding NPK 16 weeks before harvesting cuttings from 10-node vertical stockplants increased the rooting ability of cuttings from basal shoots without affecting the rooting of those from apical shoots. More lateral shoot cuttings rooted when two, instead of one or four lateral shoots were allowed to develop per stockplant, this being associated with less cutting mortality than occurred in pruned stockplants. In stock- plants with two shoots, cuttings from basal lateral shoots rooted better than those from apical shoots, although without competition from basal shoots. The rooting of apical shoots was enhanced by application of a complete fertilizer. The presence of basal shoots reduced the rooting ability of apical shoots even with the fertilizer application. Many of the effects of lateral branch position on rooting may be related to light intensity, for greater rooting percentages occurred among cuttings from lower, more shaded, than from upper less shaded branches. This positional effect was eliminated when branches were uniformly illuminated.  相似文献   

2.
The length of the annual shoots produced on hedges of the plum rootstock Prunus insititia ‘Pixy’ was determined more by the duration of their growth than by their growth rate. The most dominant shoots from the distal part of the framework grew for more than 16 weeks while weak shoots from lower down the framework stopped growing in half that time. There was a curvilinear relationship between shoot length and the proximal diameter of the cutting prepared from it, for shoots from various sources comprising different levels of winter pruning and different parts of the framework of the bush. The extent to which rooting potential was expressed was determined by the management of the rooting medium. When this was too wet, cutting bases developed necrosis which was particularly prevalent in the thinner cuttings. This problem was avoided by planting cuttings with their bases on rapidly draining sand rather than in granulated bark. Under these circumstances percentage rooting decreased with increasing cutting thickness. Before necrosis was controlled in this way rooting increased with increasing proximal stem diameter up to 6-8 mm, reflecting the susceptibility of thin cuttings to over-wet conditions.  相似文献   

3.
SUMMARY

Rooting of leafless winter hardwood cuttings of the plum rootstock Prunus insititia ‘Pixy’ increased as the location from which the shoots were taken from within specially grown stockplants decreased in height above ground, associated with a parallel reduction in shoot thickness. However, the actual height of the least-ready-rooting crown cuttings had no effect on rooting, suggesting that relative rather than absolute position is important. Rooting was unaffected by bark-ringing and trunk incision distal to the shoot position, suggesting that such treatments did not interfere with a basipetally translocated root promotor which might have accounted for improved rooting of cuttings in the lower parts of the hedge. The rooting of crown cuttings above a bark ring was reduced considerably compared with that of cuttings from normal bushes, and this was associated with increased thickness of shoots distal to the ring. Delaying pruning in spring until after growth had started resulted in thinner crown shoots compared with those from plants pruned normally while dormant, and the rooting of these thinner crown shoots was much higher than that of the normal crown cuttings. It was shown by covariance analysis that shoot thickness accounted for part of the rooting response but could not account for the total effect due to shoot position within the bush, ringing, or time of pruning. Competence to root appears to develop independently in individual shoots, modified by a shoot thickness factor which favours the subordinate shoots induced in the shoot hierarchy of severely pruned hedges.  相似文献   

4.
The rooting ability of one-node leafy cuttings of Eucalyptus globulus decreased rapidly with distance from the (decapitated) apical node. The young and immature leaves close to the shoot apex usually promoted rooting whereas the apex itself had little effect or was detrimental. In apical cuttings with an equivalent complement of leaves, increasing stem volume (and woodiness at the base of the cutting) slightly reduced rooting. The swelling of the stem at the base of shoots from coppice or potted plants also reduced rooting when present at the base of the cutting, whereas the inclusion of the root/shoot junction of seedlings promoted rooting. Cuttings from small seedlings rooted well and the roots sometimes emerged directly from the stem, whereas in non-seedling cuttings, roots nearly always arose from callus. The survival of cuttings in the propagation environment varied between trials. In apical cuttings with the same leaf complement, survival tended to increase with woodiness at the base of the cutting, but in contiguous one-node cuttings this tendency was overcome by the leaves, the soft apical nodes surviving better than the more proximal woodier nodes.  相似文献   

5.
Summary

The rooting potential of four types or origins of Prunus avium cuttings from the same mature trees (over 20 years-old) was compared using a mist propagation bed during early Summer (June). The cuttings originated from juvenile sucker shoots of the current and previous year, and mature crown shoots (current year’s lateral ‘long-shoots’ and multi-year terminal ‘short shoots’). The morphological differences in inter-node length, stem diameter and leaf area between the four cutting types were highly significant (P = 0.05), leading to large differences in cutting volume and, so it is argued, to assimilate reserves. Juvenile cuttings rooted well (65% and 77% rooting for hardwood and softwood shoots, respectively), while mature cuttings rooted poorly (4% and 7% for mature hardwood and softwood cuttings, respectively). Leaf abscission was significantly more frequent in mature hardwood cuttings (16 – 78%) than in the other cutting types (1.6 – 9%) at the end of the propagation period. Leaf loss resulted from two processes: abscission and leaf rotting. Physiologically (i.e., in carbon assimilation, leaf transpiration and stomatal conductance), the four cutting types were not significantly different early in the post-severance period (day-4); but, by day-22, stomatal conductance was lowest in mature hardwood cuttings that still had leaves. At this time, the most physiologically-active unrooted cuttings were from juvenile hardwood and mature softwood shoots. The extent of physiological and morphological variability between cutting types and their probable impact on processes affecting rooting ability is complex and highly interactive. Consequently, it is not possible to explain the causes of the variation in rooting ability between juvenile and mature cuttings, although this study suggests that the constraints to rooting are likely to reflect physiological differences between the different cutting types. It is concluded that, to resolve the debate about factors that affect the rooting ability of juvenile and mature cuttings (i.e., ontogenetic vs. physiological ageing), there is a need to achieve morphological and physiological comparability in the tissues.  相似文献   

6.
In one-node stem cuttings of Eucalyptus granáis the absence of leaves was fatal. The optimum leaf area per leaf for rooting was 2-5 cm2, and in this range rooting was higher in one-leaf than in two-leaf cuttings. Axillary shoots started to develop soon after the cuttings were set and their growth was promoted by the presence of the subtending leaf. Thus, in one-leaf cuttings the shoot in the leafy axil grew, at the expense of the shoot in the defoliated axil, while in two-leaf cuttings the shoot in the upper (sub-opposite) axil tended to grow more quickly. Axillary shoots were also vigorous in cuttings from decapitated and disbudded mother plants. Rapid shoot growth was associated with low rates of abscission of the subtending leaf and relatively high rooting ability. Removing axillary shoots from cuttings accelerated leaf abscission and reduced rooting. The stem of the cutting often swelled and discoloured from the base, apparently due to the demand of the cutting for water. Additional leaf wounds had no effect on rooting (but increased mortality), while immersing cuttings in water before setting, or leaving them in a loose heap on the propagation bench, promoted rooting.  相似文献   

7.
Optimum conditions for rooting hardwood cuttings of several plum rootstocks have been determined with respect to season of cutting collection, the thickness of shoot and the part of the shoot used as the cutting, the concentration of rooting hormone applied to the base of the cutting and the basal temperature in the rooting medium.

Rooting occurred most readily during autumn and again in late winter and spring. Cuttings made from “thin” shoots generally rooted more readily than those from “thick” ones but the position along the shoot from which the cutting was made was usually unimportant.

Some clones, including Myrobalan B and St. Julien A, responded to increasing concentrations of 4(indolyl-3) butyric acid (IBA) to an optimum at 5,000 p.p.m. and to increasing bottom heat to about 20° C. Others, including Brompton and Pershore, were relatively unresponsive to both of these factors under the conditions of these experiments.  相似文献   

8.
Current year shoot cuttings were collected in October and August from three growth habits of peach (Compact, Pillar, and Standard) and treated with one of four concentrations of indole butyric acid (0, 250, 1250, and 2500 mg L−1 IBA). Rooting response was measured after 5 weeks in the greenhouse. Little or no rooting occurred with cuttings from any growth habit that was collected in October or in August when treated with 0 and 2500 mg L−1 IBA. In August, the number of shoots that rooted was greater in cuttings from Pillar (79 and 45%) than Compact (13 and 3%) treated with 250 and 1250 mg L−1 IBA, respectively. Cuttings from Standard trees had intermediate rooting of 56 and 6% at 250 and 1250 mg L−1 IBA, respectively. Pillar trees consistently grew more roots with greater root length per cutting than the other growth habits. It is proposed that differences in rooting response among the growth habits may be associated with differences in endogenous auxin concentration that had been found in previous studies. Within peach and possibly other fruit trees, the capacity of shoot cuttings to develop adventitious roots can vary by cultivar and successful root induction with exogenous plant growth regulators may depend, in part, on endogenous hormone levels.  相似文献   

9.
《Scientia Horticulturae》2005,103(4):479-488
The effect of the mature leaf retention and the exogenous application of flavonoids (naringenin, quercetin and rutin at 30 μM for 12 h) was studied for adventitious rooting of Ilex paraguariensis cuttings. Softwood cuttings harvested from young 3-year-old plants and adult 10- and 20-year-old plants were rooted under intermittent fog. A strong correlation (r2 = 0.72) between leaf retention and rooting was noted. The highest percentage of adventitious root formation (40%) was obtained when the leaf was artificially removed after 42 days of incubation. This data was supported by the histological analysis which provided anatomical evidence that cuttings have initiated root primordia by 21 days and the regenerated roots emerge through the epidermis after 35 days of incubation. A strong correlation between the position of the leaf and the site of roots regeneration was observed. A 100% of the rooted cutting with a single leaf only formed roots along the leaf axis at the base of the cutting. Quercetin increased the rooting percentage more than three times compared to the control and all flavonoids tested improved the distribution of roots around the stem without impacting the number of regenerated roots per rooted cutting from 20-year-old plants.  相似文献   

10.
香椿扦插繁殖的研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
以红香椿的根条和枝条为试材 ,采用正交试验设计进行扦插繁殖育苗试验 ,结果表明 :香椿根条扦插优于枝条扦插 ,长插穗扦插效果优于短插穗 ;两种插条生根部位有所不同 ,枝插条是愈伤组织生根 ,根插条则以皮部型生根为主 ,少部分为愈伤组织生根。根条和枝条扦插繁殖可用于香椿大规模育苗生产 ,采用直径 0 .5cm以上的根和直径 0 .8cm以上的枝 ,于 3月底扦插 ,剪截长度分别为 8cm、12cm ,扦插前插条下端用HL4 3生根剂分别处理 15～ 2 0s(秒 )、5s(秒 ) ,插于沙床 ,生根率达 94 .3%。  相似文献   

11.
Summary

Cuttings from trees of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), particularly mature ones, root with great difficulty. A greenhouse experiment assessed the effects of two strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A4 and TR105) on softwood cuttings from two sources: ten year old trees of cv. Li and a tree approximately 40 years old of the cv. Contorta. The cuttings were collected and trimmed to 7.5 cm. Ten weeks after inoculation, both strain and source of cutting influenced visible symptoms of infection. Jujube cuttings were more responsive to TR105 than to A4, and the ‘Li’ cuttings were more responsive than ‘Contorta’ cuttings. Strain TR105 was very effective in increasing rooting percentages and root number. ‘Li’ cuttings had better rooting percentages, greater root number, and greater root length than did the ‘Contorta’ cuttings. Inoculation with A. rhizogenes may also possess great potential for promoting adventitious root formation in other difficult woody ornamental or fruit tree species.  相似文献   

12.
An additional wound at the base of one-node stem cuttings of Eucalyptus grandis increased rooting. Girdling intact shoots reduced rooting in cuttings harvested from them, while girdling cuttings at setting had little effect, suggesting that the internal phloem was active in basipetal transport in the stem. The vertical distribution of roots in additionally wounded cuttings also suggested a changed pattern of efflux from the internal phloem, as well as an increase in water uptake. In one-leaf cuttings more roots emerged from the leaf trace sector of the stem than from the trace of the absent leaf. In two-leaf cuttings the circumferential distribution of roots was uniform except in cuttings (a) reduced to a half-round cross-section at the base, in which rooting was more profuse at the lower of two sites of root emergence, and (b) from lateral coppice shoots whose stems were red-pigmented above with anthocyanins, in which there was less rooting than expected in the red sector. Stem volume was well related to rooting ability, largely explaining variation due to the original position of the cutting within the shoot and crown.  相似文献   

13.
Stem cuttings of 3 Labiatae spices, oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and balm (Melissa offinicalis L.) were analyzed for their rooting- patterns and initial establishment under controlled conditions.Approximately 100% of cuttings from all 3 species rooted, but the number of roots per cutting varied in the order: oregano > balm > peppermint. Treatment of cuttings with IBA, IAA and Hormex increased both the number of roots per cutting and the rate of root formation in all 3 species. This effect was, however, dependent on their natural capacity for root formation, with the greatest effect on the slowest root producer, balm, where root number increased 3-fold.Enhanced root formation was reflected in increased fresh-weight accumulation by both root and shoot systems. Hormone treatment also increased shoot length of peppermint. All the above mentioned effects were concentration-dependent. Thus, hormonal treatment of cuttings of these 3 Labiatae spices clearly aided early establishment, and especially so in cuttings which were initially less vigorous.  相似文献   

14.
《Scientia Horticulturae》2001,89(3):195-206
In the classical method of strawberry micropropagation, the rooting phase is done in vitro. The trials were undertaken to replace in vitro rhizogenesis by a direct ex vitro rooting. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphological and physiological status of strawberry plants rooted by both methods. The micropropagated shoots of strawberry, cultivars Senga Sengana, Kent and Kama were rooted by the standard method at the in vitro stage or they were treated as soft cuttings and rooted ex vitro (in non-sterile conditions). After a 4-week rooting period the plantlets rooted ex vitro had larger root systems than in vitro-rooted ones, as evidenced by a significantly lower ratio of shoot to root dry weights (2.95, 3.33 and 4.24, respectively, for ex vitro rooted Senga Sengana, Kent and Kama plants versus 5.09, 6.95 and 5.04 for in vitro rooted plants of the same cultivars). During subsequent growth, differences in development increased and were most pronounced in runner formation, more than twice as many runners were formed by ex vitro, than by in vitro-rooted plants. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters showed that photochemical activity was similar in the leaves from plants rooted in vitro and ex vitro. Values of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters indicated that persistent leaves play the key photosynthetic role at the beginning of the growth period. With the formation of new leaves, the photosynthetic activity of the persistent leaves decreased and their function was taken over by the newly formed ones.  相似文献   

15.
Either before or after curing their cut surfaces for 5 days, 7 cm- and 15-cm-long decapitated Hylocereus trigonus cuttings were treated by soaking their apical or basal ends in benzyladenine (BA) solution. They were then planted and grown in a greenhouse.For the 7 cm-long cuttings, BA (25–100 mg l?1) applied to the apical ends for 24 h increased the ratio of cuttings with sprouted buds to 64–100%, the number of sprouted buds to 1.9–3.1 and of shoots to 1.6–2.8, and the shoot length to 35–60 mm, compared to the water control which showed 13%, 1.0, 1.0 and 12.5 mm, respectively. Soaking the basal part had only a small effect.Naphthylacetic acid (NAA) applied to the basal ends of cuttings immediately after cutting increased the number of sprouted buds and shoots by inducing early rooting. The number and length of BA-induced axillary shoots in the longer cuttings was greater than those in the shorter ones.In the 15-cm-long cuttings, increasing the soaking time from 5 min to 24 h resulted in a greater promotive effect of BA on shoot formation. BA applied before curing showed the same effect as that given after curing but caused necrosis of the tissue just under the cut surface. Enlarging the area soaked in BA solution from 5 cm to 10 cm decreased the number of sprouting buds and shoots.  相似文献   

16.
Root formation in chrysanthemum (Dendranthemum grandiflora (Ramat.) Kitamura) cuttings was reduced as flowers developed on stock plants. This effect was shown for all ten cultivars evaluated in this study. Not all cultivars were affected equally by the presence of flower buds on cuttings. There was no relationship (r2 = 0.06) between root formation in vegetative cuttings and the ability for a cultivar to root from flowering cuttings. IBA (1 mM) could partially overcome the negative effect of flowering on root formation, but cuttings taken after the flower buds had fully opened failed to root even after auxin treatment. Removing buds from cuttings or continually removing flower buds during stock plant growth reduced rooting compared to cuttings with flower buds intact. Furthermore, cuttings taken from the top three nodes of the stock plant containing flower buds rooted comparably to cuttings taken from the lower stem section that contained only vegetative buds. The negative influence of flowering on root formation appears to be due to the photoperiodic induction of the flowering stimulus rather than a direct competition for resources between flowers and developing roots.  相似文献   

17.
Terminal stem cuttings of Telopea speciosissima were collected from two locations at monthly intervals and treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) in combination with benomyl. Cuttings taken in the first half of spring, at the beginning of vegetative growth, gave the highest percentage of rooted cuttings and the greatest length of adventitious roots per rooted cutting. Cuttings taken from the environment most suited for the growth of the mother plants also produced the highest percentage of rooted cuttings, but their root length did not differ significantly between the two locations. Pre-treatment of cuttings with 4000 p.p.m. IBA (concentrated solution dip method) initially gave the highest percentage of rooted cuttings and longest root length, but there was evidence for a delayed toxicity to IBA applied at this level. Pre-treatment with 2000 p.p.m. IBA is therefore recommended.Benomyl increased the percentage of rooted cuttings, but did not affect root length, possibly due to its fungicidal rather than cytokinin activity.  相似文献   

18.
Summary

The influence of the ethylene action inhibitors STS and 1-MCP on poststorage performance and subsequent rooting of cuttings was investigated in Epipremnum pinnatum. Unfavourable storage conditions resulted in decreasing poststorage quality of single-eye cuttings, expressed as leaf drop and yellowing. 1-MCP and STS prohibited leaf drop and yellowing in E. pinnatum. STS pretreatment decreased rooting ability significantly, measured as percentage of rooted cuttings, number of roots, total root length and dry weight. STS caused severe injuries to the cuttings, which were worse if the cuttings were stored rather than propagated immediately. There was no significant difference in rooting between 1-MCP treated cuttings and untreated control in either stored or unstored cuttings. The influence of ethylene action inhibitors on rooting and a possible use of 1-MCP for practical use to increase poststorage performance in cuttings are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
The response to IBA treatments in different planting seasons of four plum cultivars, as measured by rooting and field establishment, was investigated during 1986 and 1987. Among the four cultivars, ‘Santa Rosa’ gave the largest rooting percentage, number of primary and secondary roots per cutting, length and diameter of roots and field survival. The European cultivars ‘Greengage’ and ‘Early Transparent Gage’ showed poor rooting and field establishment. The cuttings planted during summer under mist gave better rooting and field establishment than dormant season- or autumn-planted cuttings. Similarly, IBA treatment of cuttings with 2000 mg l−1 during summer and 3000 mg l−1 during dormant and autumn seasons gave the largest rooting and survival percentages, high numbers of primary and secondary roots per cutting, and greater length and diameter of primary roots.  相似文献   

20.
费约果插条生根特征和解剖特性研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
以费约果品种尤力克当年生半木质化和木质化枝条为材料,研究了扦插时期对插条生根能力的影响,结果表明,生根结果(分别是根长、根数和生根率)半木质化枝扦插优于木质化枝扦插。采用常规石蜡切片法对费约果半木质化枝插条生根过程进行解剖结构观察,表明费约果插条无根原基存在,不定根原基为诱发型的,起源于维管形成层与髓射线的交叉区域,而在插条韧皮部连续排列成环状的厚壁细胞周围未见根原基的发生。不定根的发生主要经历了根原基的形成和不定根的产生2个过程,且大部分不定根产生于距插条基部切口0.1~2cm区域内。插条扦插过程中也形成愈伤组织,但未见愈伤组织中分化出根原基。  相似文献   

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